Summary of important biological molecules for 9th grade bio unit.

1. Biological Molecules
By Brad Kremer

2. Water
(H2O)
•Universal
solvent
•Polar
•Required

3. Carbon
Dioxide
(CO2)
• C
and
O
• respira6on
output
(heterotrophs)
• photosynthesis
input
(autotrophs)
• stored
in
biomass
Image credit: http://bioh.wikispaces.com
Trace how carbon moves through
different trophic levels.

4. Image credit: http://www.dec.ny.gov

5. Carbohydrates
chains
of
C,
H,
and
O
• supply
energy
in
cells
and
food
chains
• short-­‐term
energy
(glycogen)
• simple
sugars
(glucose)
make
complex
molecules
• long
chains,
such
as
cellulose,
are
used
for
cellular
structure
C6H12O6
Notice that glucose is a
short chain...
Image credit: http://www.elmhurst.edu

6. Carbohydrates
… and how these molecules are
increasingly complex.
Image credit: http://industrialsfloor.com

7. Proteins
most
important
biological
molecule
• func6ons:
◦ enzymes
◦ cell
building
blocks
◦ hormones
◦ an6bodies
• made
of
chains
of
amino
acids
• only
20
amino
acids
make
all
the
1000ʹ′s
of
proteins
in
the
world
Image credit: wikimedia.org

8. Lipids •Hydrophilic
polar
head
•Hydrophobic
non-­‐polar
tails
Image credit: http://academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu

9. Nucleo>des• made
of
C,
H,
O,
P,
and
N
• 3
parts
of
each
nucleo6de:
• nitrogen
base
• sugar
• phosphate
• 4
different
nitrogen
bases
to
know:
• adenine
• cytosine
• guanine
• thymine
Image credit: http://science.howstuffworks.com
Image credit:

10. Nucleic
Acids
two
kinds:
• DNA:
sequence
of
nucleo6des
makes
up
the
gene6c
code
• RNA:
translates
the
code
into
specific
proteins