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Dr. B. Victor Biological  diversity
Bio  = Bio diversity What does  “ Bio ”  mean? Life
Bio diversity D i v e r s i t y  =  V a r i e t y What does  “ Diversity ”  mean?
Why protect biodiversity ? ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Human impact on Global  Biodiversity ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
The world is a living system where… ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
A Basic Equation for Life ,[object Object],[object Object]
Massive biodiversity loss is essentially irreversible ,[object Object],[object Object]
The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment : five main causes of biodiversity loss   ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Introduction ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Biodiversity allowed the advent of modern civilizations, but… ,[object Object],[object Object]
Plants begin invading land Evolution and expansion of life First fossil record of animals Plants invade the land Age of reptiles Age of mammals Insects and amphibians invade the land Modern humans (Homo sapiens) appear about 2 seconds before midnight Recorded human history begins 1/4 second before midnight Origin of life (3.6–3.8 billion years ago) noon midnight
Biodiversity is the measure of  the number, variety and variability of living organisms . ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
 
What is biodiversity? ,[object Object]
Significance of biodiversity ,[object Object],[object Object]
The Earth is home to a tremendous biological diversity ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Biodiversity ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
A B Which do you like better?
Which do you like better? A B
Which do you like better? A B
What is biodiversity? ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Biological Diversity ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Biological Diversity
Biological diversity  organization
Levels of genetic organization Gene Text sequence Chromosome Chapter Genome Gene pool
Genetic diversity ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Species diversity ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Ecosystem diversity ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Ecosystem Characteristics ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Ecosystem Characteristics ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Structure Characteristics ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Processes Characteristics ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
 
Diversity of organisms
How many different species are there? ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Biodiversity: # of species estimates ,[object Object],[object Object]
Biodiversity Attributes
1.Scales of diversity ,[object Object],a c d a b c c a a a a a b b b
2.Scales of diversity ,[object Object],16.14
  3.Scales of diversity ,[object Object],[object Object]
Scales of diversity
Types of biodiversity measures ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Species Richness (S)   ,[object Object]
Simpson Index (D)   ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Shannon-Wiener index (H)/   the Shannon index / the Shannon-Weaver index   ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Biodiversity ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Biodiversity – Hierarchy
Biodiversity Is determined By : ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Species richness  is the number of species in a given area.
High-, medium- and low Diversity
Why is biodiversity important? ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
What do we get from biodiversity? ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Biodiversity is dynamic ,[object Object],[object Object]
Earth's five mass extinctions  Earth is experiencing a sixth mass extinction today.
Anthropogenic Impacts ,[object Object],[object Object]
 
Principal causes of extinction ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
The main threats to biodiversity
Endangered and Extinct Species  ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Endangered and Extinct Species  ,[object Object],[object Object]
Characteristics of Endangered Species ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Extinctions can be caused by: ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Human activities threatening biological diversity:  ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Habitat Fragmentation ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Fragmentation most easily observed in forest habitat is caused by human activities. Anywhere that humans transformations cut up continuous habitat.
“ Edge Effect” and edge vs. interior species.
Habitat Destruction  ,[object Object],All in the name of progress?
Invasive Species  ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Pollution  ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Overexploitation ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Homogenization ,[object Object]
http://library.thinkquest.org/TQ0312380/images/wheat.jpg Anthropogenic Homogenization
Exotic species Homogenization
Biodiversity affects human well-being Human activities Global changes Biodiversity Ecosystem processes Ecosystem services
Links between biodiversity, climate change and Human well-being
Links between biodiversity, climate change and ecosystem services
 
 
Aesthetic value Ethical  value Social  value  Productive value Consumptive  value Biodiversity  Value
Values of  biodiversity Values of biodiversity Ecological values Economic values Cultural  values
“Value” of Biodiversity ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Biodiversity Value :  Ecological values   All living creatures are supported by the interactions among organisms and ecosystems.  Loss of biodiversity makes ecosystems less stable, more vulnerable to extreme events, and weakens its natural cycles.
Economic values   ,[object Object],[object Object]
Cultural values   ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Ecosystem Services
New ways of thinking  Ecosystem Services: the benefits people obtain from ecosystems ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Provisioning Goods produced or provided by ecosystems •  food  •  fresh water •  fuel wood •  genetic resources Cultural Non-material benefits from ecosystems •  spiritual  •  recreational  •  aesthetic •  inspirational •  educational  Supporting Services necessary for production of other ecosystem services •  Soil formation •  Nutrient cycling •  Primary production
Many human activities disrupt, impair, or reengineer ecosystems every day including: ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Linkages among Biodiversity, Ecosystem Services, and  Human Well-Being
Major Concepts ,[object Object],[object Object]
Global changes ,[object Object],[object Object],Land use change - type - intensity Species invasions Loss of biodiversity Over-harvest http://www.oceansatlas.org/ http ://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/ Molles 2007 http://www.ourworldfoundation.org.uk/polar.jpg http://library.thinkquest.org/
ADVERSE EFFECTS ON ECOSYSTEMS   ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
 
Percentage of birds, mammals, fishes and plants/ Total number of species   disappearing (after Pimms et al., 1995 in Chapin et al., 2000)
The role of biodiversity in global change
 
Biodiversity and Sustainability ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Preserving Earth’s Biological Diversity
Ex-situ  Conservation ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
In-situ  Conservation ,[object Object],[object Object]
In-situ  Conservation ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Biodiversity Hotspot Zones ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Indo-Burma  hotspot region ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
The Himalayan Hotspot ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Western  Ghats and Sri Lanka ,[object Object],[object Object]
Biodiversity Act of India (2002) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Some closing thoughts
How do we restore ecological balance and meet human needs? ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Biological Diversity
Biological Diversity
Biodiversity  quotes ,[object Object],[object Object]
 
“ Harmony with the land is like harmony with a friend; you cannot cherish his right hand and chop off his left.  The land is one organism.  Its part compete with each other and co-operate with each other. To keep every cog and wheel is the first precaution of intelligent thinking”   – Aldo Leopold
We remember we depend on each other,  live and let live.

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BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY

Editor's Notes

  1. Richness = number of species present Evenness = relative abundance Composition = particular species present Interactions = non-additive affects
  2. Here’s another way to look at earth – a bit more conceptual, but I’ll walk through it. Understanding how to make human endeavor more sustainable ecologically – most important question. Human activities Global change s - affecting biodiversity – richness, or # of species, abundances (not just are they there or not, but how many individuals?), composition – which types of species (e.g., grasses, or trees? Alligators or snakes?), and interactions (how do they influence each other – who is eating whom? Who is helping whom?). All this is changing and trying to deal with the causes of these changes is the realm of conservation. Looking at species as responding to changes in the environment, wrought by man. But the biota isn’t just a passive pile of flesh and cellulose getting batted about by the winds of change. In reality, the biota drive ecosystems. All that plant growth is what generates the energy other organisms use to grow, all those bacteria and fungi decomposing detritus – they are the ones responsible for breaking down old organic compounds and freeing up the nutrients so plants can keep growing, they are the ones responsible for building up rich soils, all those animals eating plants and other animals, they are the ones that grow big enough that we find it worth our time to kill and eat them to sustain ourselves. In that sense, biodiversity affects ecosystem processes – and ecosystem goods and services, things that benefit mankind. Some obvious – food, fuel, building materials, medicinals = goods. Relatively easy to assign a dollar value to them. Some water purification, natural flood control, pollination of crops, regulation of climate – we’re just beginning to understand. Processes that haven’t typically been accounted for in cost-benefit analyses during conversion of land from natural ecosystems. MVP vs. MFP: Conservation biologists, and even federal legislation like the endangered species act, typically talk in terms of minimum viable populations of a species – that is, what’s the smallest population size that is likely to persist for some set amount of time, say 100 years. To understand this other part of the equation, however, we need a very different perspective. We need to think in terms of minimum FUNCTIONAL populations of species: How many individuals are necessary to support a population large enough to fulfill an important ecosystem service? If a species was once very abundant and provided important ecosystem services, it doesn’t have to be globally extinct to cause major disruption to human activities. Just ask the people who used to fish for cod on the east coast. The big question is if and how the changes in biodiversity resulting from human actions will come back and bite us in the butt. Can we keep our species and eat them (and their habitats) too? To my mind, this question of sustainability is probably the most critical one of our time. Part of the reason I got into science was the feeling that people’s activities were just a small part of what is going on in the world – that to understand how the world is REALLY working, we need to understand processes that set the context for the human endeavor – the chemical, biological, and physical forces that shape the way the earth works. The type of global change most influencing a given region or ecosystem type will determine , these scenarios could be equally important as the linked traits in determining ecosystem properties. Understanding how communities will change in response to stressors and how altered communities will influence ecosystem goods and services depends on looking at biodiversity as a dynamic variable.