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TABLET COMPRESSION MACHINE 
History of Tablet Compression Machine :-: 
History of Tablet Compression Machine :- In 1952–1954 Higuchi and his 
group[1] have instrumented upper and lower compression, ejection, and 
punch displacement on an eccentric tablet press , and Pioneered the 
modern study of compaction process. In 1966 , a U.S. patent was 
granted to Knoechel and coworkers for force measurement on a tablet 
press. In mid-1980s , custom-made press monitoring systems were 
described and the first commercial instrumentation packages became 
available, including both the systems for product development and press 
control. 
Tablet compression machine or tablet presses are designed with the 
following basic components. Hopper for holding and feeding granulation 
to be compressed. Dies that define the size and shape of tablet Punches 
for compressing the granulation within the dies. Cam tracks for guiding 
the movement of the punches A feeding mechanism for moving 
granulation from the hopper into dies . 
Instrumentation :-: 
Instrumentation :- The tablet press comprises of following parts. 
Punches Dies Auxiliary equipments 
Punch and its parts :-: 
Punch and its parts :- TIP BARREL NECK HEAD 
Punch :-: 
Punch :- These are two types. Upper punch and lower punch . Neck of 
the upper punch is smaller than the lower punch These are made by 
steel , in order to withstand with the force existed by rollers. Both upper 
& lower punches are same in length except in “B” tooling. For large dose 
preparation D tooling is preferable. 
Standard Deep Flat Flat faced bevel edge 
Selection of punch depends on two factors. Force applied Shape 
required For heavy forces shallow or standard cups are preferable. 
Compression force is highly correlated with a variety of tablet properties. 
As compression increases, so does tablet hardness and weight (at 
constant thickness and true density), along with a force required to eject 
a tablet . Many variables affect the force of compression: press settings,
press speed, punch length variation, punch wear, and damage, 
formulation and excipient properties. 
Steel Hardness and Selection:-: 
Steel Hardness and Selection :- Several types of tool steel are normally 
used in the fabrication of compression tooling. The proper selection 
becomes critical to a successful overall operation. The steel 
characteristics to be looked for in descending order of importance. 
Toughness to withstand the cyclic compaction forces Wear resistance 
Cost 
Comparison: 
Comparison Standered Type S 5 : shock resistance silicone steel. good 
ductility and toughness. If 3 3% Nickel is added to S 5 which has greater 
ductility but less resistant to abrasion than the S 5 
premium: 
premium Types: D2 & D3 High carbon & chrome alloys. Greater 
resistance. But less ductility which result in breakage. Used for light 
compaction forces . 
Steel selection :-: 
Steel selection :- Shape of the punch cup. Compressing force. Material 
nature. Ex : abrasive, corrosive(stainless steel) 
DIES :-: 
DIES :- These are holded by die table. These are in different sizes , 
made by steel. Selection of die depends upon the dose we wanted. 
Diameter of a tablet depends upon the die we select. These are 
available in different diameter. Die is fixed by the die screw. For large 
size tablets D tooling dies are preferable. 
TOOLING ( in inches) :-: 
TOOLING ( in inches) :- Tooling type& punch parameters BB B D Barrel 
length 5.25 5.25/3.56 5.25 Barrel diameter 0.75 0.75 1 Head diameter 1 
1 1.25 
Coating of Dies and Punches: 
Coating of Dies and Punches Why coating is required? To protect from 
Sticky material, Corrosive material, Abrasive material. Different type of 
coating : Titanium Nitride Coating Electroless Nickel Plating (ENI) 
Chromium Nitride Coating ( CrN ) Chromium Carbon Nitride ( CrCN )
Coating Diamond Coating of Diamond like Carbon (DLC) Cr- CrN -Cr 
Multilayer Coating ( Nano Coating) 
Auxiliary parts: 
Auxiliary parts Tablet dedusters . Hopper. Compression analyzers. 
Signal conditioning systems. Strain gages. 
Working of tablet press :-: 
Working of tablet press :- Irrespective of the tablet press types ( single 
station or rotary) the following steps are majorly involved. Filling. Weight 
adjusting. Compression. Ejection. 
Production rate depends on Number of stations. Number of 
compressions per cycle. Speed of the turret s. 
Manufacturer Number of stations available Min Max Tablet per 
minute(TPM) Min Max Colton 12 90 480 1600 Whilhelm Fette,Gmbh , 
HumburgW . Koln 20 55 300/900 3300/8250 Killian & Co ., Gmbh Koln, 
W.Germany 14 67 140/383 1083/10,000 Mnesty machine 
ltd.Liverpool,England . 16 69 600/1500 3330/10,000 Stroke merril 33 65 
1200/3300 3500/10,000 Hatta Iron works,Horry Engineering Co. Osaka, 
Japan 28 71 420/1420 1920/7100 
Differences between single & rotary tablet presses :-: 
Differences between single & rotary tablet presses :- Single punch 
Consist of one station. production rate low. Tpm is aproximatly 100. 
Lower punch do nt move wile compression. 
Rotary punch: 
Rotary punch More stations. Production rate is high. Tpm is 10,000. 
Both punches move. ex: colton 
Quality Control :-: 
Quality Control :- Punches: Overall length Working length Cup depth 
Tips – round and capsule Tip and Barrel concentricity Head, Head flat 
and Neck Barrel Dies: Height and outside diameter Die bore diameter 
using expandable, small bore gauges Die bore major and minor axis 
using Vernier caliper and expandable, small bore gauges Die Bore 
concentricity Squareness Visual Inspection Dimensional Inspection 
Maintenance of Dies and Punches: 
Maintenance of Dies and Punches Why is it required ? To improve the 
lifespan of toolings . How are they Maintained ? Fitting instructions
usually as per the manual given. Warm soap water and a soft brush are 
suitable for thorough cleaning Not to be touched by bare fingers 
Thoroughly coated with an acid-free oil in order to prevent corrosion. 
Tooling should be regularly checked. Polishing – By hand “Drag 
Finishing” machine Storage cabinets for tooling – Clashing Dusting 
Humidity

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Tablet compression

  • 1. TABLET COMPRESSION MACHINE History of Tablet Compression Machine :-: History of Tablet Compression Machine :- In 1952–1954 Higuchi and his group[1] have instrumented upper and lower compression, ejection, and punch displacement on an eccentric tablet press , and Pioneered the modern study of compaction process. In 1966 , a U.S. patent was granted to Knoechel and coworkers for force measurement on a tablet press. In mid-1980s , custom-made press monitoring systems were described and the first commercial instrumentation packages became available, including both the systems for product development and press control. Tablet compression machine or tablet presses are designed with the following basic components. Hopper for holding and feeding granulation to be compressed. Dies that define the size and shape of tablet Punches for compressing the granulation within the dies. Cam tracks for guiding the movement of the punches A feeding mechanism for moving granulation from the hopper into dies . Instrumentation :-: Instrumentation :- The tablet press comprises of following parts. Punches Dies Auxiliary equipments Punch and its parts :-: Punch and its parts :- TIP BARREL NECK HEAD Punch :-: Punch :- These are two types. Upper punch and lower punch . Neck of the upper punch is smaller than the lower punch These are made by steel , in order to withstand with the force existed by rollers. Both upper & lower punches are same in length except in “B” tooling. For large dose preparation D tooling is preferable. Standard Deep Flat Flat faced bevel edge Selection of punch depends on two factors. Force applied Shape required For heavy forces shallow or standard cups are preferable. Compression force is highly correlated with a variety of tablet properties. As compression increases, so does tablet hardness and weight (at constant thickness and true density), along with a force required to eject a tablet . Many variables affect the force of compression: press settings,
  • 2. press speed, punch length variation, punch wear, and damage, formulation and excipient properties. Steel Hardness and Selection:-: Steel Hardness and Selection :- Several types of tool steel are normally used in the fabrication of compression tooling. The proper selection becomes critical to a successful overall operation. The steel characteristics to be looked for in descending order of importance. Toughness to withstand the cyclic compaction forces Wear resistance Cost Comparison: Comparison Standered Type S 5 : shock resistance silicone steel. good ductility and toughness. If 3 3% Nickel is added to S 5 which has greater ductility but less resistant to abrasion than the S 5 premium: premium Types: D2 & D3 High carbon & chrome alloys. Greater resistance. But less ductility which result in breakage. Used for light compaction forces . Steel selection :-: Steel selection :- Shape of the punch cup. Compressing force. Material nature. Ex : abrasive, corrosive(stainless steel) DIES :-: DIES :- These are holded by die table. These are in different sizes , made by steel. Selection of die depends upon the dose we wanted. Diameter of a tablet depends upon the die we select. These are available in different diameter. Die is fixed by the die screw. For large size tablets D tooling dies are preferable. TOOLING ( in inches) :-: TOOLING ( in inches) :- Tooling type& punch parameters BB B D Barrel length 5.25 5.25/3.56 5.25 Barrel diameter 0.75 0.75 1 Head diameter 1 1 1.25 Coating of Dies and Punches: Coating of Dies and Punches Why coating is required? To protect from Sticky material, Corrosive material, Abrasive material. Different type of coating : Titanium Nitride Coating Electroless Nickel Plating (ENI) Chromium Nitride Coating ( CrN ) Chromium Carbon Nitride ( CrCN )
  • 3. Coating Diamond Coating of Diamond like Carbon (DLC) Cr- CrN -Cr Multilayer Coating ( Nano Coating) Auxiliary parts: Auxiliary parts Tablet dedusters . Hopper. Compression analyzers. Signal conditioning systems. Strain gages. Working of tablet press :-: Working of tablet press :- Irrespective of the tablet press types ( single station or rotary) the following steps are majorly involved. Filling. Weight adjusting. Compression. Ejection. Production rate depends on Number of stations. Number of compressions per cycle. Speed of the turret s. Manufacturer Number of stations available Min Max Tablet per minute(TPM) Min Max Colton 12 90 480 1600 Whilhelm Fette,Gmbh , HumburgW . Koln 20 55 300/900 3300/8250 Killian & Co ., Gmbh Koln, W.Germany 14 67 140/383 1083/10,000 Mnesty machine ltd.Liverpool,England . 16 69 600/1500 3330/10,000 Stroke merril 33 65 1200/3300 3500/10,000 Hatta Iron works,Horry Engineering Co. Osaka, Japan 28 71 420/1420 1920/7100 Differences between single & rotary tablet presses :-: Differences between single & rotary tablet presses :- Single punch Consist of one station. production rate low. Tpm is aproximatly 100. Lower punch do nt move wile compression. Rotary punch: Rotary punch More stations. Production rate is high. Tpm is 10,000. Both punches move. ex: colton Quality Control :-: Quality Control :- Punches: Overall length Working length Cup depth Tips – round and capsule Tip and Barrel concentricity Head, Head flat and Neck Barrel Dies: Height and outside diameter Die bore diameter using expandable, small bore gauges Die bore major and minor axis using Vernier caliper and expandable, small bore gauges Die Bore concentricity Squareness Visual Inspection Dimensional Inspection Maintenance of Dies and Punches: Maintenance of Dies and Punches Why is it required ? To improve the lifespan of toolings . How are they Maintained ? Fitting instructions
  • 4. usually as per the manual given. Warm soap water and a soft brush are suitable for thorough cleaning Not to be touched by bare fingers Thoroughly coated with an acid-free oil in order to prevent corrosion. Tooling should be regularly checked. Polishing – By hand “Drag Finishing” machine Storage cabinets for tooling – Clashing Dusting Humidity