Torsion testis was diagnosed in a 14-year-old boy presenting with acute right scrotal pain. On examination, his right testicle was higher in the scrotum, exquisitely tender, and the cremasteric reflex was absent on that side. Doppler ultrasound showed no central testicular blood flow. The patient was taken to the operating room for exploration, detorsion, and fixation orchiopexy to save the testicle from necrosis due to twisting of the spermatic cord and testis. Other possible causes of acute scrotal pain include torsion of testicular appendages and acute epididymo-orchitis.
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Scrotal swellings
1. Surgical Teaching Video Cast
Introduction
PROBLEM ORIENTED CASE BASED LEARNING
Dr.B.Selvaraj MS;Mch;FICS
Professor of Surgery
Melaka Manipal Medical college
Melaka Malaysia 75150
3. Scheme for Problem oriented
Case based Teaching
Scrotal Swellings
Testicular
Carcinoma
Varicocele Hydrocele
Testicular
Torsion
Epididymal
Cyst
4. Scrotal Swellings-
Introduction
ā¢ Various causes( Differential diagnosis) of scrotal swellings
ā¢ Applied Anatomy & Physiology
ā¢ Algorithm to clinch the correct diagnosis
ā¢ Unique teaching video cast consisting powerful teaching tools
ļ¼ Classical clinical vignette with probable diagnosis
ļ¼ The diagnosis in detail- only one pathology in each episode
ļ¼ Mind map of the diagnosis
ļ¼ Tabular column of differential diagnosis depicting their
characteristic features to differentiate them from your
diagnosis
7. Scrotal contents
ā¢ Purse like arrangement for lodgement of Testis on either sides
with a midline septum separating.
ā¢ Contents are: Testis, Epididymis, Vas Deferens, Testicular artery,
Pampiniform plexus of veins, Artery to the Vas, Lymphatics,
Areolar tissue, & coverings.
ā¢ Coverings of Testis: Skin, Dartos, External Spermatic fascia,
Cremasteric fascia, Internal Spermatic fascia, Tunica Vaginalis
Testis ā 2 layers
11. Thank You
To watch the video version go to
Channel
ā Surgical Educatorā in You
Tube
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UAn0pL8qUvs
12. SCROTAL SWELLINGS
Case No:1
PROBLEM ORIENTED CASE BASED LEARNING
Dr.B.Selvaraj MS;Mch;FICS
Professor of Surgery
Melaka Manipal Medical college
Melaka Malaysia 75150
13. OVERVIEW
ā¢ Various causes( Differential diagnosis) of scrotal swellings
ā¢ Classical clinical vignette with probable diagnosis
ā¢ The diagnosis in detail- only one pathology in each episode
ā¢ Mindmap of the diagnosis
ā¢ Tabular column of differential diagnosis depicting their
characteristic features to differentiate them from your
diagnosis
ā¢ References and feedback
15. Classical Clinical Vignette
Vaginal Hydrocele
ā¢ A 35-year-old male patient presents with right sided scrotal swelling of
two years duration. It is a progressively increasing painless swelling.
ā¢ O/E: the right side of the scrotum shows a swelling of 15 Ć 10 cm size
which is confined to the scrotum (can get above the swelling). The
surface of the swelling is smooth and borders are well-defined. There is
no local rise of temperature. The swelling is fluctuant and
transilluminant. It is not reducible.There is no cough impulse. The
right testis is not felt separately. On percussion it is dull.
ā¢ The spermatic cord is felt above the swelling and is tender.
ā¢ The contralateral testis and genitalia are normal. There is no evidence
of any mass or lymph nodes in the abdomen
16. Hydrocele- Etiopathogenesis
ā¢ A hydrocele is an abnormal collection of serous fluid in a part of
the processus vaginalis, usually the tunica vaginalis.
ā¢ A hydrocele can be produced in four different ways
ā¢ 1. By excessive production of fluid within the sacļ in secondary
hydrocele
ā¢ 2. By defective absorption of fluidļ in primary hydrocele
ā¢ 3. By interference with lymphatic drainage of scrotal structuresļ
in filariasis
ā¢ 4. By connection with the peritoneal cavity via a patent processus
vaginalisļ in congenital hydrocele
17. Primary Vs Secondary Hydrocele
Primary Hydrocele
ā¢ Defective absorption of fluid
ā¢ Ex: Vaginal & infantile
hydroceles
ā¢ Attain moderate to big size
ā¢ Difficult to palpate testis
ā¢ Transillumination positive
ā¢ Consistencyļ tensely cystic
ā¢ Tx: Jaboulayās & Lordās
operations
Secondary Hydrocele
ā¢ Excessive production of fluid
ā¢ Ex: Filariasis, tumor, trauma &
epididymo-orchitis
ā¢ Attain small size
ā¢ Testis easily palpable
ā¢ Transillumination negative
ā¢ Consistencyļ Lax cystic
ā¢ Tx: Treat underlying causes
18. Composition of Hydrocele Fluid
ā¢ ColorāStraw or amber colored.
ā¢ CompositionāWater, fibrinogen, inorganic salts, albumin
and cholesterol crystals
ā¢ Hydrocele fluid normally wonāt clot if it is drained into a
container but will clot immediately even if it comes into
contact with a drop of blood
ā¢ Following swellings contain cholesterol crystals viz.
hydrocele, branchial cyst, and dental and dentigerous cyst
19. Primary Hydrocele- Types
ā¢ 1.Congenital hydrocele
ā¢ 2. Funicular hydrocele
ā¢ 3. Infantile hydrocele
ā¢ 4. Encysted hydrocele of the
cord
ā¢ 5. Vaginal hydrocele-
commonest type
ā¢ 6. Bilocular hydrocele
ā¢ 7. Hydrocele of the hernial sac
20. Primary Hydrocele- Clinical features
ā¢ Moderate to big size swelling
ā¢ Cough impulse negative
ā¢ Get above the swelling positive
ā¢ Not reducible
ā¢ Consistencyļ tensely cystic
ā¢ Transillumination positive
ā¢ Testis not felt separately
ā¢ Congenital hydroceleļ Diurnal
variation +
ā¢ Bilocular hydroceleļ Cross
fluctuation +
ā¢ Encysted hydroceleļ Traction test+
ā¢ Get above the swelling negative in
Infantile and Bilocular hydroceles
ā¢ Transillumination negative in
Hematocele, Pyocele, Chylocele and
thick sac
21. Hydrocele of Canal of Nuck
ā¢ Hydrocele of the canal of Nuck
is a condition in females.
ā¢ The cyst lies in relation to the
round ligament and is always
at least partially within the
inguinal canal.
24. Primary Hydrocele- Treatment
ā¢ Congenital hydrocele- Inguinal herniotomy
ā¢ Adult vaginal hydrocele
ļ¼Small sizeļ Lordās plication
ļ¼Large sizeļ Jaboulayās operationļ Incision and eversion of sac
ļ¼After evacuation, the sac with the testis is placed in a newly
created pocket between the fascial layers of the scrotumļ
Sharma and Jhawerās technique.
ā¢ Encysted hydroceleļ Inguinal herniotomy + incision and
drainage of the encysted hydrocele
29. Scrotal Swellings Ex & Px Hx Sx Dx Tx
1. Hydrocele Primary-Idiopathic
Secondary- under
lying pathology
Painless big
swelling; not
reducible
No cough impulse
Get above swelling+
Transilluminant+
Clinical
In doubt- USG of
scrotum
Lordās operation
Jaboulayās
operation
2. Epididymal
cyst &
Spermatocele
Degenaration of
epididymis, occlusion
of pathway
Swelling in
scrotum resembles
3rd testis
Testis palpable
separately; Chinese
lantern appearance
Clinical
USG of scrotum
Conservative
Excision
3. Varicocele Idiopathic
Absence of valves in
testicular veins
Worm like in upper
scrotum; infertility
Disappears on lying
down; Bag of worms
appearance
Clinical
USG color doppler
Varicocelectomy
Inguinal or
Retroperitoneal
4. Testicular
torsion &
Epididymo-
orchitis
Abnormal fixation and
lie of testis
UTI & trauma
Severe pain&
swelling scrotum
Nausea & vomiting
Tender hemi scrotum;
cremasteric reflex
absent
Clinical
USG color doppler
Explore,detorse,
orchiopexy or
orchidectomy
Conservative
5. Testicular
carcinoma
UDT, Kieinfelterās
Germ cell- Seminoma
& Non seminoma
Non germ cell tumor
Painless heavy
swelling
Not reducible
Hard in consistency
Testis felt separately
Clinical; No FNAC
USG OF scrotum
High orcidectomy
with or without
RPLND+ RT+CT
D/D for Scrotal Swellings (Compare & Contrast)
(Vertical Reading)
30. References
ā¢ Hunt & Marshallās clinical problems
in surgery 2nd edition
ā¢ Clinical surgery made easy- a
companion to PBL by Mohan De
silva 1st edition
ā¢ 100 cases in surgery 2nd edition
ā¢ Case files surgery 4th edition
ā¢ Clinical scenarios in surgery-
decision making 1st edition
ā¢ Surgery- a case based clinical
review 1st edition
ā¢ Surgery Review by Carlos Pestana
ā¢ Clinical surgery pearls by
Dr Dayananda Babu 2nd edition
ā¢ NMS casebook surgery 2nd edition
ā¢ General Surgery- Correlations &
clinical scenarios 1st edition
ā¢ Surgery review by Makary 3rd edition
ā¢ Surgery- Clinical cases uncovered by
Harold Ellis 1st edition
ā¢ Self- Life Surgery 1st edition
32. ThankYouSubscribe to get notified
regarding my new uploads
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Sv5tfeHpGxM
33. SCROTAL SWELLINGS
Case No:2
PROBLEM ORIENTED CASE BASED LEARNING
Dr.B.Selvaraj MS;Mch;FICS
Professor of Surgery
Melaka Manipal Medical college
Melaka Malaysia 75150
34. OVERVIEW
ā¢ Various causes(Differential diagnosis) of scrotal swellings
ā¢ Classical clinical vignette with probable diagnosis
ā¢ The diagnosis in detail- only one pathology in each episode
ā¢ Mind map of the diagnosis
ā¢ Tabular column of differential diagnosis depicting their
characteristic features to differentiate them from your
diagnosis
ā¢ References and feedback
36. Classical Clinical vignette
Torsion Testis
ā¢ A 14-year-old boy presents with acute onset of right scrotal and
RLQ pain for the past 4 hours. He additionally reports nausea and
one episode of vomiting. He denies any similar past pain and
reports no history of trauma.
ā¢ O/E: the skin overlying the right side of the scrotum appears to be
slightly erythematous and edematous. The right testicle appears to
be lying significantly higher in the scrotum as compared to the left
testicle.
ā¢ The entire right testicle is exquisitely tender to palpation, whereas
the left one is nontender
ā¢ He has an absent cremasteric reflex on the right.
37. Torsion Testis- Etiopathogenesis
ā¢ Twisting of testis along with spermatic cordļ Strangulationļ Necrosis
ā¢ Common in neonates and in puberty
ā¢ Inversion of testis
ā¢ Strong muscular exertion or blunt trauma can trigger it
ā¢ Undescended testis undergo torsion frequently
ā¢ High insertion of tunica vaginalis- bell clapper deformity-predisposes
ā¢ There are 3 types of torsion- Extravaginal, intravaginal and mesorchial
ā¢ Extravaginal in neonates, intravaginal in adolescents
39. Torsion Testis- Clinical Features
ā¢ Sudden severe pain in hemiscrotum or both sides
ā¢ Nausea & vomiting
ā¢ Scrotal skin edematous and erythematous
ā¢ Testis exquisitively tender
ā¢ Affected testis at higher level because of twistingļ Demingās sign
ā¢ Normal testis lying horizontallyļ Angelās sign
ā¢ Pain not relieved on elevation of scrotumļ Prehnās sign
ā¢ Cremastric reflex absent in affected side
45. Torsion Testis- Doppler USG
Central testicular blood flowļ Normal
Testis
No Central testicular blood flow but
excessive peripheral blood flow
46. ā¢ Ipsilateral sideļ Exploration, detorsion and fixation orchiopexy
Detorsion is away from median raphae of scrotum like opening a
book
ā¢ Contralateral sideļ Exploration and fixation orchiopexy
ā¢ In doubtful cases and nonavailability of Doppler USGļ Better to
explore rather than unduly delay the treatment
ā¢ Testicular salvage rate is 100% if surgery is done within 6 hrs
and it is 20% if surgery is delayed > 24 hrs
Torsion Testis- Treatment
47. ā¢ Hydatid of testis & epididymisļ Remnant of obliterated
Mullerian ducts
ā¢ Sudden Swelling and redness of hemiscrotum
ā¢ Tender Testis
ā¢ āBluedot signā +ve
ā¢ Cremastric reflex intact
Torsion of Testicular appendages
49. ā¢ Explore & Excise torsed appendages in early cases
ā¢ In delayed cases >48 hrs conservative treatment with
antibiotics & anti inflammatory drugs
Torsion of Testicular appendages
Treatment
50. ā¢ Inflammation of epididymis & Testis due to infection or
trauma
ā¢ Sudden onset of pain in a hemiscrotum
ā¢ Commonly associated with UTI or trauma
ā¢ Thickened & Tender epididymis
ā¢ Pain relief by elevation of hemiscrotumļ Prehnās sign
ā¢ Can be treated conservatively with antibiotics and
antiinflammatory drugs
Acute epididymo-orchitis
54. Scrotal Swellings Ex & Px Hx Sx Dx Tx
1. Hydrocele Primary-Idiopathic
Secondary- under
lying pathology
Painless big
swelling; not
reducible
No cough impulse
Get above swelling+
Transilluminant+
Clinical
In doubt- USG of
scrotum
Lordās operation
Jaboulayās
operation
2. Epididymal
cyst &
Spermatocele
Degenaration of
epididymis, occlusion
of pathway
Swelling in
scrotum resembles
3rd testis
Testis palpable
separately; Chinese
lantern appearance
Clinical
USG of scrotum
Conservative
Excision
3. Varicocele Idiopathic
Absence of valves in
testicular vein
Worm like in upper
scrotum; infertility
Disappears on lying
down; Bag of worms
appearance
Clinical
USG color doppler
Varicocelectomy
Inguinal or
Retroperitoneal
4. Testicular
torsion &
Epididymo-
orchitis
Abnormal fixation and
lie of testis
UTI & trauma
Severe pain&
swelling scrotum
Nausea & vomiting
Tender hemi scrotum;
cremasteric reflex
absent
Clinical
USG color doppler
Explore,detorse,
orchiopexy or
orchidectomy
Conservative
5. Testicular
carcinoma
UDT, Kieinfelterās
Germ cell- Seminoma
& Non seminoma
Non germ cell tumor
Painless heavy
swelling
Not reducible
Hard in consistency
Testis felt separately
Clinical; No FNAC
USG OF scrotum
High orcidectomy
with or without
RPLND+ RT+CT
D/D for Scrotal Swellings (Compare & Contrast)
(Vertical Reading)
55. References
ā¢ Hunt & Marshallās clinical problems
in surgery 2nd edition
ā¢ Clinical surgery made easy- a
companion to PBL by Mohan De
silva 1st edition
ā¢ 100 cases in surgery 2nd edition
ā¢ Case files surgery 4th edition
ā¢ Clinical scenarios in surgery-
decision making 1st edition
ā¢ Surgery- a case based clinical
review 1st edition
ā¢ Surgery Review by Carlos Pestana
ā¢ Clinical surgery pearls by
Dr Dayananda Babu 2nd edition
ā¢ NMS casebook surgery 2nd edition
ā¢ General Surgery- Correlations &
clinical scenarios 1st edition
ā¢ Surgery review by Makary 3rd edition
ā¢ Short practice of surgery by Bailey
and Love 26th edition
ā¢ Shelf life surgery 1st edition
57. ThankYou
To watch the video version go to
Channel
Surgical Educator in You Tube
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HqHEf0krIng
58. SCROTAL SWELLINGS
Case No:3
PROBLEM ORIENTED CASE BASED LEARNING
Dr.B.Selvaraj MS;Mch;FICS
Professor of Surgery
Melaka Manipal Medical college
Melaka Malaysia 75150
59. OVERVIEW
ā¢ Various causes(Differential diagnosis) of scrotal swellings
ā¢ Classical clinical vignette with probable diagnosis
ā¢ The diagnosis in detail- only one pathology in each episode
ā¢ Mind map of the diagnosis
ā¢ Tabular column of differential diagnosis depicting their
characteristic features to differentiate them from your
diagnosis
ā¢ References and feedback
61. Classical Clinical vignette
Epididymal Cyst
ā¢ A 45 years old male patient presented with a swelling in right side
of the scrotum for last 3 years which is increasing very slowly in
size. There is no pain over the swelling.
ā¢ O/E: There is a soft cystic swelling in relation to the head of the
right epididymis. The swelling has a lobulated surface and feels
like a bunch of grapes.
ā¢ Testis can be felt separately from the swelling
ā¢ The swelling is brilliantly transilluminant and has Chinese
lantern pattern appearance
62. Epididymal Cyst- Etiopathogenesis
ā¢ These are cysts in connection with the epididymis divided into the
following types:
ā¢ 1. Degeneration cysts occur due to cystic degeneration of the
epididymisļ Epididymal cyst
ā¢ 2. Retention cysts due to obstruction of the sperm conducting
mechanismļ Spermatocele Ex: after vasectomy
63. Epididymal Cyst- Clinical Features
ā¢ Most epididymal cysts occur in males over the age of 40 years
ā¢ An epididymal cyst usually contains clear fluid
ā¢ The variety that contains slightly grey, opaque, ābarleywaterā-like fluid
and few spermatozoa is sometimes termed a Spermatocele
ā¢ They are often multiple or multilocular and are frequently bilateral
and feels like bunch of grapes
ā¢ Brilliantly transilluminantļ āChinese lantern patternā
ā¢ Testis palpable separately
ā¢ Cysts are connected to the head of the epididymis, so lie above the
testisļ 3rd testis
67. Epididymal Cyst - Treatment
ā¢ Single large cyst ļ Excision of cyst
ā¢ Recurrent or multilocular cystļ Excision + partial or total
epididymectomy
ā¢ No role for aspiration because cysts are multilocular
ā¢ Spermatocele if big aspiration or excision; If small no
intervention
70. Scrotal Swellings Ex & Px Hx Sx Dx Tx
1. Hydrocele Primary-Idiopathic
Secondary- under
lying pathology
Painless big
swelling; not
reducible
No cough impulse
Get above swelling+
Transilluminant+
Clinical
In doubt- USG of
scrotum
Lordās operation
Jaboulayās
operation
2. Epididymal
cyst &
Spermatocele
Degenaration of
epididymis, occlusion
of pathway
Swelling in
scrotum resembles
3rd testis
Testis palpable
separately; Chinese
lantern appearance
Clinical
USG of scrotum
Conservative
Excision
3. Varicocele Idiopathic
Absence of valves in
testicular vein
Worm like in upper
scrotum; infertility
Disappears on lying
down; Bag of worms
appearance
Clinical
USG color doppler
Varicocelectomy
Inguinal or
Retroperitoneal
4. Testicular
torsion &
Epididymo-
orchitis
Abnormal fixation and
lie of testis
UTI & trauma
Severe pain&
swelling scrotum
Nausea & vomiting
Tender hemi scrotum;
cremasteric reflex
absent
Clinical
USG color doppler
Explore,detorse,
orchiopexy or
orchidectomy
Conservative
5. Testicular
carcinoma
UDT, Kieinfelterās
Germ cell- Seminoma
& Non seminoma
Non germ cell tumor
Painless heavy
swelling
Not reducible
Hard in consistency
Testis felt separately
Clinical; No FNAC
USG OF scrotum
High orcidectomy
with or without
RPLND+ RT+CT
D/D for Scrotal Swellings (Compare & Contrast)
(Vertical Reading)
71. References
ā¢ Hunt & Marshallās clinical problems
in surgery 2nd edition
ā¢ Clinical surgery made easy- a
companion to PBL by Mohan De
silva 1st edition
ā¢ 100 cases in surgery 2nd edition
ā¢ Case files surgery 4th edition
ā¢ Clinical scenarios in surgery-
decision making 1st edition
ā¢ Surgery- a case based clinical
review 1st edition
ā¢ Surgery Review by Carlos Pestana
ā¢ Clinical surgery pearls by
Dr Dayananda Babu 2nd edition
ā¢ NMS casebook surgery 2nd edition
ā¢ General Surgery- Correlations &
clinical scenarios 1st edition
ā¢ Surgery review by Makary 3rd edition
ā¢ Surgery- Clinical cases uncovered by
Harold Ellis 1st edition
ā¢ Shelf life surgery 1st edition
74. SCROTAL SWELLINGS
Case No:4
PROBLEM ORIENTED CASE BASED LEARNING
Dr.B.Selvaraj MS;Mch;FICS
Professor of Surgery
Melaka Manipal Medical college
Melaka Malaysia 75150
75. OVERVIEW
ā¢ Various causes(Differential diagnosis) of scrotal swellings
ā¢ Classical clinical vignette with probable diagnosis
ā¢ The diagnosis in detail- only one pathology in each episode
ā¢ Mind map of the diagnosis
ā¢ Tabular column of differential diagnosis depicting their
characteristic features to differentiate them from your
diagnosis
ā¢ References and feedback
77. Classical Clinical Vignette
ā¢ 30 years male patient presented with a swelling in the left side of
the scrotum for last 4years. The swelling started in the lower part
of the scrotum and subsequently the swelling is slowly increasing
in size and grown up to the root of the scrotum. The swelling
disappears on lying down position and reappears on standing and
walking
ā¢ Patient complains of dull aching pain in the left side of the scrotum
for last 6 months, the pain is more towards the evening when the
swelling enlarges in size
ā¢ There is no pain abdomen, no urinary complaints
78. Classical Clinical Vignette
Varicocele
ā¢ O/E: A mass of dilated vein feeling like a bag of worms is palpable
on the left side of the scrotum along the left spermatic cord
extending from the upper pole of the testis up to the superficial
inguinal ring
ā¢ No expansile impulse on cough is palpable, instead a thrill is
palpable. On lying down and on elevation of the scrotum the
swelling disappears
ā¢ On asking the patient to stand up the dilated veins reappeared.
The left testicular volume is smaller than the right one. Abdominal
examination is normal
79. Varicocele-Anatomy
ā¢ Surgical Anatomy: Pampiniform plexus of veins (15 ā 20) draining the
testis and epididymis makes the major bulk of the spermatic cord. As
they ascend, the number is reduced to 12 and on reaching the
superficial inguinal ring they unite to form 4 veins. At the level of deep
ring they are 2 in number and in retroperitoneum, it forms single
testicular vein.
ā¢ Left testicular vein drains into left renal vein and right testicular vein
into inferior vena cava
81. Varicocele
ā¢ Dilatation and tortuosity of the pampiniform plexus of veins
ā¢ Seen commonly in men aged 15-30yrs and rarely after 40yrs.
ā¢ Occur in 15-20% of all males and 40% of all infertile males.
ā¢ Normal vein diameter of vessels of plexus- 0.5-1.5mm. Diameter
greater than 2mm- Varicocele.
82. Varicocele
ā¢ It is common on the left sideļ 5 reasons.
ļ¼Left testicular vein is longer than right testicular vein
ļ¼Left testicular vein enters at right angle to the left renal vein
ļ¼Left testicular artery is arching over left testicular vein
ļ¼A loaded sigmoid colon compressing left testicular vein
ļ¼Left renal vein is compressed b/w the Aorta and SMA
83. Varicocele- Etiology
ā¢ 1.Idiopathic/Primary ā due to incompetency of valves. 98% occur on
the left side
ā¢ 2.Secondary
ļ¼ Pelvic or abdominal mass.
ļ¼ Lt renal cell carcinoma with tumor thrombus in left renal vein.
ļ¼ Nutcracker syndrome- SMA compressing left renal vein. Other
conditions- Retroperitoneal fibrosis or adhesions
85. Varicocele- Clinical Features
ā¢ The patient may have aching or dragging pain particularly after
prolonged standing.
ā¢ It can be differentiated from an omentocele by the peculiar feel of the
bag of worms.
ā¢ Many varicoceles are asymptomatic and found incidentally
ā¢ It is more common on the left side for reasons stated above
ā¢ Infertility: Varicocele is often associated with infertility. The scrotal
temperature is usually higher in the presence of varicocele and this
may impair spermatogenesis
86. Varicocele- Clinical Features
ā¢ Bow sign- hold varicocele b/w thumb and fingers, patient is asked to
bow- reduced in size
ā¢ On lying down it gets reduced; On standing up it reappears
ā¢ Long standing cases- affected side testis is reduced in size and softer.
Testis size can be measured by Prader orchidometer
ā¢ No expansile cough impulse present, but thrill present while coughing
87. Varicocele- Grading
ā¢ Grade I: Small varicocele which is palpable only when patient performs
Valsalva maneuver (expiration against a closed glottis).
ā¢ Grade II: Moderate sized. Easily palpable varicocele without Valsalvaās
maneuver
ā¢ Grade III: Large varicocele visible through the scrotal skin.
ā¢ Grade IV : Very much dilated and tortuous veins
88. Varicocele- Investigations
ā¢ Venous color doppler of the scrotum and groin-
-standing/ valsalvaās manoeuvre
ā¢ USG abdomen to look for kidney tumours.
ā¢ Seminal analysis ļ Oligospermia or azospermia
90. Varicocele- Indications for Surgery
ā¢ American Urological Society recommends that varicocele treatment
should be offered to the male partner of a couple attempting to conceive
when all of the following are present.
ā¢ A varicocele is palpable.
ā¢ The couple has documented infertility.
ā¢ The female has normal fertility or potentially correctable infertility
ā¢ The male partner has one or more abnormal semen parameters or sperm
function test results.
ā¢ The indications in adolescents- presence of significant testicular
asymmetry (>20%) demonstrated on serial examinations, testicular pain,
and abnormal semen analysis results.
91. Varicocele- Treatment
ā¢ Asymptomatic varicoceleāNo treatment is required, only scrotal support
and reassurance
ā¢ Symptomatic varicoceleāExcision of the pampiniform plexus in the
inguinal canal after ligating them. Testis still has venous drainage via the
cremasteric veins
ā¢ VARICOCELECTOMY- The most common approaches are
ā¢ Inguinal (groin)-easier and safer.
ā¢ Retroperitoneal (abdominal)
ā¢ Suprainguinal extraperitonial( Palomoās operation)ļ Open & Laparoscopic
ā¢ Scrotal approach- For Gr 4
93. Varicocele-
ā¢ Non-surgical procedure.
ā¢ Steel coil or silicone balloon catheter is introduced into a vein below
the groin through a nick in the skin.
ā¢ Passed under X-ray guidance.
ā¢ Tiny metal coils or other embolizing agents introduced through the
catheter.
ā¢ No stitches needed.
ā¢ Patient can go back in 24hrs.
ā¢ Lower rates of complications. Less effective, higher recurrence(5-11%),
danger that the coil could migrate to the heart and cause death
Coil Embolization,
98. Scrotal Swellings Ex & Px Hx Sx Dx Tx
1. Hydrocele Primary-Idiopathic
Secondary- under
lying pathology
Painless big
swelling; not
reducible
No cough impulse
Get above swelling+
Transilluminant+
Clinical
In doubt- USG of
scrotum
Lordās operation
Jaboulayās
operation
2. Epididymal
cyst &
Spermatocele
Degenaration of
epididymis, occlusion
of pathway
Swelling in
scrotum resembles
3rd testis
Testis palpable
separately; Chinese
lantern appearance
Clinical
USG of scrotum
Conservative
Excision
3. Varicocele Idiopathic
Absence of valves in
testicular vein
Worm like in upper
scrotum; infertility
Disappears on lying
down; Bag of worms
appearance
Clinical
USG color doppler
Varicocelectomy
Inguinal or
Retroperitoneal
4. Testicular
torsion &
Epididymo-
orchitis
Abnormal fixation and
lie of testis
UTI & trauma
Severe pain&
swelling scrotum
Nausea & vomiting
Tender hemi scrotum;
cremasteric reflex
absent
Clinical
USG color doppler
Explore,detorse,
orchiopexy or
orchidectomy
Conservative
5. Testicular
carcinoma
UDT, Kieinfelterās
Germ cell- Seminoma
& Non seminoma
Non germ cell tumor
Painless heavy
swelling
Not reducible
Hard in consistency
Testis felt separately
Clinical; No FNAC
USG OF scrotum
High orcidectomy
with or without
RPLND+ RT+CT
D/D for Scrotal Swellings (Compare & Contrast)
(Vertical Reading)
99. References
ā¢ Hunt & Marshallās clinical problems
in surgery 2nd edition
ā¢ Clinical surgery made easy- a
companion to PBL by Mohan De
silva 1st edition
ā¢ 100 cases in surgery 2nd edition
ā¢ Case files surgery 4th edition
ā¢ Clinical scenarios in surgery-
decision making 1st edition
ā¢ Surgery- a case based clinical
review 1st edition
ā¢ Surgery Review by Carlos Pestana
ā¢ Clinical surgery pearls by
Dr Dayananda Babu 2nd edition
ā¢ NMS casebook surgery 2nd edition
ā¢ General Surgery- Correlations &
clinical scenarios 1st edition
ā¢ Surgery review by Makary 3rd edition
ā¢ Surgery- Clinical cases uncovered by
Harold Ellis 1st edition
ā¢ Shelf life surgery 1st edition
102. SCROTAL SWELLINGS
Case No:5
PROBLEM ORIENTED CASE BASED LEARNING
Dr.B.Selvaraj MS;Mch;FICS
Professor of Surgery
Melaka Manipal Medical college
Melaka Malaysia 75150
103. OVERVIEW
ā¢ Various causes(Differential diagnosis) of scrotal swellings
ā¢ Classical clinical vignette with probable diagnosis
ā¢ The diagnosis in detail- only one pathology in each episode
ā¢ Mind map of the diagnosis
ā¢ Tabular column of differential diagnosis depicting their
characteristic features to differentiate them from your
diagnosis
ā¢ References and feedback
105. Classical Clinical Vignette
ā¢ A 22-year-old male presents with a left scrotal mass. He notes that he
was playing soccer about 5 weeks ago and sustained mild trauma to
the left hemi scrotum at that time. The trauma prompted him to
palpate his testicle, at which time he noted the mass. The patient
states that he had mild pain initially that resolved on its own and
denies any hematoma.
ā¢ He denies any pain at this time. He states that the mass does not seem
to be increasing in size and that it is approximately the size of a large
almond. The mass, he notes, seems to be āin the middleā of his left
testis.
106. Classical Clinical Vignette
Testicular Carcinoma
ā¢ On review of symptoms he denies subjective fevers, chills, dysuria,
gross hematuria, or urethral discharge
ā¢ O/E:Physical examination reveals a firm 2 cm mass within the left
testis. There is no pain to palpation. There are no epididymal
masses bilaterally, and the right testis is normal to examination.
Abdominal exam reveals no masses and no hepatomegaly.
ā¢ There are no supraclavicular nodes and no gynecomastia
ā¢ Laboratory analysis reveals a normal urinalysis and complete
blood count.
107. Testicular Carcinoma-Epidemiology
ā¢ The most common malignancy to affect young men.
ā¢ There is a peak frequency in early childhood, and a larger peak
incidence between 20 and 35 years of age. Uncommon after age 40.
ā¢ Occurs in whites more than African-Americans.
ā¢ It is a curable cancer
108. Testicular Carcinoma-Risk Factors
ā¢ Men with cryptorchid (undescended) testes (intra-abdominal testes
with the highest risk). It is important to note that both testicles are at
risk.
ā¢ Surgical placement of the testis into the scrotum does not decrease
malignant risk, but facilitates surveillance.
ā¢ Testicular cancer in the contralateral testis
ā¢ Family H/O Testicular Cancer
ā¢ Klinefelterās syndrome
109. Testicular Carcinoma
Clinical features
ā¢ Painless enlargement of the testicle
ā¢ Firmness of the testicle; Lax Secondary hydrocele
ā¢ Back or abdominal pain secondary to retroperitoneal (inter-aortocaval)
lymphadenopathy.
ā¢ Weight loss. Lt supraclavicular LN +
ā¢ Enlarged retro peritoneal LN; Hepatomegaly;
ā¢ Dyspnea secondary to pulmonary metastasis.
ā¢ Gynecomastia secondary to hormonal secretions
115. Testicular Carcinoma- Workup
ā¢ Testicular self-examination(TSE) or by a clinician
ā¢ USG of Scrotum
ā¢ CT scan/magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of abdomen and pelvis to
assess for metastasis and lymphadenopathy
ā¢ Tumor markersāĪ±-fetoprotein (AFP), human chorionic gonadotropin
(HCG), and lactic dehydrogenase (LDH).
ā¢ Tissue diagnosis- high inguinal orchidectomy (diagnostic &
therapeutic) ā Chevassu maneuver
ā¢ Trans-scrotal biopsy ā contraindicated
117. Testicular Carcinoma-Tumor Markers
ā¢ AFP : Normal value < 16 ngm/ml; Half life 5 to 7 days; Raised in
ļ¼ Pure embryonal Ca
ļ¼ Terato Ca
ļ¼ Yolk sac tumor
ļ¼ Mixed tumor
ļ¼ REMEMBER: AFP Not raised is Pure Choriocarcinoma or Pure
Seminoma
118. Testicular Carcinoma-Tumor Markers
ā¢ HCG: Normal value < 5 IU/ml; Half life 24 to 36 hrs; Raised in
ļ¼ Chorio carcinoma ļ 100%
ļ¼ Embryonal carcinoma ļ 60%
ļ¼ Terato carcinoma ļ 55%
ļ¼ Yolk sac tumorļ 25%
ļ¼ Seminomas ļ 7%
ā¢ LDH: Normal value 105 to 333 IU/ L; Half life 1 day
ļ¼ -Not diagnostic
ļ¼ -prognostic marker
ļ¼ - correlates tumor burden
120. Testicular Carcinoma- Treatment
Goals
ā¢ Treatment should be aimed at one level higher then the clinical stage
ā¢ Seminomas- radiosensitive
ā¢ Non seminomas- radio-resisitant hence best treated with surgery
ā¢ Advanced disease or mets- chemotherapy
ā¢ Radical inguinal orchidectomy is the standard first line therapy
ā¢ Lymphatic spread first to the RETRO-PERITONEAL NODES
ā¢ Early hematogenous spread rare
ā¢ Bulky tumors or metastatic tumors initially down staged with
Neoadjuvant chemotherapy
121. Testicular Carcinoma- Treatment
ā¢ Surgical approach: High radical inguinal orchiectomy
ā¢ Trans-scrotal biopsy of the testis or a trans-scrotal orchiectomy
should not be performed
ā¢ Early seminoma: Orchiectomy + retroperitoneal x-ray therapy (XRT).
ā¢ Advanced seminoma: Orchiectomy, and combination chemotherapy
followed by restaging
ā¢ Stage I nonseminoma: Orchiectomy + retroperitoneal lymph node
dissection (RPLND) or surveillance
122. Testicular Carcinoma- Treatment
ā¢ Stage II Nonseminoma: The optimal management of this group of
patients is controversial. RPLND can be curative but have a high
relapse rate. If relapse occurs, chemotherapy can be given as
adjunctive therapy. Alternatively, chemotherapy can be given prior to
RPLND
ā¢ Advanced stage Nonseminoma: Orchiectomy + chemotherapy Ā± tumor
reductive surgery.
ā¢ The most commonly used chemotherapeutic regimen: EBP (etoposide,
bleomycin, cisplatin).The prognosis of seminomas is excellent due
to its exquisite sensitivity to radiation!
127. Scrotal Swellings Ex & Px Hx Sx Dx Tx
1. Hydrocele Primary-Idiopathic
Secondary- under
lying pathology
Painless big
swelling; not
reducible
No cough impulse
Get above swelling+
Transilluminant+
Clinical
In doubt- USG of
scrotum
Lordās operation
Jaboulayās
operation
2. Epididymal
cyst &
Spermatocele
Degenaration of
epididymis, occlusion
of pathway
Swelling in
scrotum resembles
3rd testis
Testis palpable
separately; Chinese
lantern appearance
Clinical
USG of scrotum
Conservative
Excision
3. Varicocele Idiopathic
Absence of valves in
testicular vein
Worm like in upper
scrotum; infertility
Disappears on lying
down; Bag of worms
appearance
Clinical
USG color doppler
Varicocelectomy
Inguinal or
Retroperitoneal
4. Testicular
torsion &
Epididymo-
orchitis
Abnormal fixation and
lie of testis
UTI & trauma
Severe pain&
swelling scrotum
Nausea & vomiting
Tender hemi scrotum;
cremasteric reflex
absent
Clinical
USG color doppler
Explore,detorse,
orchiopexy or
orchidectomy
Conservative
5. Testicular
carcinoma
UDT, Kieinfelterās
Germ cell- Seminoma
& Non seminoma
Non germ cell tumor
Painless heavy
swelling
Not reducible
Hard in consistency
Testis felt separately
Clinical; No FNAC
USG OF scrotum
High orcidectomy
with or without
RPLND+ RT+CT
D/D for Scrotal Swellings (Compare & Contrast)
(Vertical Reading)
128. References
ā¢ Hunt & Marshallās clinical problems
in surgery 2nd edition
ā¢ Clinical surgery made easy- a
companion to PBL by Mohan De
silva 1st edition
ā¢ 100 cases in surgery 2nd edition
ā¢ Case files surgery 4th edition
ā¢ Clinical scenarios in surgery-
decision making 1st edition
ā¢ Surgery- a case based clinical
review 1st edition
ā¢ Surgery Review by Carlos Pestana
ā¢ Clinical surgery pearls by
Dr Dayananda Babu 2nd edition
ā¢ NMS casebook surgery 2nd edition
ā¢ General Surgery- Correlations &
clinical scenarios 1st edition
ā¢ Surgery review by Makary 3rd edition
ā¢ Surgery- Clinical cases uncovered by
Harold Ellis 1st edition
ā¢ Shelf life surgery 1st edition