heat and mass transfer lab manual

2. Heat and Mass Transfer Lab
2
Experiment 1: Fourier’s Law study for linear conduction of heat along a homogeneous bar
Objective:
To investigate Fourier's Law for the linear conduction of heat along a homogeneous bar
Procedures:
1. Make sure that the main switch initially off. Then Insert a brass conductor (25mm
diameter) section intermediate section into the linear module and clamp together.
2. Turn on the water supply and ensure that water is flowing from the free end of the
water pipe to drain. This should be checked at intervals.
3. Turn the heater power control knob control panel to the fully anticlockwise position and
connect the sensors leads.
4. Switch on the power supply and main switch; the digital readouts will be illuminated.
5. Turn the heater power control to 40 Watts and allow sufficient time for a steady state
condition to be achieved before recording the temperature at all six sensor points and
the input power reading on the wattmeter (Q). This procedure can be repeated for
other input power between 0 to 40 watts. After each change, sufficient time must be
allowed to achieve steady state conditions.
6. Plot of the temperature, T versus distance, x. Calculate the theoretical and actual
thermal conductivity.
Note:
i) When assembling the sample between the heater and the cooler take care to
match the shallow shoulders in the housings.
ii) Ensure that the temperature measurement points are aligned along the
longitudinal axis of the unit.
Results:
Heater
Power, Q
(Watts)
T1
(°C)
T2
(°C)
T3
(°C)
T4
(°C)
T5
(°C)
T6
(°C)
T7
(°C)
T8
(°C)
T9
(°C)

3. Heat and Mass Transfer Lab
3
Experiment 2: Conduction of heat and overall heat transfer along a composite bar
Objective:
To study the conduction of heat along a composite bar and evaluate the overall heat
transfer coefficient
Procedure:
1. Make sure that the main switch initially off. Insert the stainless steel section or any
other metals (without sensor) into the linear module and clamp together.
2. Turn on the water supply and ensure that water is flowing from the free end of the
water pipe to drain. This should be checked at intervals.
3. Turn the heater power control knob control panel to the fully anticlockwise position.
4. Connect the six sensor leads (T1, 2, 3 & 7, 8, 9) to the plugs on top of the linear
conduction module. Connect the left-hand sensor lead from the module to the place
marked T1 on the control panel. Repeat this procedure for the remaining five sensor
leads, connecting them from left to right on the module and in numeral order on the
control panel.
5. Switch on the power supply and main switch; the digital readouts will be illuminated.
6. Turn the heater power control to 40 Watts and allow sufficient time for a steady state
condition to be achieved before recording the temperature at all six sensor points and
the input power reading on the wattmeter (Q). This procedure can be repeated for
other input power between 0 to 40 watts. After each change, sufficient time must be
allowed to achieve steady state conditions.
7. Plot of the temperature, T versus distance, x. Calculate the Overall Heat Transfer
Coefficient, U based on the knowledge of kbrass and kstainless steel and distances x1, x2
and x3.
Note:
When assembling the sample between the heater and the cooler take care to match
the surface.
Results:
Test Heater
Power, Q
(Watts)
T1
(°C)
T2
(°C)
T3
(°C)
T7
(°C)
T8
(°C)
T9
(°C)
A
B
C
D

4. Heat and Mass Transfer Lab
4
Experiment 3: The effect of a change in cross-sectional area on the temperature profile
along a thermal conductor
Objective:
To investigate the effect of a change in the cross-sectional area on the temperature profile
along a thermal conductor.
Procedure:
1. Make sure that the main switch initially off. Insert a brass or any other metals
conductor (13mm diameter) section into the linear module and clamp together.
2. Turn on the water supply and ensure that water is flowing from the free end of the
water pipe to drain. This should be checked at intervals.
3. Turn the heater power control knob control panel to the fully anticlockwise position.
4. Connect the six sensor leads (T1, 2, 3 & 7, 8, 9) to the plugs on top of the linear
conduction module. Connect the left-hand sensor lead from the module to the place
marked TT1 on the control panel. Repeat this procedure for the remaining five
sensor leads, connecting them from left to right on the module and in numeral order
on the control panel.
5. Switch on the power supply and main switch; the digital readouts will be
illuminated.
6. Turn the heater power control to 20 Watts and allow sufficient time for a steady state
condition to be achieved before recording the temperature at all six sensor points and
the input power reading on the wattmeter (Q). This procedure can be repeated for
other input power between 0 to 20 watts. After each change, sufficient time must be
allowed to achieve steady state conditions.
7. Plot of the temperature, T versus distance, x. Comment on the trend and slope of the
graph.
Note:
When assembling the sample between the heater and the cooler take care to provide
a good surface contact.
Results:
Test Heater
Power, Q
(Watts)
T1
(°C)
T2
(°C)
T3
(°C)
T7
(°C)
T8
(°C)
T9
(°C)
A
B
C
D

5. Heat and Mass Transfer Lab
5
Experiment 4: The temperature profile and rate of heat transfer for radial conduction
through the wall of cylinder
Objective:
To examine the temperature profile and determine the rate of heat transfer resulting from
radial conduction through the wall of a cylinder
Procedure:
1. Make sure that the main switch initially off.
2. Connect one of the water tubes to the water supply and the other to drain.
3. Connect the heater supply lead for the radial conduction module into the power supply
socket on the control panel.
4. Connect the six sensor (T1, 2, 3 & 4, 5, 6) leads to the radial module, with the T1
connected to the innermost plug on the radial. Connect the remaining five sensor
leads to the radial module correspondingly, ending with T6 sensor lead at the edge of
the radial module.
5. Turn on the water supply and ensure that water is flowing from the free end of the
water pipe to drain. This should be checked at intervals.
6. Turn the heater power control knob control panel to the fully anticlockwise position.
7. Switch on the power supply and main switch; the digital readouts will be illuminated.
8. Turn the heater power control to 40 Watts and allow sufficient time for a steady state
condition to be achieved before recording the temperature at all six sensor points and
the input power reading on the wattmeter (Q). This procedure can be repeated for
other input power between 0 to 40 watts. After each change, sufficient time must be
allowed to achieve steady state conditions.
9. Plot of the temperature, T versus distance, r. Calculate the amount of heat transferred.
Results:
Test Heater
Power, Q
(Watts)
T1
(°C)
T2
(°C)
T3
(°C)
T4
(°C)
T5
(°C)
T6
(°C)
A
B
C
D

6. Heat and Mass Transfer Lab
6
Experiment 5: To determine the overall heat transfer coefficient of non-metallic materials
like glass, wood, plastic etc. And compare it with the theoretical value.
Objective:
To measure the thermal conductivity of the samples, we’ll use the apparatus of Thermal
Conductivity of Building Materials apparatus.
Procedure:
1. Connect the apparatus unit with the Indicator Service Unit with the each connector to the desire
point mentioned on the back of the indicator box.
2. Connect the cold plate water supply connection to the lab cold water hose bib and adjust the flow
to maintain a limited flow through the unit. Direct the discharge hose to the lab’s drain.
3. Measure the thickness of each sample at several locations prior to inserting them into the
apparatus. This will allow you to determine the average thickness of the sample.
4. Insert the sample into the apparatus and position it for testing.
5. Note the temperature of the cooling water being supplied to the cold plate by the shop water. Set
the PID controller to maintain the hot plate at 15°C to 20°C above this temperature.
6. Monitor the TC and heat flux meter readings for stability. When these readings reach steady-
state, record the information to use in your calculations.
7. Repeat these procedures for each of the samples.
8. The heat flux sensor is used to display he thermal conductivity directly on the display.
Test
Heat Input Q Temperature Measurement
Volt Amp Watt T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6
Tw-i
Inlet of
water
Tw-o
Outlet of
water
A
B
C
D
Temperature indicator for the hot plate.
T1, T2, and T3 (Temperature Hot Plate) Th=(T1+T2+T3)/3
Temperature indicator for the cold plate.
T4, T5, and T6 (Temperature cold Plate) Tc=(T4+T5+T6)/3

7. Heat and Mass Transfer Lab
7
Experiment 6: To determine the thermal conductivity of liquids and gases.
Objective:
To measure the thermal conductivity of liquids and gases.
Procedure:
1 Use air as the sample of the experiment.
2 Make sure there is cooling water supply to the water jacket and it is 5-10 LPM.
3 Turn on the main switch and the heater switch.
4 Record the power and temperature readings T1,T2. When all readings stabilized for about 10
minutes.
5 Calculate the thermal conductivity of air by applying Fourier’s Equation. Use the incidental heat
loss correction value for accurate thermal conductivity determination.
6 Repeat the experiment by substituting the air with aceton with the heating power of 175 watt.
Sample
Power
supply to
heater
Q(W)
T1
(oC)
T2
(oC)
∆T
(oC)
Qgen
(W)
Qc
(W)
Qlost
(W)
K
(W/mk)
Error
(%)
Air
water
Outer radius of the inner cylinder, R (m) 0.01665
Inner radius of the outer cylinder, L (m) 0.01695
Length of the cylinder, L (m) 0.10
Theoretical thermal conductivity, k of air 0.026
Theoretical thermal conductivity, k of water 0.16

8. Heat and Mass Transfer Lab
8
Experiment 7: To determine the relationship between power input and surface temperature
in free convection.
Objectives: To demonstrate the relationship between power input and surface
temperature in free convection.
Procedures:
1. Remove the fan assembly from the top of the duct.
2. Place the finned heat exchanger into the test duct.
3. Set the heater power control to 20 Watts (clockwise).
4. Allow sufficient time to achieve steady state conditions before noting the heated plate
temperature (tH) and ambient temperature (tA) into the table below.
5. Repeat this procedure at 40, 60 and 80 Watts.
6. Plot a graph of power against temperature (tH-tA).
Input Power
Watts
Plate Temp (tH)
C
Ambient Temp (tA)
°C
tH – tA
C
20
40
60
80

9. Heat and Mass Transfer Lab
9
Experiment 8: To determine the relationship between power input and surface temperature in
forced convection.
Objectives: To demonstrate the relationship between power input and surface
temperature in forced convection.
Procedures:
1. Place the fan assembly on to the top of the duct.
2. Place the finned heat exchanger into the duct.
3. Set the heater power control to 50 Watts (clockwise). Allow sufficient time to achieve
steady state conditions before noting the heated plate temperature (tH) and the
ambient temperature (tA).
4. Set the fan speed control to give a reading of 0.5m/s on the thermal anemometer,
allow sufficient time to achieve steady state conditions. Record heated plate
temperature (tH) and ambient temperature (tA).
5. Repeat this procedure by setting the fan speed control to give 1.0m/s and 1.5m/s.
6. Plot a graph of air velocity against temperature. ( tH –tA)
Power input = 50 Watts
Air Velocity
m/s
Plate Temp (tH)
C
Ambient Temp (tA)
°C
tH – tA
C
0
0.5
1.0
1.5

10. Heat and Mass Transfer Lab
10
Experiment 9: To determine the use of extended surface to improve heat transfer from the surface.
Objectives: To demonstrate the use of extended surface to improve heat transfer from
the surface.
Procedures:
1. Place the fan assembly on to the top of the duct.
2. Place the flat plate heat exchanger into the duct.
3. Set the heater power control to 75 Watts. Allow the temperature to rise to 800C, and
then adjust the heater power control to 15 Watts until a steady reading is obtained.
4. Set the fan speed control to give 1m/s using the thermal anemometer. Record heated
plate temperature (tH) and the ambient temperature (tA).
5. Repeat this procedure at 2 and 2.5m/s for the flat plate. Repeat the experiment by
replacing the flat plate with the finned plate and pinned plate.
6. Plot graphs of velocity against temperature (tH - tA) for each of the plates.

11. Heat and Mass Transfer Lab
11
Input power = 15 Watts
Velocity
m/s
Plate Temp (tH)
C
Ambient Temp (tA)
°C
tH - tA
C
0
1
2
2.5
Note: Comment on the correlation between total surface area of the heat exchanger and
the temperature achieved.
Further Experiments: Increase power input and repeat experiments

12. Heat and Mass Transfer Lab
12
Experiment 10: INVERSE SQUARE LAW FOR HEAT
Objective:
To show that the intensity of radiation on a surface is inversely proportional to the square
of the distance of the surface from the radiation source
Procedure:
1. Follow the basic instruction as written in this section.
2. Connect one of the thermocouple of the target plates BLACK to the panel and place
the plate on the bench, to record ambient temperature.
3. Position the radiometer on the test track at 800mm from the heat source.
4. Set heater temperature to 150°
C by using heater controller. Monitor TH reading on the
indicator.
5. When TH value has stabilized, record BLACK, TH, the distance, x and the radiometer
reading, R.
6. Next, move the radiometer position to 700mm from the heated surface and monitor the
reading on the display panel. When the value has stabilized, record BLACK, TH, the
distance, x and the radiometer reading, R.
7. Repeat the above procedure by reducing the distance by 100mm until the radiometer
is 300mm from the heated surface.
Observations:
Distance,
x(mm)
Radiometer
Reading,
R(W/m2)
BLACK
(°
C)
TH (°
C)
800
700
600
500
150
300
Assignment:
Plot the Log of the corrected radiometer reading R versus Log10 x graph and calculate the
slope. Compare the result with the theoretical value.

13. Heat and Mass Transfer Lab
13
Experiment 11: STEFAN-BOLTZMANN LAW
Objective:
To show that the intensity of radiation varies as the fourth power the source temperature.
Procedure:
1. Follow the basic instruction as written in this section.
2. Connect one of the thermocouple of the target plates BLACK to the panel and place
the plate on the bench, to record ambient temperature.
3. Position the radiometer on the test track at 800mm from the heat source.
4. Set the heater temperature to 150°
C by heater controller. Monitor TH reading on the
panel.
5. When TH value has stabilized, move the radiometer to 300mm from the heated plate.
The reading of the radiometer should start to rise. When the value has stabilized,
record BLACK, TH, the distance, x and the radiometer reading, R.
6. Next, move the radiometer to 800mm from the heated plate again.
7. Repeat the above procedure with an increment of 50°C from 250°C to 150°C.
Observations:
Heater
Temperature
(°
C)
Distance,
x(mm)
Radiometer
Reading,
R(W/m2)
BLACK
(°
C)
TH (°
C)
150 300
125 300
100 300
75 300
Assignment:
Calculate the relationship between the Stefan Boltzmann Law and the corrected radiation
reading (Rc), given as a factor of F.

14. Heat and Mass Transfer Lab
14
Experiment 12: Co-Current and counter current Shell & Tube Heat Exchanger.
Co-Current:
In this experiment, cold water enters the shell at room temperature while hot water enters
the tubes in the same direction. Students shall study the heat exchanger under different
flow rate and record accordingly the inlet and outlet temperatures of both the hot water and
cold water streams at steady state.
Counter current:
In this experiment, cold water enters the shell at room temperature while hot water enters
the tubes in the opposite direction. Students shall vary the hot water and cold water flow
rates and record accordingly the inlet and outlet temperatures of both the hot water and
cold water streams at steady state.
Procedure:
1. Perform general start-up procedures in Section 5.1.
2. Check all valves are in co-current position (Please refer to Section 5.0).
3. Switch the valve position to Shell & Tube Heat Exchanger.
4. Switch on pumps P1 and P2.
5. Open and adjust valves V29 and V30 to obtain the desired flow rates for hot water and
cold water streams, respectively.
6. Allow the system to reach steady state for 10 minutes.
7. Record FT1, FT2, TT1, TT2, TT3, TT4 and differential pressure across the tube and
shell.
8. Repeat steps 5 to 7 with different combinations of flow rates FT1 and FT2 as in the
results sheet.
9. Switch off pumps P1 and P2.
10. Proceed to the next experiment or shut-down the equipment.
Results:
FT1 FT 2 TT 1 TT 2 TT 3 TT 4 DPhot DPcold
(LPM) (LPM) (°C) (°C) (°C) (°C)
Assignments:
1. Calculate the heat transfer and heat loss for energy balance study.
2. Calculate the LMTD.
3. Calculate heat transfer coefficients.
4. Calculate the pressure drop and compare with the experimental result
5. Perform temperature profile study and the flow rate effects on heat transfer.

15. Heat and Mass Transfer Lab
15
Experiment 13: Co-Current and counter current Concentric Heat Exchanger
Co-Current:
In this experiment, cold water enters the shell at room temperature while hot water enters the
tubes in the same direction. Students shall vary the hot water and cold water flow rates and
record accordingly the inlet and outlet temperatures of both the hot water and cold water streams
at steady state.
Counter current:
In this experiment, cold water enters the shell at room temperature while hot water enters the tubes
in the opposite direction. Students shall vary the hot water and cold water flow rates and record
accordingly the inlet and outlet temperatures of both the hot water and cold water streams at
steady state.
Procedure:
1. Perform general start-up procedures in Section 5.1.
2. Check all valves are in co-current position (Please refer to Section 5.0).
3. Switch the valve position to Concentric Heat Exchanger.
4. Switch on pumps P1 and P2.
5. Open and adjust valves V29 and V30 to obtain the desired flow rates for hot water and cold
water streams, respectively.
6. Allow the system to reach steady state for 10 minutes.
7. Record FT1, FT2, TT1, TT2, TT3, TT4 and differential pressure across the tube and shell.
8. Repeat steps 5 to 7 with different combinations of flow rates FT1 and FT2 as in the results
sheet.
9. Switch off pumps P1 and P2.
10. Proceed to the next experiment or shut-down the equipment.
Results:
FT 1 FT 2 TT 1 TT 2 TT 3 TT 4 DPhot DPcold
(LPM) (LPM) (°C) (°C) (°C) (°C)
Assignments:
1. Calculate the heat transfer and heat loss for energy balance study.
2. Calculate the LMTD.
3. Calculate heat transfer coefficients.
Perform temperature profile study and the flow rate effects on heat transfer

16. Heat and Mass Transfer Lab
16
Experiment 14: Co-Current and counter current Plate Heat Exchanger
Co-Current:
In this experiment, cold water enters the heat exchanger at room temperature while hot water
enters the heat exchanger in the same direction. Students shall vary the hot water and cold water
flow rates and record accordingly the inlet and outlet temperatures of both the hot water and cold
water streams at steady state.
Counter current:
In this experiment, cold water enters the heat exchanger at room temperature while hot water
enters in the opposite direction. Students shall vary the hot water and cold water flow rates and
record accordingly the inlet and outlet temperatures of both the hot water and cold water streams
at steady state.
Procedure:
1. Perform general start-up procedures in Section 4.1.
2. Check all valves are in co-current position (Please refer to Section 5.0).
3. Switch the valve position to Plate Heat Exchanger.
4. Switch on pumps P1 and P2.
5. Open and adjust valves V29 and V30 to obtain the desired flow rates for hot water and cold
water streams, respectively.
6. Allow the system to reach steady state for 10 minutes.
7. Record FT1, FT2, TT1, TT2, TT3 and TT4 and differential pressure.
8. Repeat steps 5 to 7 for different combinations of flow rates FT1 and FT2 as in the results
sheet.
9. Switch off pumps P1 and P2.
10. Proceed to the next experiment or shut-down the equipment.
Results:
FT 1 FT 2 TT 1 TT 2 TT 3 TT 4 DPhot DPcold
(LPM) (LPM) (°C) (°C) (°C) (°C)
Assignments:
1. Calculate the heat transfer and heat loss for energy balance study.
2. Calculate the LMTD.
3. Calculate heat transfer coefficients.
4. Perform temperature profile study and the flow rate effects on heat transfer.

17. Heat and Mass Transfer Lab
17
Experiment 15: Co-Current and counter current coil Heat Exchanger
Co-Current:
In this experiment, cold water enters the heat exchanger at room temperature while hot water
enters the heat exchanger in the same direction. Students shall vary the hot water and cold water
flow rates and record accordingly the inlet and outlet temperatures of both the hot water and cold
water streams at steady state.
Counter current:
In this experiment, cold water enters the heat exchanger at room temperature while hot water
enters in the opposite direction. Students shall vary the hot water and cold water flow rates and
record accordingly the inlet and outlet temperatures of both the hot water and cold water streams
at steady state.
Procedure:
11. Perform general start-up procedures in Section 4.1.
12. Check all valves are in co-current position (Please refer to Section 5.0).
13. Switch the valve position to Plate Heat Exchanger.
14. Switch on pumps P1 and P2.
15. Open and adjust valves V29 and V30 to obtain the desired flow rates for hot water and cold
water streams, respectively.
16. Allow the system to reach steady state for 10 minutes.
17. Record FT1, FT2, TT1, TT2, TT3 and TT4 and differential pressure.
18. Repeat steps 5 to 7 for different combinations of flow rates FT1 and FT2 as in the results
sheet.
19. Switch off pumps P1 and P2.
20. Proceed to the next experiment or shut-down the equipment.
Results:
FT 1 FT 2 TT 1 TT 2 TT 3 TT 4 DPhot DPcold
(LPM) (LPM) (°C) (°C) (°C) (°C)
Assignments:
5. Calculate the heat transfer and heat loss for energy balance study.
6. Calculate the LMTD.
7. Calculate heat transfer coefficients.

18. Heat and Mass Transfer Lab
18
8. Perform temperature profile study and the flow rate effects on heat transfer.
THE END