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Research careers in drug discovery & development
1. RESEARCH CAREERS
IN DRUG DISCOVERY &
DEVELOPMENT
Dr. Bhaswat S. Chakraborty
Sr. VP & Chair, R&D Core Committee
Cadila Pharmaceuticals Ltd.
1
2. CONTENTS
Discovering & Developing New Drugs: Overview
Discovery
Development
Lead Compound to Regulatory Approval
Regulatory Approval to Marketing
Drug DD Multi-Disciplines
Drug DD & Other R&D Scientists
Adaptation of a Fresh Graduate in his/her R&D Roles
Team playing
Finding a Mentor
Notes on working in Big Pharma
Demystifying Myths
Concluding Remarks 2
3. DISCOVERING & DEVELOPING
NEW DRUGS: OVERVIEW
Highly time and cost intensive
Three stages:
Discovery: Identifying new compounds that help
treat disease
Development: Administering the new drug to
animals and humans to make sure it is safe and
effective
Manufacturing: Producing the new drug in large
quantities for distribution
3
4. IMPACT OF NEW MEDICINES IN LAST
100 YRS
Human life expectancy has doubled both developed and
developing economies
One of the main reasons: better medicines than before
In some cases a better QoL
Backbone of effective and safe medicines
Research in the areas drug discovery, preclinical, formulation
development and clinical studies
However, last two decades have seen very high cost of drug
R&D
~couple of billion US dollars
Despite this intimidating expense and the patents-warfare, R&D
for good medicines are on
Good medicines are still being discovered and developed
4
Chakraborty B.S. (2012) PharmaTech, 3: 22-26
6. DRUG DISCOVERY
Selection and characterization of the target disease
Disease must be well understood and characterized
Protein (usually) associated with the disease can be targeted by a
lead compound with desirable properties
Which may cure the disease or control it
With HTS robotics, data processing and control softwares, liquid
handling devices, and sensitive detectors, a researcher can now
conduct millions of chemical, genetic or pharmacological tests in
few days
Such in silico molecular modeling is actually a tremendous
acceleration of the drug discovery process
40 years to understand the cholesterol biosynthesis pathway to develop
the statin drugs – those that inhibit the enzyme HMG-CoA reductase, the
rate limiting step in cholesterol biosynthesis
But 3 yrs for a molecular-level understanding of the role of the HER-2
receptor in breast cancer to develop Herceptin® 6
Chakraborty B.S. (2012) PharmaTech, 3: 22-26
9. DEVELOPMENT OF THE LEAD
COMPOUNDS
Only 3-4 lead compounds emerge per 2000 structures examined
Subjected to preclinical efficacy and safety and toxicity testing
The first in humans, viz. Phase I studies
Human toxicity, maximum tolerated dose and pharmacokinetics
(ADME – absorption, distribution, metabolism and elimination) of the
administered drug
Also be a slight hint of human efficacy of the lead drug in some cases
If the toxicity profile and tolerability of the drug are acceptable
Tested in limited number of patients first (a Phase II study)
finally in a substantial number of patients in epidemiologic setup
(Phase III study)
Results from clinical trials are fed back to enhance the next round
of target selection and lead identification and optimization
Highest goal of drug DD is that the drug is safe & effective
in its proposed use(s) & benefits outweigh the risks
9
10. DEVELOPMENT OF THE LEAD
COMPOUNDS
10
Figure 2: The lead compounds are screened in animals and then select lead
compounds, only a few, are taken to the subsequent clinical studies.
Chakraborty B.S. (2012) PharmaTech, 3: 22-26
13. REGULATORY APPROVAL TO
MARKETING
At the end of Phase II, the FDA and sponsors try to come to an
agreement on Phase 3 conduct
How often the FDA meets with a sponsor varies, but this is one of two
most common meeting points prior to NDA
The other most common time is pre-NDA, right before an NDA is
submitted
Phase III studies begin if evidence of effectiveness is shown in Phase II
Ph III: more information about safety & effectiveness,
Studying different populations and different dosage
Using the drug in combination with other drugs
N=Hundreds to about 3,000
Results of Phase III studies provide the main evidence of efficacy
and safety in a Regulatory application
Following the Regulatory approval the drug can be marketed in that
country
Post-marketing study commitments (Phase IV) are conducted after the
FDA has approved a drug for marketing
13
14. Biology Chemistry
Assay development Analytical Chemistry
Cellular Biology Medicinal and Synthetic chemistry
Electrophysiology Rational Design
Genomics and molecular biology Computational chemistry
Medicine In silico and de novo design
(Behavioral) pharmacology High-throughput screening
Physiology Related Sciences
Protein biochemistry, expression, and
synthesis
Engineering
Protein engineering and
biopharmaceuticals
Mathematics
Proteomics Statistics
Structural biology and crystallography Bio and chemi-informatics
Veterinarian siences IT, hardware and software design
Bell M, Science Careers, March 19, 2004
COMMON DRUG DISCOVERY
DISCIPLINES
15. DRUG DD & OTHER R&D
SCIENTISTS
Most of the pharmaceutical R&D scientists have a post graduate
training from a recognized academic institution in their respective
fields
About 10% of these individuals are PhD, MD & MVSc degree
holders
Other requirements include high IQ, goal setting, problem solving
and team playing skills
Can also be gifted with a high EQ or MBA degree (necessary for
management positions)
An eye for details and writing expressly in technical English
Inclination for experiments, hypothesis generation
Training in research methologies
….
15
Chakraborty B.S. (2013) PharmaTech, 4: 18-20
16. ADAPTATION OF A FRESH
GRADUATE IN HIS/HER R&D ROLES
R&D scientists are mostly concentrated in private sector
pharma business companies and some academic institutions
400,000 people globally in pharma, biotech and medical devices R&D
Majority get a job orientation following their graduation from academia
and only after joining their employment
Formal training in on-going projects and SOPs by the minute stepwise
descriptions of processes and rigidity of specifications
The hierarchy of reporting and the reality of owning the responsibilities
are also strikingly novel for most of the entry level scientists
Challenge is to be a part of large multidisciplinary drug discovery &
development teams
A suitable mentor can hold the hands of a fresh graduate during these
bewildering times 16
Chakraborty B.S. (2013) PharmaTech, 4: 18-20
17. DEVELOPMENT OF TEAM PLAYING
SKILLS
All pharma R&D activities are carried out in “team” set up these
days
Teams could be mainly of three types:
Management, operational and expertise
Management teams have the roles of leading and co-ordinating
Operational teams consist of actual delivery of projects and
problem solving oriented team players
Experts give critical input and also provide depth expertise
wherever needed
Desirable that there is no artificial competition and dissatisfaction
in one’s mind regarding her role
If roles remain unclear, domineering and put-down behaviours by
certain role players become rampant at the cost of others.
17
Chakraborty B.S. (2013) PharmaTech, 4: 18-20
18. FINDING A CAREER
MENTOR
Mentor in Sanskrit is “Mantradata”
or giver of knowledge
E.g, Krishna-Arjuna (ancient), Gandhi-
Neheru, Sir Humphry Davy- Michael
Faraday
R&D mentor can inspire and give
insight in many career related issues
Can explain difficult scientific concepts,
which can lay foundation of the
mentee’s understanding and save a
great deal of time and energy
Help the young scientist to design a
difficult clinical trial or experiment and
solve problems
Correct interpretation and scope of new
FDA & other Science guidances is
another insight that a mentor can give
18
Chakraborty B.S. (2013) PharmaTech, 4: 18-20
19. 1. You don’t get to publish
Not true. Most pharmaceutical companies strongly encourage publication of scientific
work and often link bonus payments to high publication levels.
2. You don’t get to go to conferences
Not true. Pharmaceutical companies generally encourage scientists from all levels
to attend key conferences as both delegates and presenters.
3. You just screen or make compounds all day
Not true. A drug discovery operation is made of many different disciplines and
involves many activities including a lot of basic research.
4. You are not free to follow your own interests or to be innovative
Not true on both counts. Innovation and creativity is strongly encouraged and
scientists spend significant time exploring new hypotheses and approaches
5. The science is not as good as in academia
Not true. Pharmaceutical companies claim many high-profile publications, patents
and groundbreaking concepts every year.
Bell M, Science Careers, March 19, 2004
THE FIVE MYTHS OF WORKING
FOR INDUSTRY
20. WHERE TO FIND AN
EMPLOYMENT?
Large drug manufacturing and biotech companies in PBE
Contract research organizations (CROs)
Academic institutions
Governmental agencies
Regulatory
Research
Policy
Laboratories developing new drug therapies
Universities or hospitals
Supervising clinical drug trials
Manufacturing centers for large-scale production of medications
Pre-Clinical CROs 20
21. BIG PHARMA & THE
PHARMACEUTICAL-BIOTECH
ECOSYSTEM (PBE)
Big pharma is atop the ecosystem with capital and resources
needed to commercialize new drugs
Their goal is to enrich their drug development pipeline,
leveraging their expertise in regulatory submission,
reimbursement, and commercialization of product
They are the integrators, orchestrating the drug development
process with members of the ecosystem
The ecosystem concept offers a richer context than established
supply chain models because the PBE is a dynamic, growing
environment
Members can use funding from big pharma to build business that
potentially can compete against established companies
21
McCarthy R, Science Careers, March 19, 2004
23. PREPARING FOR A CAREER IN
THE PBE
First, increase the value of your skills so it can benefit yourself and
your employer
Going to graduate school and training in laboratories with
intellectually stimulating environments
Sometimes working as a technician in a university research laboratory
can be helpful
Second, understand the dynamics of value shifts in the PBE.
Develop an interest in technology management
New concepts such as disruptive technology and open innovation are
changing the way established companies are developing new products
Third, engage in dialogue with others who are more experienced
than you in this field
And lastly, remain a lifelong student
Genomics/proteomics revolution are just beginning
Opportunities for technology-astute scientists are abound in future 23
McCarthy R, Science Careers, March 19, 2004
24. YOU MAY SPECIALIZE IN:
Designing new drug therapies using natural or synthetic
(man-made) ingredients
Discovering new ways to use existing drugs to treat different
types of disease
Studying how disease affects the body and what causes some
people to develop certain types of disease
Studying how the human body responds to medications, so
scientists can develop better, safer drugs Test drugs on animals
and humans to ensure safety and efficacy
Determining the most effective formulation and dosage for a
specific drug
Working on improving the drug manufacturing process
Ensuring the consistent quality of prescription medications
Advising corporations or government agencies, including the
Food and Drug Administration, on issues related to
pharmaceutical development
Monitoring drug adverse reactions
And many more areas....
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25. CONCLUDING REMARKS
The discovery or isolation of the drug, whether it is a small or
large molecule is an exciting but a complex process of studying its
structure (along with thousand of related structures), mechanism
of action, and physicochemical properties
Safety and Efficacy are main concerns in Preclinical & Clinical
phases; CMC is the subject of API & formulations
Pharmaceutical R&D scientists come from a vast array of
specializations within health sciences, chemistry and
biotechnology majors
Specializations can be very refined and narrowly focused these
days
Industry, Government and Academia are main employers
Adaptation and continued education are key factors of success
Big Pharma & the Pharmaceutical-Biotech Ecosystem (PBE) are
the career builders & sustainers in general
25
Mentor in Greek mythology, however, was a friend of Odysseus who placed Mentor and Odysseus' foster-brother Eumaeus in charge of his son Telemachus, and of Odysseus' palace, when Odysseus left for the Trojan War. Since then, the personal name Mentor has been adopted in English as a term meaning someone who imparts wisdom to a less experienced colleague.2