1. Dr. Avinash Bhondwe M.B.B.S. President I.M.A. Pune (2008-09) Post-Mortem Examination(Autopsy)
2. POST-MORTEM: DEFINITON Post-mortem (meaning after death) may refer to: In science: an examination and dissection of a dead body to determine cause of death or the changes produced by disease. Post-mortem examination, or autopsy, an examination of a corpse in order to determine cause of death Postmortem studies, a neurobiological research method
3. Objectives of Autopsy : To find out the Cause of Death To ascertain whether death is Natural or Unnatural Whether death is Homicidal, Suicidal or Accidental To ascertain Time passed since death To establish the Identity of the body Whether still-birth or live-birth of newly born infant
7. Rules of Post-Mortem Written order from the Police Officer Day time Place: In the Hospital Where the dead body lies Identity of the deceased to be established Three great cavities opened (Cranial, Thoracic and Abdominal) Writing post-mortem report on the spot
8. Contents of Post-Mortem Report Name of the deceased, Identification Place, date and time of post-mortem External Examination Internal Examination Viscera and Samples collected for analysis Opinion as to cause and manner of death
10. Instruments & Accessories for Autopsy Scalpels, knives, scissors, bone-cutters, Chisels, hammer, Measuring tape, Balance, Glass bottles, vials Facility for X-Ray, Photographs & Video-graphy Chemicals as preservatives, like Formalin 40%,Rectified spirit, Saturated solution of common salt
11. External Examination of Unknown Body for Identification Race, Sex, Age Tattoo marks Teeth Distribution of Hair Occupational Characteristics Body should be photographed Finger prints taken
12. External Examination to ascertain time passed since death Rectal Temperature Hypostasis Rigor Mortis Stage of Putrefaction Ova of flies and maggots
14. Post mortem changes 1. ALGOR MORTIS (BODY COOLING) 2. RIGOR MORTIS 3. LIVOR MORTIS (HYPOSTASIS, POST MORTEM LIVIDITY, POSTMORTEM SUGGILLATIONS) 4. POST MORTEM DECOMPOSITION ( PUTREFACTION) 5. ADIPOCERE 6. MUMMIFICATION 7. MACERATION
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16. External Examination of Natural Orifices For foreign bodies, injuries, discharges (blood/pus, froth) Take swabs for examination Nose Mouth Ears Anus Urethra Vagina
30. External Examinationof Marks Cord, ligature mark Finger marks round the neck Its exact position, Manner Application of the knot
31. External Examination of Hands & other parts Hands: For hair, cloth, mud, blood or weapon grasped Scraping from under the nails taken Genitalia, breasts Condition of the body: Stout or Emaciated?
32. External Examination of Injuries From head to foot& from front to back Injury: Situation (Position) Extent Nature (Contusion, Abrasion, Lacerated, Incised, Stabbed or Punctured) Dimension Condition of Edges Course and direction of bullet Direction of blood smear
43. Internal Examinationof Head Order of Exam: Head-Thorax Abdomen Head: Transverse section Skull bones for fracture Brain : for injury, effusion of blood, tumour
63. Internal Examination General General Missing Organs: To be noted Videography: When custodial death Suspected Poisoning: Tissues/Samples of:- Stomach, Small & Large Intestine, Liver, Spleen, Kidney, Nail scraping, Skin (Inj.), Uterus, Vagina, Spinal Cord, Heart, Lung, Brain, CSF, Long Bone, Blood, Vomit, Urine, Faeces,
64. Postmortem Forensic Toxicology Suspected drug intoxication cases Homicides Arson fire deaths Motor vehicle fatalities Deaths due to natural causes
65. Internal Examination General Samples/Organs kept in Preservative, Closed in a Container, Sealed and Labeled and Locked and To be sent to Chemical Analyser
66. Examination of Mutilated Bodiesor Fragments Identification: Dentures, Fingerprints, DNA Sampling, Tattoo marks, Condition of Teeth, Deformities,
67. Examination of Mutilated Bodiesor Fragments Circumscribed Penis Probable Age: From Skull, Teeth, Dentures, Gums in jaws Colour of Hair, Ossification of bones Sex: From Head & Trunk (Hair, pelvis, femur, prostate, ovary, uterus etc.)
68. Examination of Fragments Bones Whether Bones are Human or not Whether Female or Male (From Pelvis, Femur)
69. Examination of Fragments Bones The Age of the individual (From the centres of Ossification, Osteoporosis,Osteoarthritic changes) Metallic poisoning (Like Arsenic, Antimony)
70. Post-Mortem ReportIts Value Not substantive piece of Evidence Statement of the Medical Officer made in Court is substantive evidence Medical Officer can use it for refreshing his memory while giving evidence For Corroboration & Contradiction of Medical Officer Reserving Opinion as to the cause of death pending result of chemical analysis. Negative Autopsy