2. Introduction
• defined by the inflammation of the liver.
• The condition can be self-limiting (healing
on its own)
• or can progress to fibrosis (scarring)
and cirrhosis.
cirrhosis
3. • Hepatitis is acute when it lasts less than
six months and chronic when it persists
longer.
• A group of viruses known as the
hepatitis viruses cause most cases.
• but it can also be due to toxins
(e.g: alcohol), certain medications,
some industrial organic
solvents and autoimmune diseases.
5. Introduction
• caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV)
Originally known as "serum hepatitis"
• About a third of the world population has
been infected at one point in their lives
• The virus is transmitted by exposure to
infectious blood or body fluids such as
semen and vaginal fluids
6. • while viral DNA has been detected in the
saliva, tears, and urine of chronic carriers.
• cannot be spread by holding
hands, sharing eating utensils or drinking
glasses, coughing, sneezing, or
7. Signs and symptoms
• The acute illness causes liver
inflammation, vomiting , jaundice and,
rarely, death.
• Chronic hepatitis B may eventually
cause cirrhosis and liver cancer
hepatoma
8. • Ground glass hepatocytes as seen in a
chronic hepatitis B. Liver biopsy. H&E
stain.
9. Diagnosis
I. Blood tests to detect hepatitis B
infection, include:
1. The hepatitis B surface
antigen (HBsAg) test:
positive for this antigen
means have an active hepatitis B infection
and can easily pass the virus to others.
10. 2. The antibody to hepatitis B surface
antigen (anti-HBs) test:
positive: means can't infect others or
become infected because patient're
protected by the vaccine or own natural
immunity.
3. The antibody to hepatitis B core antigen
(anti-HBc) test:
positive: may have a chronic infection
that can transmit to others.
11. II. Additional tests to gauge liver health
and infection severity ,include:
1. The E antigen blood test:
positive: means have high levels of the
virus in the blood and can easily infect
others.
2. The hepatitis B DNA test:
indicating how much virus is present
(viral load).
12. 3. Liver function tests:
may gauge the amount of damage that
has occurred in the liver cells.
III.Removing a sample of liver tissue for
testing :
During a liver biopsy, doctor inserts a
thin needle through the skin and into the
liver . show the extent of any liver
damage.
14. Treatment
I. Treatment to prevent hepatitis B
infection after exposure :
Receiving an injection of hepatitis B
immune globulin within 24 hours of
coming in contact with the virus may
help protect from developing hepatitis B.
15. II. Treatment for acute hepatitis B
infection :
not need treatment. Instead, doctor
will work to reduce any signs and
symptoms you experience while your
body fights the infection.
III.Treatment for chronic hepatitis
B infection :
1. Antiviral medications
