1. Polytechnic University of Bari
(Italy)
Climate Alteration in the Metropolitan Area
of Bari: Temperatures and Relationships with
Characters of Urban Context
Pierangela Loconte
Claudia Ceppi
Giorgia Lubisco
Francesco Mancini
Claudia Piscitelli
Francesco Selicato

2. Strategic Project ECOURB
Analysing and modelling air and thermo pollution for
urban ecolabelling systems
Generale To consider the urban climate aspects into
Objective the planning phases
Studies about relationships between
Urban Heat Island Several urban features
Provide guidelines for planners to frame urban form planning
and environmental quality
--------- Climate Alteration in th e Metrop olitan Area of Bari: Temp e ratu r es an d Relation sh ip with Ch aracter s of Urb an Con text ---------
Pierangela Loconte – Claudia Ceppi – Giorgia Lubisco – Francesco Mancini – Claudia Piscitelli – Francesco Selicato

3. Introduction
Specific Indentify how urban geometry can be
Objective related with climate alterations
Quantitative Analysis about Relationships
between
Surface temperature Characters of Urban
Factor of urban climate alteration
Context
--------- Climate Alteration in th e Metrop olitan Area of Bari: Temp e ratu r es an d Relation sh ip with Ch aracter s of Urb an Con text ---------
Pierangela Loconte – Claudia Ceppi – Giorgia Lubisco – Francesco Mancini – Claudia Piscitelli – Francesco Selicato

4. Outline
1. Identification of the case study
2. Factor Analysis
Processing of thermal data
Analysis of the urban environment
3. Analysis bivariate correlation
4. Results and comment
5. Conclusion and future perspectives
--------- Climate Alteration in th e Metrop olitan Area of Bari: Temp e ratu r es an d Relation sh ip with Ch aracter s of Urb an Con text ---------
Pierangela Loconte – Claudia Ceppi – Giorgia Lubisco – Francesco Mancini – Claudia Piscitelli – Francesco Selicato

5. 1. Case study : Metropolitan Area of Bari
Location: 41 7’N – 16 51’E, South of Italy, Apulia Region
The Province of Bari.
--------- Climate Alteration in th e Metrop olitan Area of Bari: Temp e ratu r es an d Relation sh ip with Ch aracter s of Urb an Con text ---------
Pierangela Loconte – Claudia Ceppi – Giorgia Lubisco – Francesco Mancini – Claudia Piscitelli – Francesco Selicato

6. 1. Case study : Metropolitan Area of Bari
Location: 41 7’N – 16 51’E, South of Italy, Apulia Region
Size: Area of 116 sqkm
Resident Population: 326 915 inhabitants
Density: 2813 ha/sqkm
Climate: Mediterranean, with mild winter and hot dry summer
Peculiarities: - Long coastal area (12,79 km)
- Several urban morphologies
- Natural elements able to link agricultural systems with the city
--------- Climate Alteration in th e Metrop olitan Area of Bari: Temp e ratu r es an d Relation sh ip with Ch aracter s of Urb an Con text ---------
Pierangela Loconte – Claudia Ceppi – Giorgia Lubisco – Francesco Mancini – Claudia Piscitelli – Francesco Selicato

7. 2. Factor Analysis
Processing of thermal data
ASTER –VNIR (Visible and Near Infrared) and TIR granules at 15 and
90 meters of ground resolution respectively
Dataset of diurnal ASTER images spanning on a period from July 2001
to February 2006
Transformation from the radiance levels to temperature values by
ENVI algorithm.
SURFACE TEMPERATURE MAPS
--------- Climate Alteration in th e Metrop olitan Area of Bari: Temp e ratu r es an d Relation sh ip with Ch aracter s of Urb an Con text ---------
Pierangela Loconte – Claudia Ceppi – Giorgia Lubisco – Francesco Mancini – Claudia Piscitelli – Francesco Selicato

8. 2. Factor Analysis Processing of thermal data
ASTER thermal data over wintertime (February 1th, 2006)
--------- Climate Alteration in th e Metrop olitan Area of Bari: Temp e ratu r es an d Relation sh ip with Ch aracter s of Urb an Con text ---------
Pierangela Loconte – Claudia Ceppi – Giorgia Lubisco – Francesco Mancini – Claudia Piscitelli – Francesco Selicato

9. 2. Factor Analysis Processing of thermal data
ASTER thermal data over summertime (August 9th, 2001)
--------- Climate Alteration in th e Metrop olitan Area of Bari: Temp e ratu r es an d Relation sh ip with Ch aracter s of Urb an Con text ---------
Pierangela Loconte – Claudia Ceppi – Giorgia Lubisco – Francesco Mancini – Claudia Piscitelli – Francesco Selicato

10. 2. Factor Analysis
Analysis of the urban environment
In order to characterize urban structures, a set of factors able to
affects urban climate and UHI phenomenon have been recognized:
Land Use
Absolute Rugosity
Site Coverage
Urban Morphologies
--------- Climate Alteration in th e Metrop olitan Area of Bari: Temp e ratu r es an d Relation sh ip with Ch aracter s of Urb an Con text ---------
Pierangela Loconte – Claudia Ceppi – Giorgia Lubisco – Francesco Mancini – Claudia Piscitelli – Francesco Selicato

11. 2. Factor Analysis Analysis of the urban environment
Land use
Urban ecosystems provide services and perform functions that
are able to regulate and balance the heat flux dynamics within
the urban materials textures
It’s necessary to define a system characterization of the urban
ecosystems strongly related with thermal phenomenon
The land use analysis factors set has been taken in consideration
all the typologies of urban and peri-urban natural landscapes
AGRICULTURAL AREAS GREEN URBAN AREAS
--------- Climate Alteration in th e Metrop olitan Area of Bari: Temp e ratu r es an d Relation sh ip with Ch aracter s of Urb an Con text ---------
Pierangela Loconte – Claudia Ceppi – Giorgia Lubisco – Francesco Mancini – Claudia Piscitelli – Francesco Selicato

12. 2. Factor Analysis Analysis of the urban environment
Land use Urban Green Areas
It include all the different green typologies recognized inside the
city:
- urban parks
- sport areas
The city of Bari has a lack of green spaces they are fragmented
and localized
--------- Climate Alteration in th e Metrop olitan Area of Bari: Temp e ratu r es an d Relation sh ip with Ch aracter s of Urb an Con text ---------
Pierangela Loconte – Claudia Ceppi – Giorgia Lubisco – Francesco Mancini – Claudia Piscitelli – Francesco Selicato

13. 2. Factor Analysis Analysis of the urban environment
Land use Urban Green Areas
--------- Climate Alteration in th e Metrop olitan Area of Bari: Temp e ratu r es an d Relation sh ip with Ch aracter s of Urb an Con text ---------
Pierangela Loconte – Claudia Ceppi – Giorgia Lubisco – Francesco Mancini – Claudia Piscitelli – Francesco Selicato

14. 2. Factor Analysis Analysis of the urban environment
Land use Agricultural Areas
It includes:
- arable land
- permanent crops
- meadowlands
- mixed agricultural land
The main element showing features able to connect land use to
thermal studies has been classified in relationship with soil
coverage (i.e presence of tree canopy, predominance of
herbaceous coverage).
agricultural herbaceous agricultural arboreal
coverage coverage
--------- Climate Alteration in th e Metrop olitan Area of Bari: Temp e ratu r es an d Relation sh ip with Ch aracter s of Urb an Con text ---------
Pierangela Loconte – Claudia Ceppi – Giorgia Lubisco – Francesco Mancini – Claudia Piscitelli – Francesco Selicato

15. 2. Factor Analysis Analysis of the urban environment
Land use Agricultural Areas
Residual natural areas have been included into the agricultural
macro category
In the case of study, they are essentially constitute by
Mediterranean shrubs vegetation and residual Mediterranean
forests.
They have been characterized in order to their
coverage, according to the agricultural areas
--------- Climate Alteration in th e Metrop olitan Area of Bari: Temp e ratu r es an d Relation sh ip with Ch aracter s of Urb an Con text ---------
Pierangela Loconte – Claudia Ceppi – Giorgia Lubisco – Francesco Mancini – Claudia Piscitelli – Francesco Selicato

16. 2. Factor Analysis Analysis of the urban environment
Land use Agricultural Areas
--------- Climate Alteration in th e Metrop olitan Area of Bari: Temp e ratu r es an d Relation sh ip with Ch aracter s of Urb an Con text ---------
Pierangela Loconte – Claudia Ceppi – Giorgia Lubisco – Francesco Mancini – Claudia Piscitelli – Francesco Selicato

17. 2. Factor Analysis Analysis of the urban environment
Land use Agricultural Areas
--------- Climate Alteration in th e Metrop olitan Area of Bari: Temp e ratu r es an d Relation sh ip with Ch aracter s of Urb an Con text ---------
Pierangela Loconte – Claudia Ceppi – Giorgia Lubisco – Francesco Mancini – Claudia Piscitelli – Francesco Selicato

18. 2. Factor Analysis Analysis of the urban environment
Absolute Rugosity
It has been introduced to take the real urban fabric into account by
evaluating the three-dimensional space
It explains the role of density of urban tissues on temperature
and, then, the ability of air to flow within the urban volume introduced
by Adolphe (2001)
R = Vbuilt / A cell
Site Coverage
The factor has been designed To take into account the role of
anthropogenic influence on temperatures
It is the ratio of the total floor area of the building to the area of the
cell. It is referred to the ground floor, so it also refers to impervious
surfaces and represent an index of building density focused over the bi-
dimensional cell
---------
SC = Abuildings / A cell
Climate Alteration in th e Metrop olitan Area of Bari: Temp e ratu r es an d Relation sh ip with Ch aracter s of Urb an Con text ---------
Pierangela Loconte – Claudia Ceppi – Giorgia Lubisco – Francesco Mancini – Claudia Piscitelli – Francesco Selicato

19. 2. Factor Analysis Analysis of the urban environment
Urban Morphologies
It required the recognizing of the urban tissues by taking the 90
mt post spacing as reference spatial resolution.
Each cell is related to a reference tissue representing the area
with its percentage of surface occupied
Classification of urban tissues of the city of Bari:
- residential
- industrial
- mixed function
--------- Climate Alteration in th e Metrop olitan Area of Bari: Temp e ratu r es an d Relation sh ip with Ch aracter s of Urb an Con text ---------
Pierangela Loconte – Claudia Ceppi – Giorgia Lubisco – Francesco Mancini – Claudia Piscitelli – Francesco Selicato

20. 2. Factor Analysis Analysis of the urban environment
Urban Morphologies - Classification
Residential
a. Old core
b. Regular high compact tissue
c. Medium compact tissue
d. Low compact tissue
e. Modern organic tissue
f. Open tissue
g. Detached tissue
h. Industrial tissue
i. Mixed Functional tissue
--------- Climate Alteration in th e Metrop olitan Area of Bari: Temp e ratu r es an d Relation sh ip with Ch aracter s of Urb an Con text ---------
Pierangela Loconte – Claudia Ceppi – Giorgia Lubisco – Francesco Mancini – Claudia Piscitelli – Francesco Selicato

21. 2. Factor Analysis Analysis of the urban environment
Urban Morphologies - Classification
Analisys of relationship between surface
temperatures and urban morphologies
Dual analysis of satellite data
- wintertime (February 1th, 2006)
- summertime (August 9th, 2001)
--------- Climate Alteration in th e Metrop olitan Area of Bari: Temp e ratu r es an d Relation sh ip with Ch aracter s of Urb an Con text ---------
Pierangela Loconte – Claudia Ceppi – Giorgia Lubisco – Francesco Mancini – Claudia Piscitelli – Francesco Selicato

22. 2. Factor Analysis Analysis of the urban environment
Urban Morphologies - Classification
Old core: historical tissue of the city, characterized by high
density, irregular texture of urban block, traditional building
constructed until XIX century, located in the central core of the city;
--------- Climate Alteration in th e Metrop olitan Area of Bari: Temp e ratu r es an d Relation sh ip with Ch aracter s of Urb an Con text ---------
Pierangela Loconte – Claudia Ceppi – Giorgia Lubisco – Francesco Mancini – Claudia Piscitelli – Francesco Selicato

23. 2. Factor Analysis Analysis of the urban environment
Urban Morphologies - Classification
Medium compact tissue: structured on a semi-regular grid, built during XIX
century and characterized by high density and bigger block dimensions,
located near some main infrastructure of the city (principal street, railway);
Detached tissue: structured on isolated group of buildings, located in
suburban/rural areas
--------- Climate Alteration in th e Metrop olitan Area of Bari: Temp e ratu r es an d Relation sh ip with Ch aracter s of Urb an Con text ---------
Pierangela Loconte – Claudia Ceppi – Giorgia Lubisco – Francesco Mancini – Claudia Piscitelli – Francesco Selicato

24. 3. Bivariate correlation analysis
The interaction between the urban structures, as represented by the selected
variables, and the surface temperature, has been performed by the SPSS 17.0
statistical package through a cell by cell (90 mt) correlation analysis. The
bivariate correlation between surface temperature and the selected variables
are expored, were estimated by Pearson's coefficient, like shown in the next
table for the land use
Surface temperature Surface temperature
02012006 09082001
SURFACE TEMPERATURE Number of cases 7952 7973
AGRICOLTURE Pearson Correlation ,256 ,161
HERBACEOUS COVERAGE Sig. (2-tailed) ,000 ,000
AGRICOLTURE Pearson Correlation -,070** -,009
ARBOREOUS COVERAGE Sig. (2-tailed) ,000 ,482
NATURAL HERBACEOUS Pearson Correlation -,047 ,145*
COVERAGE Sig. (2-tailed) ,518 ,044
WOODLANDS Pearson Correlation ,015 ,114
Sig. (2-tailed) ,560 ,000
URBAN GREEN AREAS Pearson Correlation -,586 -,606
Sig. (2-tailed) ,036 ,022
--------- Climate Alteration in th e Metrop olitan Area of Bari: Temp e ratu r es an d Relation sh ip with Ch aracter s of Urb an Con text ---------
Pierangela Loconte – Claudia Ceppi – Giorgia Lubisco – Francesco Mancini – Claudia Piscitelli – Francesco Selicato

25. 4. Results and comment
Land use
The coefficients obtained between the surface temperature
and areas with the types of land use called agriculture and
natural herbaceous coverage, agriculture arborous coverage, and
woodlands, don’t shows a high correlation
This Kind of land use, of course, don’t characterize inner parts of
the city but the suburbs or the beginning of the rural border
town
The coefficient that takes a significant negative value for both
thermal maps, is the percentage of area covered by urban green
areas
--------- Climate Alteration in th e Metrop olitan Area of Bari: Temp e ratu r es an d Relation sh ip with Ch aracter s of Urb an Con text ---------
Pierangela Loconte – Claudia Ceppi – Giorgia Lubisco – Francesco Mancini – Claudia Piscitelli – Francesco Selicato

26. 4. Results and comment
Characteristics of the built
Surface temperature Surface temperature
02012006 09082001
SITE COVERAGE Pearson Correlation -,261 -,409
Sig. (2-code) ,000 ,000
ABSOLUTE_RUGOSITY Pearson Correlation -,318 -,435
Sig. (2-code) ,000 ,000
The site coverage of the buildings shows a negative weak
correlation with the surface temperature while the behavior of
the absolute rugosity showed a slightly negative uncorrelated
trend with respect to temperature
By the analysis of thermal images, this trend is reinforced by the
fact that areas outside the city and the open spaces in general,
show a higher temperature than the densely urbanized areas
--------- Climate Alteration in th e Metrop olitan Area of Bari: Temp e ratu r es an d Relation sh ip with Ch aracter s of Urb an Con text ---------
Pierangela Loconte – Claudia Ceppi – Giorgia Lubisco – Francesco Mancini – Claudia Piscitelli – Francesco Selicato

27. 4. Results and comment
The urban morphology
The compact fabric, and in particular old core around the average temperatures
lower, is characterized by a narrower range than other types. It reads like the
decrease of the compactness of the urban surface temperatures are higher. In this
regard, compare the behavior of Old core, for example, and the types of open
tissue and detached tissue, such as the evidently are concerned have both broader
range of temperatures, which temperatures average higher
The behavior of the temperature decrease with increasing dispersion of the
buildings, is quite closely and confirmed in a quantitative way, by the correlations
between two variables as temperature and site coverage and absolute rugosity.
--------- Climate Alteration in th e Metrop olitan Area of Bari: Temp e ratu r es an d Relation sh ip with Ch aracter s of Urb an Con text ---------
Pierangela Loconte – Claudia Ceppi – Giorgia Lubisco – Francesco Mancini – Claudia Piscitelli – Francesco Selicato

28. 5. Conclusion and future perspectives
The correlation analysis shows that the phenomenon of UHI is reversed
for the city of Bari
Densely urbanized zones reveal lower temperatures than the
peripherals areas.
The analysis of urban morphology provides an explanation about the
spatial temperature trend even though the use of vegetation indices
(such as the NDVI)
The urban morphology summarize the behavior of the remain
variables. The quantitative relationship between urban morphology
and surface temperatures have been highlighted.
In the case of study, materials and surfaces with higher thermal
capacity values didn’t have enough time to accumulate and release
after being illuminated by the Sun’s radiation. Shaded areas were not
warmed up by the solar radiation in the early morning period. Open
areas are more exposed to solar radiations and exhibits a more
pronounced heating of the ground surface
--------- Climate Alteration in th e Metrop olitan Area of Bari: Temp e ratu r es an d Relation sh ip with Ch aracter s of Urb an Con text ---------
Pierangela Loconte – Claudia Ceppi – Giorgia Lubisco – Francesco Mancini – Claudia Piscitelli – Francesco Selicato

29. 5. Conclusion and future perspectives
Develop a more complete description of the fabric is required
(within the index of roughness) to better summarize the range of
possible morphologies and rates of porosities of the fabric
Taking in account the difference in the elevation of buildings to
investigate the relationships between shaded/sunny areas and
surface temperatures
Study the phenomenon using other satellite data in a different
period and time of day (around 10.00 am for this study).
--------- Climate Alteration in th e Metrop olitan Area of Bari: Temp e ratu r es an d Relation sh ip with Ch aracter s of Urb an Con text ---------
Pierangela Loconte – Claudia Ceppi – Giorgia Lubisco – Francesco Mancini – Claudia Piscitelli – Francesco Selicato

30. Polytechnic University of Bari
(Italy)
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