31 ĐỀ THI THỬ VÀO LỚP 10 - TIẾNG ANH - FORM MỚI 2025 - 40 CÂU HỎI - BÙI VĂN V...
pharmaceutics
1. PowerPoint to accompany
Foundations in Microbiology
Fifth Edition
Talaro
Chapter
8
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
11. • Exoenzymes – transported extracellularly,
where they break down large food
molecules or harmful chemicals; cellulase,
amylase, penicillinase
• Endoenzymes – retained intracellularly &
function there
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13. • Constitutive enzymes – always present,
always produced in equal amounts or at
equal rates, regardless of amount of
substrate; enzymes involved in glucose
metabolism
• Induced enzymes – not constantly present,
produced only when substrate is present,
prevents cell from wasting resources
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15. • Synthesis or condensation reactions –
anabolic reactions to form covalent bonds
between smaller substrate molecules,
require ATP, release one molecule of water
for each bond
• Hydrolysis reactions– catabolic reactions
that break down substrates into small
molecules, requires the input of water
15
17. Transfer reactions by enzymes
1. Oxidation-reduction reactions – transfer of
electrons
2. Aminotransferases – convert one type of amino
acid to another by transferring an amino group
3. Phosphotransferases – transfer phosphate groups,
involved in energy transfer
4. Methyltransferases – move methyl groups from
one molecule to another
5. Decarboxylases – remove carbon dioxide from
organic acids
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19. Control of enzyme activity
1. Competitive inhibition – substance that
resembles normal substrate competes with
substrate for active site
2. Feedback inhibition – concentration of product at
the end of a pathway blocks the action of a key
enzyme
3. Feedback repression – inhibits at the genetic
level by controlling synthesis of key enzymes
4. Enzyme induction – enzymes are made only
when suitable substrates are present
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21. Energy –capacity to do work or
cause change
• Endergonic reactions – consume energy
• Exergonic reactions – release energy
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22. Redox reactions
• always occur in pairs
• There is an electron donor and electron
acceptor which constitute a redox pair
• The process salvages electrons & their
energy.
• released energy can be captured to
phosphorylate ADP or another compound
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23. Electron carriers
• resemble shuttles that are loaded and
unloaded with electrons and hydrogen
• most carriers are coenzymes, NAD, FAD,
NADP, coenzyme A & compounds of the
respiratory chain
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26. ATP
• 3 part molecule consisting of
– adenine – a nitrogenous base
– ribose – a 5-carbon sugar
– 3 phosphate groups
• Removal of the terminal phosphate releases
energy
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34. Overview of aerobic respiration
• Glycolysis – glucose (6C) is oxidized and
split into 2 molecules of pyruvic acid (3C)
• TCA – processes pyruvic acid and
generates 3 CO2 molecules
• Electron transport chain – accepts electrons
NADH & FADH, generates energy through
sequential redox reactions called oxidative
phosphorylation
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39. Fermentation
• Incomplete oxidation of glucose or other
carbohydrates in the absence of oxygen
• Uses organic compounds as terminal electron
acceptors
• Yields a small amount of ATP
• Production of ethyl alcohol by yeasts acting on
glucose
• Formation of acid, gas & other products by the
action of various bacteria on pyruvic acid
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42. • Many pathways of metabolism are bi-directional
or amphibolic
• Metabolites can serve as building blocks or
sources of energy
– Pyruvic acid can be converted into amino acids through
amination
– Amino acids can be converted into energy sources
through deamination
– Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate can be converted into
precursors for amino acids, carbohydrates and fats
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