IoT Interfaces to Cloud + Big Data

IoT Interfaces to Cloud,
Fog, and Data Analytics
Bob Marcus
Co-Chair NIST Big Data PWG
robert.marcus@et-strategies.com
Friday, April 29, 16

Key Points on IoT to Cloud Interfaces - Initial Thoughts
• Many large scale CPS application will produce enormous amounts of data that require
Big Data analytics on elastic computing resources (i.e. Cloud)
• Connecting the device level Internet of Things to Cloud analytics will be a major
architectural decision challenge for designers
• Possible approaches include gateways, hubs, edge processing (e.g. Fog Computing),
interactive interfaces into the Cloud, and streaming data into the Cloud
• Combinations of these approaches are also possible for systems including different
physical devices
• Converting Cloud analytics into actuator control commands is another key architectural
challenge that will be discussed in the slide set “Control of CPS Systems”.
http://www.slideshare.net/bobmarcus/control-in-cyberphysical-systems
• The architectural decisions should be based on Use Case requirements
• Data and communication standard formats, protocols, and APIs will be necessary for
interoperability between IoT and Clouds. See the slide set on “CPS Standards” at
http://www.slideshare.net/bobmarcus/standards-and-open-source-for-big-data-cloud-and-iot

From http://www.slideshare.net/gatordkim/gs1-standards-and-oliot-open-source-project-for-the-internet-of-things
Amusing Motivational Slide from KAIST

From http://tinyurl.com/jty88nl
Potential Cooperation among Cloud, Big Data and IoT from Europe

Outline of Slides
・NIST IoT, Big Data, and Cloud Models
・Use Case: Smart City Architectures
・Fog and Edge Computing
・Gateways and Hubs
・Streaming into the Cloud
・Middle Layer Data Storage
・Mobile Architectures
・IoT Messaging Protocols
・Internet of Things Reference Architectures
・Reference Links for Interfacing IoT to Cloud/Big Data Architectures
・IoT to Cloud: Middle Layer

Terminology
・Cloud - One or more data centers supporting large scale storage and processing
・Things - Devices that interact with physical world (e.g. sensors, actuators)
・Internet of Things - Devices interacting with networked cyber components
・Analytics - Processing of data to understand past events and support future decisions
・Big Data - Data that requires parallel or distributed processing for analytics

Terminology continued
・Middle Layer - Cyber components between devices and Cloud / Data Centers
IoT Device Gateways - Connect devices with intermediate network nodes and/or data centers
Edge Computing - Distributes some of the resources and services of computation,
communication, control, and storage close to devices and gateways
Fog Computing - Distributes some of the resources and services of computation,
communication, control, and storage away from centralized data centers (e.g. to Edge)
IoT Cloud API Gateways - Connects Cloud with intermediate network node and/or device gateways
Hubs - Manage devices, collect device data, process device data, and distribute data and messages
Hub Locations - Hubs can be located in the Edge, Fog, and/or Cloud
Hub Roles - Key differentiator for architectures is Hubs locations, capabilities, and interactions

Internet of Things Definition from Wikipedia
From https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_of_Things
The Internet of Things (IoT) is the network of physical objects—devices, vehicles,
buildings and other items—embedded with electronics, software, sensors, and network
connectivity that enables these objects to collect and exchange data.The IoT allows
objects to be sensed and controlled remotely across existing network infrastructure,
creating opportunities for more direct integration of the physical world into computer-
based systems, and resulting in improved efficiency, accuracy and economic benefit; when
IoT is augmented with sensors and actuators, the technology becomes an instance of the
more general class of cyber-physical systems, which also encompasses technologies such
as smart grids, smart homes, intelligent transportation and smart cities

From www.internet-of-things-research.eu/pdf/IERC_Cluster_Book_2014_Ch.3_SRIA_WEB.pdf
Internet of Things Deﬁnition from EU IERC

From www.internet-of-things-research.eu/pdf/Building_the_Hyperconnected_Society_IERC_2015_Cluster_eBook_978-87-93237-98-8_P_Web.pdf
Internet of Things Integration from EU IERC

Internet of Things Landscape from EU IERC

Internet of Things Enabling Technologies from EU IERC

From www.internet-of-things-research.eu/pdf/Building_the_Hyperconnected_Society_IERC_2015_Cluster_eBook_978-87-93237-98-8_P_Web.pdf
IoT vs Internet from Goldman Sachs

Principles for IoT Clouds
From http://www.infosys.tuwien.ac.at/research/viecom/papers/Truong2015Principles.pdf
Principle 1: Enable virtualization and composition of IoT components as units
Principle 2: Enable emulated/simulated IoT parts working with production cloud
services
Principle 3: Enable dynamic provisioning of IoT and cloud service units through
uniform marketplaces and repositories for multiple stakeholders
Principle 4: Provide multilevel software stack deployment and conﬁguration
Principle 5: Provide software-deﬁned elasticity and primitive governance
functions for all IoT and cloud service units
Principle 6: Provide monitoring and analysis for an end-to-end view on elasticity
and dependability properties
Principle 7: Coordinate elasticity to enable a coherent elastic execution
throughout the whole IoT cloud system

Gap Analysis of IoT Platforms from Finland
From http://arxiv.org/pdf/1502.01181.pdf

NIST’s IoT, Big Data, and Cloud Models

Big Data Reference Architecture
From http://bigdatawg.nist.gov/_uploadﬁles/M0397_v1_2395481670.pdf

Domain Framework for CPS Systems
From http://www.cpspwg.org/Portals/3/docs/CPS%20PWG%20Draft%20Framework%20for%20Cyber-Physical%20Systems%20Release%200.8%20September%202015.pdf

NIST CPS Activities
From http://tinyurl.com/gv38c78

Cloud Reference Architecture
From http://www.nist.gov/customcf/get_pdf.cfm?pub_id=909505

Interfacing CPS, Big Data, and Cloud Models by Bob Marcus
Data
Commands

Opportunities for Strategic R&D for Cyber-Physical Systems
From http://tinyurl.com/javobbr

Fog and Edge Computing

Cisco Fog Computing Architecture
From https://research.orange.com/en/fog-computing-and-geo-distributed-cloud/

Cisco IoT Platform Architecture (more details)
From http://www.cisco.com/web/about/security/intelligence/iot_framework.html

Fog Computing in the Smart Grid
From https://techradar.cisco.com/pdf/cisco-technology-radar.pdf

IBM IoT as a Composable Business
From http://www.slideshare.net/BernardKuﬂuk/building-the-internet-of-things-with-ibm-slideshare

Orange In-Network Distributed Cloud Architecture
From https://research.orange.com/en/fog-computing-and-geo-distributed-cloud/

NTT Edge Computing Architecture
From http://www.ntt.co.jp/news2014/1401e/140123a.html

Fog Computing from Ahmed Banafa
From https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/20140822065109-246665791-fog-computing-from-the-center-to-the-edge-of-the-cloud

ETSI Mobile Edge Computing
From https://portal.etsi.org/Portals/0/TBpages/MEC/Docs/Mobile-edge_Computing_-_Introductory_Technical_White_Paper_V1%2018-09-14.pdf

Wind River Edge Management System
From http://download.intel.com/newsroom/kits/iot/insights/2014/pdfs/WR_Edge_Management_System-ProductOverview.pdf

From http://www.ic.unicamp.br/~bit/mo809/seminarios/Marcio-Fog/suporte/Fog%20Computing-%20A%20Platform%20for%20Internet%20of%20Things%20and%20Analytics.pdf
Research from University of Campinas in Brazil

NTT Edge Computing
From http://www.ntt.co.jp/news2014/1401e/140123a.html

Vortex from PrismTech
From http://www.slideshare.net/Angelo.Corsaro/20141210-fog

Conceptual Architecture from Frontiers in Neuroscience
From http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fnhum.2014.00370/full

Multilayer Architecture from Connect2.me
From https://www.connect2.me/iot-projects.aspx

Amazon’s 2lemetry ThingFabric
From http://2lemetry.com/iot-platform/

Logistic Cloud from Taiwan Universities
From www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/14/4/6144/pdf

Edge and Cloud ComputingVision from PromptCloud
From https://www.promptcloud.com/blog/big-data-processing-edge-computing

GS1 EPC Global Architecture Framework
From http://www.slideshare.net/gatordkim/gs1-epcglobal-framework-and-oliot-project-overview-oliot-workshop-2014

Open Language for the IoT (OLIOT)
From http://www.slideshare.net/gatordkim/gs1-agrifoodautoidlabskaistdaeyoung-kim27062014
and http://gs1oliot.github.io/oliot/

From http://www.slideshare.net/DatawatchCorporation/analytics-the-key-to-generating-value-from-your-iot-data-42306580
Integrated IoT Analytics from Informatica, Parstream and Datawatch

From https://www.ronpub.com/publications/OJCC_2015v2i1n03_Skala.pdf
Cloud, Fog, and Dew Computing

Gateways and Hubs

Evolution of Internet of Things Architectures
From http://media.wiley.com/product_data/excerpt/44/11189137/1118913744-9.pdf

Future Evolution Roadmap of IoT Architectures
From http://media.wiley.com/product_data/excerpt/44/11189137/1118913744-9.pdf

Three Layer Architecture from Francis DaCosta
From http://net-of-things.blogspot.be/

From http://www.windriver.com/whitepapers/security-in-the-internet-of-things/wr_security-in-the-internet-of-things.pdf
IoT to Cloud Architecture from Wind River

From www.cdrinfo.com/images/uploaded/Intel_IoT_Processor_Roadmap.jpg
Intel Chips for IoT to Cloud through Gateway

From www.cdrinfo.com/images/uploaded/Intel_IoT_Processor_Roadmap.jpg
Wind River Cloud-Connected Rocket OS for IoT Applications

From http://www.rtcmagazine.com/articles/view/103677
Typical IoTValue Chain from Oracle

University of Florida Atlas Cloud Edge & Beneath (CEB) Architecture
From http://www.icta.uﬂ.edu/projects/publications/ceb.pdf

University of Florida Atlas Cloud Edge & Beneath (CEB) Architecture
From http://www.cise.uﬂ.edu/~helal/pervasive-fundamentals-cyberphysical.htm
and http://www.icta.uﬂ.edu/projects/publications/ceb.pdf (defunct original source)

CEB Architecture Beneath Layer
From http://cps-vo.org/ﬁle/20907/download/60313

CEB Architecture Edge Layer

CEB Architecture Cloud Layer

CEB Architecture: Cloud Layer Middleware and Application Runtime

Microsoft Azure Gateway
From http://blogs.technet.com/b/dataplatforminsider/archive/2014/10/29/microsoft-adds-iot-streaming-analytics-data-production-and-workﬂow-services-to-azure.aspx

Microsoft Azure IoT Hub
From http://www.slideshare.net/ilyas_it83/business-transformation-with-microsoft-azure-iot

Digital EnterpriseVision from Microsoft
From https://blogs.microsoft.com/iot/2014/11/11/processing-data-from-the-edge-a-platform-for-the-internet-of-your-things/

Amazon Web Services IoT
From https://aws.amazon.com/iot/how-it-works/

W3C Web of Things Architecture and Device Interfaces
From https://github.com/w3c/wot/wiki/Architecture-Model

W3C Web of Things Framework Example
From http://www.w3.org/2015/05/wot-framework.pdf

Virdata Cloud Services
From http://www.slideshare.net/nathan_gs/virdata-lessons-learned-from-the-internet-of-things-and-m2-m-cloud-services-at-ibm-big-data-developers-meetup

Open Remote Open Source Middleware
From http://supracopula.com/portfolio_page/dynamic-programing-ui-for-openremote/

Hypercat Consortium
From http://1248.io/blog.php

Distributed Systems Group TU Wien
From http://www.slideshare.net/linhsolar/principles-for-engineering-elastic-iot-cloud-systems

Intel’s IoT Platform
From http://www.enterprisetech.com/2014/12/10/intel-rolls-iot-platform/

Intel IoT Platform (another view)
From http://www.zdnet.com/article/intel-links-up-internet-of-things-agenda-with-new-platform/

Oracle IoT Middleware
From http://www.slideshare.net/junsukseo946/0-2-oracle

Ayla Cloud Fabric for IoT

WSO2 Architecture for IoT
From http://www.slideshare.net/CharalamposDoukas/the-iot-open-source-world-where-wso-stands

Advantech IoT Gateway Architecture
From http://http://www.ruggedpcreview.com/3_components_advantech_ark1123.html

From http://www2.advantech.com/embedded-boards-design-in-services/featurearticle/5e2545cc-86f8-45d8-a341-84bc2da2c0c9/
Advantech IoT Cloud Structure

BI Intelligence’s Internet of Things Ecosystem
From http://www.businessinsider.com/internet-of-things-2015-forecasts-of-the-industrial-iot-connected-home-and-more-2015-10

GE Predix Cloud and Gateway
From https://d154rjc49kgakj.cloudfront.net/GEPredixArchitectureWP.pdf

From http://www.slideshare.net/karstenhe/karsten-held-internet-of-things-iot-and-the-smart-building-research-january-2014
Libelium Smart World

IoT Cloud System fromVienna University of Technology

iCoMOT Management for IoT Clouds fromVienna

End to End Cyber-Physical Architecture from Black Duck

From http://viodi.com/2015/04/28/iot-sessions-at-2015-gsa-silicon-summit-part-ii/
IoT Communications Topology from Atmel

From http://www.tizenexperts.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/Tizen-IoT-SAS-Forum-Korea-2015-2.jpg
Samsung’s IoT and Analytics Architecture

From http://media.iot-week.eu/2014/12/dataModelArchitecture.pdf
IoT Gateway as a Service from OSIoT

From http://www.cumulocity.com/guides/concepts/interfacing-devices/
IoT Agent Gateway from Cumulocity
Role of agents
Placement of agents
Gateways and agents

From https://www.bosch-si.com/products/bosch-iot-suite/paas/iot-services.html
Bosch IoT Hub

From http://dev.davranetworks.com/api/v1/architecture/overview.html
RuBAN Device to Cloud Stack from Davra Networks

From http://agile-iot.eu/about/
EU Adaptive Gateways for dIverse muLtiple Environments (AGILE)

From www.anypresence.com/blog/2015/07/15/iot-microservices-mbaas-drive-next-wave-digital-transformation/
Microservices Gateway from AnyPresence

From http://intellyx.com/2015/06/19/challenges-of-microservices-architectures/
Microservices from Intellyx
Components of a Microservice Microservices in a Container environment
Contained Based Autoscaling
of Microservices

From http://blogs.gartner.com/gary-olliffe/2015/01/30/microservices-guts-on-the-outside/
Inner and Outer Microservice Architecture from Gartner

Streaming into the Cloud

Cloud-Sensor Systems

Connecting Cyber-physical Systems to the Cloud
From www2.nict.go.jp/univ-com/isp/doc/NIST.IR.7951.pdf

High Level Cyber-Physical Cloud Scenario

MGC Architecture from Secure IoT Project
From http://iot.stanford.edu/seminar/sitp-w15-levis.pdf

Towards Cyber-Physical Cloud Computing
From http://tinyurl.com/gv38c78

Beneﬁts of Cyber-Physical Cloud Computing (CPCC)

Research Areas for Cyber-Physical Cloud Computing (CPCC)

SAP HANA Cloud Platform for IoT
From http://go.sap.com/docs/download/2015/04/3adf7520-247c-0010-82c7-eda71af511fa.pdf-systems

Amazon Kinesis
From https://sites.psu.edu/mis390group8mlcw/

Google IoT Cloud
From https://cloud.google.com/solutions/architecture/streamprocessing

Google’s Nest and Weave
From http://arc.applause.com/2015/10/02/nest-weave-thread-wiﬁ-faq/

Hortonworks Architecture using Apache NiFi
From http://hortonworks.com/blog/hortonworks-acquires-onyara/

Streaming using Apache Software
From http://www.slideshare.net/nathan_gs/virdata-lessons-learned-from-the-internet-of-things-and-m2-m-cloud-services-at-ibm-big-data-developers-meetup

Teradata IoT Architecture
From http://www.datanami.com/2015/10/19/teradata-puts-aster-in-hadoop-for-iot-analytics/

Sensing as a Service Model
From http://www.slideshare.net/KristinRussell1/iemiot-tipoftheicebergver1140826100738phpapp01

IoBridge Device to Cloud Architecture
From https://iobridge.com/technology/

IoT, Cloud, Big Data from Intel
From http://www.slideshare.net/sridharv11/cloud-iot-bigdata

SAP Hana Cloud for IoT
From https://industrial-iot.com/2015/05/a-quick-look-at-sap-hana-cloud-platform-for-the-internet-of-things-2/

Aneka Hybrid Cloud for IoT
From https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1207/1207.0203.pdf

http://www.arrayent.com/platform/
Arrayent Gateway and Connect Platform

Eurotech’s Everyware Device Cloud Architecture
From http://www.eurotech.com/en/products/software+services/everyware+cloud+m2m+platform

Eurotech’s Everyware Device Cloud Management
From http://wireless.electronicspeciﬁer.com/iot-1/iot-integration-platform-simpliﬁes-device-data-management

Eurotech’s Everyware Cloud Internal Architecture
From www.slideshare.net/Eurotechchannel/eth-everyware-cloud

From http://www.eurotech.com/en/industry+solutions/security+surveillance/iot+m2m+software
Eurotech’s End-to-End Architecture

Modern Embedded System for Comparison with Everyware
From http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1877050914012095

IBM Combining IoT Foundation with Bluemix Cloud Platform
From http://www.slideshare.net/BernardKuﬂuk/a34-connecting-devices-to-the-internet-of-things

Arrayent Connect IoT Platform
From http://www.arrayent.com/platform/iot-platform-overview/

SAS Streaming Analytics
From http://blogs.sas.com/content/sascom/2015/06/04/lets-talk-about-things-in-the-internet-of-things/

End-to-End IoT Platform from Persistent Systems
From https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/end-to-end-iot-platform-parts-make-whole-siddhartha-chatterjee?trk=prof-post

Middle Layer Data Storage

Berkeley Swarm Lab Global Data Plane
From https://www.usenix.org/system/ﬁles/conference/hotcloud15/hotcloud15-zhang.pdf

From https://swarmlab.eecs.berkeley.edu/projects/4814/global-data-plane
Berkeley Swarm Lab

European-Japanese IKaaS Framework
From http://www.slideshare.net/DrIngAbdurRahimBiswa/internet-of-things-iot-is-a-king-big-data-is-a-queen-and-cloud-is-a-palace

Russian Telematics Institute Architecture
From https://fruct.org/sites/default/ﬁles/ﬁles/conference17/Cloud-CentricPaaS.pdf

Mobile Architectures

Cloudlet Mobile Architecture from CMU
From https://www.cs.cmu.edu/~satya/docdir/satya-mobicase2014.pdf

Korean AIST Cloudlet
From http://www.slideshare.net/junesungpark/071813-24464526

CSCC Mobile Cloud Solutions Architecture
From http://www.cloud-council.org/CSCC-Webinar-Customer-Cloud-Architecture-for-Mobile-6-16-15.pdf

IoT Messaging Protocols

Different Types of Messaging
From http://electronicdesign.com/iot/understanding-protocols-behind-internet-things

Examples of Possible Messaging Standards
From http://electronicdesign.com/iot/understanding-protocols-behind-internet-things
Message Queue Telemetry Transport (MQTT) implements a hub-and-spoke system
Data Distribution Service (DDS) implements a publish/subscribe architecture. The Advanced Message Queuing Protocol (AMQP) is messages-centric middleware
The Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol (XMPP) provides text communication between points.

IoT Communication Protocols from API Crazy
From http://apicrazy.com/

Internet of Things
Reference Architectures

Gartner Group’s 5 IoT Architecture Types
From http://www.gartner.com/smarterwithgartner/build-your-blueprint-for-the-internet-of-things/
and http://www.wi-next.com/2015/03/living-cloud-gateway-edge-iots-fragmented-future/
Thing-centric.   Things are smart on their own and store most of their data on-board. Things
are self-sufﬁcient and communicate to the Internet only for centralized coordination and
analysis.
Gateway-centric.   The gateway houses the application logic, stores data and communicates
with the Internet for the things that are connected to it. Things don’t have to be as smart,
because the gateway provides these resources.
Smartphone-centric.   The smartphone (or any mobile device) houses the application logic,
stores data and communicates with the Internet for the things that are connected to it. Things
don’t have to be as smart, because the smartphone provides these resources.
Cloud-centric.   The cloud will act as the central connection hub, power analytics and
provision data storage. Things don’t have to be as smart, because the cloud will provide these
resources.
Enterprise-centric.   Things are behind a ﬁrewall and are geographically colocated. There is
little need to extend out to the external Internet.
Note: In the Terminology used in these slides, the different architecture types depend on the
location and capabilities of Hubs. (see slide 4)

Gartner Architectural Types Diagram
From http://www.slideshare.net/gschmutz/internet-of-things-are-traditional-architectures-good-enough

High Level Gartner IoT Platform Model
From http://www.slideshare.net/bobmarcus/clipboards/my-clips

Industrial Internet Consortium Implementation RA
From industrial-iot.com/2015/06/the-industrial-internet-reference-architecture-ﬁrst-impressions/

IoT Reference Architecture from Trivadi

Building Blocks of an IoT Platform from Trivadi

Cisco Fog Computing Reference Architecture
From http://thenewstack.io/developing-enterprise-strategy-internet-things/

Industrial Internet Consortium Functional Architecture
From http://www.iiconsortium.org/IIRA-1-7-ajs.pdf

Smart Object API Presentation
From http://www.slideshare.net/michaeljohnkoster/object-models-for-interoperability

IoT Data Models
From iot-datamodels.blogspot.com

Oracle IoT Reference Architecture
From http://www.oracle.com/us/solutions/machine-to-machine/iot-wp-2190408.pdf

Oracle IoT and Big Data Reference Architecture
From http://www.slideshare.net/junsukseo946/0-2-oracle

IoT World Forum Reference Model
From http://cdn.iotwf.com/resources/72/IoT_Reference_Model_04_June_2014.pdf
andjava.sys-con.com/node/3224693

Microsoft IoT Reference Architecture
From http://www.slideshare.net/ilyas_it83/business-transformation-with-microsoft-azure-iot

Web Of Things (WOT) Architecture Model
From http://hollobit.github.io/swot-model/

Another Web Of Things (WOT) Architecture Model
From https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_of_Things

WSO2 Reference Architecture for IoT
From http://wso2.com/wso2_resources/wso2_whitepaper_a-reference-architecture-for-the-internet-of-things.pdf

WSO2 Connected Device Management Framework
From http://www.slideshare.net/wso2.org/wso2con-asia-2016-your-path-to-iot-mobility-with-wso2

Elements of an IoT Solution Reference Architecture
From www.Cloud-Council.Org/deliverables/CSCC-Cloud-Customer-Architecture-for-IoT.pdf

Aspects of IoT Architecture

Cloud Components Capabilities and Relationships for IoT

Detailed Components Capabilities and Relationships for IoT

An IBM Data Flow Model
From https://developer.ibm.com/bluemix/2015/07/29/ibm-streaming-analytics-now-available-bluemix/

An IBM Reference Architecture
From http://www.ibmbigdatahub.com/blog/extracting-insights-internet-things-data-analytics-platforms

IoBridge Internet of Things Platform
From https://iobridge.com/technology/

Reference Architecture from OIC
From http://openinterconnect.org/developer-resources/specs/

FunctionalView of Reference Architecture from EU IoT-A Project
From cocoa.ethz.ch/downloads/2014/01/1524_D1.3_Architectural_Reference_Model_update.pdf

Hierarchical Real-Time Control System (RCS) by Albus
From https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierarchical_control_system

Node in Real-Time Control System (RCS) by Albus
From https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4D-RCS_Reference_Model_Architecture

Simple
Event
Processing
Complex
Event
Processing
Hierarchical C4ISR Flow Model from Bob Marcus
Preprocess
In
Input
Devices
u
World
Model
Update
New
World
Model
StrategyTactics
HQ
Operations
Field
Operations
Situation ImpactObject Process
Simple
Response
Complex
Response
Update Plan
Create New
Goals and Plan
Sensor and
Effects
Management
In
Actuator
Devices
Measurement
Field
Processors
Data Structured Data Information Knowledge Wisdom
Devices
Awareness
Decision
Adapted From http://www.et-strategies.com/great-global-grid/Events.pdf

Security
System Management
Message
Processing
Data
Processing
Data
Storage
Coordinator
Data,
Status,
Alerts
Commands,
Queries
Peer
Messages
Peer
Data
Data,
Status,
Alerts
Commands,
Queries
Node in Possible Hierarchical RCS from Bob Marcus

Some IoT Communication Patterns from Microsoft
From http://www.slideshare.net/VinothRajagopalan/io-t-with-azure

ITU Big Data in a Cloud Context (IoT is a possible CSN)
From https://www.itu.int/rec/dologin_pub.asp?lang=e&id=T-REC-Y.3600-201511-I!!PDF-E&type=items

IoTivity Reference Architecture from OIC
http://openinterconnect.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/Open-Interconnect-ConsortiumOverview_Final-.pdf

IoT Reference Architecture FunctionalView from Deloitte
From http://dupress.com/articles/iot-primer-iot-technologies-applications/

IoT Reference Architecture from WS02
From http://wso2.com/wso2_resources/wso2_whitepaper_a-reference-architecture-for-the-internet-of-things.pdf

Industrial IP Advantage IoT Architecture
From http://www.manufacturing.net/articles/2015/02/3-steps-for-evolving-iot-architectures or
http://www.industrial-ip.org/en/industrial-ip/internet-of-things/3-steps-for-evolving-iot-architectures

IoT Architecture from Imagination
From http://blog.imgtec.com/communications/cloud-interfaces-and-software-requirements-in-iot

IoT Architecture from EU IERC
From http://www.internet-of-things-research.eu/pdf/Building_the_Hyperconnected_Society_IERC_2015_Cluster_eBook_978-87-93237-98-8_P_Web.pdf

AnotherView of IoT Architecture from EU IERC
From http://ww.internet-of-things-research.eu/pdf/IERC_Cluster_Book_2014_Ch.3_SRIA_WEB.pdf

IoT Reference Architecture from Almanac Project
From http://www.in-jet.dk/en/articles.php?article_id=24

IoT Reference Architecture from API Crazy
From http://www.slideshare.net/mustnotgrumble/a-reference-architecture-for-the-internet-of-things
and http://apicrazy.com/

IBM Reference Architecture for IoT Data Analytics
From http://www.ibmbigdatahub.com/blog/extracting-insights-internet-things-data-analytics-platforms

IBM Watson Foundation Analytic Capabilities
From https://tdwi.org/ibm

Reference Links for
Interfacing CPS, Big Data and Cloud
Architectures
Inventory of all Bob Marcus CPS Slides on Slideshare
http://www.slideshare.net/bobmarcus/inventory-of-my-cps-slide-sets

Reference Links (NIST)
NIST Big Data Reference Architecture
http://bigdatawg.nist.gov/_uploadﬁles/M0397_v1_2395481670.pdf
NIST Framework for CPS Systems
http://www.cpspwg.org/Portals/3/docs/CPS%20PWG%20Draft%20Framework%20for%20Cyber-Physical%20Systems%20Release%200.8%20September%202015.pdf
NIST Cloud Reference Architecture
http://www.nist.gov/customcf/get_pdf.cfm?pub_id=909505
NIST Framework and Roadmap for Smart Grid Interoperability
http://www.nist.gov/smartgrid/upload/NIST-SP-1108r3.pdf
NIST Hierarchical Real-Time Control System (RCS) from 1990’s
http://www2.ece.ohio-state.edu/~passino/RCSweb/rcssurvey.pdf
NIST Global Cities Team Challenge
https://www.us-ignite.org/globalcityteams/
Free 2013 NIST Report on Strategic Opportunities for 21th Century Cyber-Physical Systems
http://tinyurl.com/javobbr
Vision of Cyber-Physical Cloud Computing from NIST and Japanese NICT
http://www2.nict.go.jp/univ-com/isp/doc/NIST.IR.7951.pdf or
http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/ir/2013/NIST.IR.7951.pdf
Towards an Internet of Everything IoT, CPS, and SNSS
http://tinyurl.com/gv38c78

Reference Links (Consortia)
AllSeen Alliance (AllJoyn)
https://allseenalliance.org/
Open Internet Consortium (OIC) Cloud-native IoT Specification
http://openinterconnect.org/white-papers/
http://openinterconnect.org/developer-resources/specs/
Open Internet Consortium absorbs Universal Plug and Play (UPnP) Consortium
http://www.eetimes.com/document.asp?doc_id=1328326
Open Fog Consortium
www.openfogconsortium.org
Industrial Internet Consortium Reference Architecture and Vocabulary
http://www.iiconsortium.org/IIRA-1-7-ajs.pdf (free registration required)
https://workspace.iiconsortium.org/kws/public/download/1267/IICVocabulary_v1.0_approved_20150625.pdf (free registration required)
Cloud Architecture for Big Data/Analytics + Mobile Cloud Architecture from Cloud Standards Council
http://cloud-council.org/events.htm#Customer-Cloud-Architecture-for-Big-Data-and-Analytics-July-2015
http://cloud-council.org/CSCC-Webinar-Customer-Cloud-Architecture-for-Mobile-6-16-15.pdf
HyperCat Consortium
http://www.hypercat.io/standard.html
Workflow as a Service for Manufacturing from the Smart Manufacturing Coalition
https://smartmanufacturingcoalition.org/sites/default/files/deploying_kepler_wfaas_on_a_cloud_sm_infrastructure.pdf
Open and Agile Smart Cities
http://www.oascities.org/
IoT Edge Processing from the Linux Foundation
http://events.linuxfoundation.org/sites/events/files/slides/EdgeProcessing-allseenalliance_4x3_template_24sept2014.pdf
Project COMPOSE in Europe
www.compose-project.eu

Reference Links (Consortia)
ARTEMIS Industry Association in Europe
https://artemis-ia.eu/about_artemis.html
IMC-Aesop Consortium in Europe
http://papers.duckdns.org/files/2014_INDIN.pdf
IoT UK Government Funded Consortia
http://iotuk.org.uk/about-us/
Cyber-physical Systems Virtual Organization
http://cps-vo.org/
IoT-A Reference Model
http://www.iot-a.eu/arm/d1.3/at_download/file
IoT-A Architecture Reference Model (ARM) Book Introduction
http://www.iot-a.eu/arm/120613%20IoT-A%20ARM%20Book%20Introduction%20v7.pdf/at_download/file
European Research Cluster in the Internet of Things (IERC)
http://www.internet-of-things-research.eu/
Downloadable Book from the IERC on Building the Hyper-Connected Society
http://www.internet-of-things-research.eu/pdf/Building_the_Hyperconnected_Society_IERC_2015_Cluster_eBook_978-87-93237-98-8_P_Web.pdf

Internet of Things Related Consortia
From www.slideshare.net/DrDavidProbert/integrated-cybersecurity-and-the-internet-of-things

Reference Links (Possible Standards)
MQTT and CoAP comparison
http://www.eclipse.org/community/eclipse_newsletter/2014/february/article2.php
Internet of Things Standards
http://www.networkworld.com/article/2456421/internet-of-things/a-guide-to-the-confusing-internet-of-things-standards-world.html
Web of Things at W3C
www.w3.org/WoT/
Battling IoT standards
http://electronicspurchasingstrategies.com/2015/06/05/battle-of-the-iot-standards/1/
http://electronicspurchasingstrategies.com/2015/06/05/battle-of-the-iot-standards/2/
GS1 Standards
http://www.gs1.org/standards
ISO/IEC JTC 1/WG 10 and 2014 report
http://iot-week.eu/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/07-JTC-1-WG-10-Introduction.pdf
http://www.iso.org/iso/internet_of_things_report-jtc1.pdf
GSMA Mobile IoT Initiative
http://www.gsma.com/connectedliving/mobile-iot-initiative/
ITU-T Big data – cloud computing based requirements and capabilities
https://www.itu.int/rec/dologin_pub.asp?lang=e&id=T-REC-Y.3600-201511-I!!PDF-E&type=items
SenML from IETF
http://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-jennings-senml-10
SensorML from OGC
http://opengeospatial.org/standards/sensorml

Chinese Standardization Promotion Projects
From http://tinyurl.com/jfj5rzu (Chinese IoT Plans 201-2015)

Reference Links (Open Source)
Kaa Middleware
http://www.kaaproject.org/overview/
Apache Nifi Middleware
http://www.zdnet.com/article/hortonworks-cto-on-apache-nifi-what-is-it-and-why-does-it-matter-to-iot/
European Open IoT Project
http://openiot.eu/
Sitewhere Platform for IoT
http://www.sitewhere.org
OpenRemote Middleware for the IoT
http://www.openremote.com/
IoTivity Project from the Open Interconnect Organization
https://www.iotivity.org/
67 Open Sources Tools and Resources for the Internet of Things
http://techbeacon.com/67-open-source-tools-resources-iot
FIWARE APIs for IoT
https://www.fiware.org/about-us/
iCOMOT Toolset for Managing IoT Clouds from Vienna University of Technology
http://www.infosys.tuwien.ac.at/research/viecom/papers/MDMDemo_iCOMOT.pdf

Reference Links (Non-commercial)
Global Data Plane Middle Layer between IoT and Cloud Analytics from Berkeley SwarmLab
https://swarmlab.eecs.berkeley.edu/projects/4814/global-data-plane
https://www.usenix.org/system/files/conference/hotcloud15/hotcloud15-zhang.pdf (Pitfalls for direct IoT to Cloud interfaces)
Principles for IoT Clouds and IoT Cloud Systems from Distributed Systems Group at TU Wien
http://www.infosys.tuwien.ac.at/research/viecom/papers/Truong2015Principles.pdf
http://www.slideshare.net/linhsolar/principles-for-engineering-elastic-iot-cloud-systems
Cloud Sensor Architecture from University of Florida
http://www.icta.ufl.edu/projects/publications/ceb.pdf
IoT, Big Data, and Cloud Convergence in European-Japanese IKaaS Project
http://ikaas.com/
http://www.slideshare.net/DrIngAbdurRahimBiswa/internet-of-things-iot-is-a-king-big-data-is-a-queen-and-cloud-is-a-palace
http://ec.europa.eu/information_society/newsroom/cf/dae/document.cfm?action=display&doc_id=7646
FTC Report on Security and Privacy for Internet of Things
https://www.ftc.gov/system/files/documents/reports/federal-trade-commission-staff-report-november-2013-workshop-entitled-internet-things-privacy/150127iotrpt.pdf
Internet of Things Study by EDC
http://www.forbes.com/sites/louiscolumbus/2015/07/26/analytics-cloud-computing-dominate-internet-of-things-app-developers-plans/
Book from European IOT-A Architecture Lighthouse Project in 2013 (352 pages)
http://link.springer.com/book/10.1007%2F978-3-642-40403-0
EU IoT-A Project Final Report and IoT-A Home Page
http://cocoa.ethz.ch/downloads/2014/01/1524_D1.3_Architectural_Reference_Model_update.pdf
http://www.iot-a.eu/public
IoT Meets Cloud Presentation from Berkeley
http://tinyurl.com/pfaql4x
Cloud Computing vs Edge Computing
http://wikibon.com/the-vital-role-of-edge-computing-in-the-internet-of-things/
http://www.thoughtsoncloud.com/2015/07/7-reasons-edge-computing-is-critical-to-iot/
EU-China Joint Paper on Internet of Things Identification
http://www.iot6.eu/sites/default/files/imageblock/EU-China_IOT-ID-White-Paper-V1.0-Final.pdf

Reference Links (Vendors)
Amazon IoT Cloud and Kinesis
https://aws.amazon.com/iot/how-it-works/
https://aws.amazon.com/kinesis/
Cisco IoT System and Fog Computing
http://www.cisco.com/web/solutions/trends/iot/cisco-iot-system.html
http://www.cisco.com/web/solutions/trends/iot/fog-computing.html
Microsoft Azure IoT and IoT Hub
https://azure.microsoft.com/en-us/documentation/articles/iot-hub-what-is-azure-iot/
https://azure.microsoft.com/en-us/documentation/articles/iot-hub-protocol-gateway/
AWS IoT Cloud vs Cisco Fog Computing
etherealmind.com/aws-iot-vs-cisco-fog-computing-cloud-vs-network-iot/
AWS IoT vs Microsoft Azure IoT
https://paolopatierno.wordpress.com/2015/10/13/an-iot-platforms-match-microsoft-azure-iot-vs-amazon-aws-iot/
Virdata Platform as a Service for IoT on IBM and AWS
http://www.slideshare.net/nathan_gs/virdata-lessons-learned-from-the-internet-of-things-and-m2-m-cloud-services-at-ibm-big-data-developers-meetup
http://www.virdata.com/portfolio/amazon-web-services-and-virdata-webinar-entitled-scaling-out-the-internet-of-things/
Salesforce IoT Cloud and Thunder Event Processing
http://www.salesforce.com/iot-cloud/
Diagram Showing Interfaces between CPS, Analytics, and Cloud from Microsoft
http://blogs.technet.com/b/dataplatforminsider/archive/2014/10/29/microsoft-adds-iot-streaming-analytics-data-production-and-workﬂow-services-to-azure.aspx
Overview of IoT Architectures from Trivadi
http://www.slideshare.net/gschmutz/internet-of-things-are-traditional-architectures-good-enough
Fogs, Logs, and Cogs from James Kobeilus of IBM
http://www.ibmbigdatahub.com/blog/fogs-logs-and-cogs-newer-bigger-shape-big-data-internet-things
“advanced analytics will evolve into distributed fogs of deep-learning cogs operating on event logs that span seemingly inﬁnite things.”

Reference Links (Vendors) continued
Google Cloud Platform and IoT
https://cloud.google.com/solutions/iot/
Intel IoT Platform
http://newsroom.intel.com/community/intel_newsroom/blog/2014/12/09/intel-uniﬁes-and-simpliﬁes-connectivity-security-for-iot
http://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/internet-of-things/iot-platform.html
Helix Device Cloud from Intel’s Wind River
http://download.intel.com/newsroom/kits/iot/insights/2014/pdfs/WR_Edge_Management_System-ProductOverview.pdf
SAP Hana Cloud for the Internet of Things
http://go.sap.com/docs/download/2015/04/3adf7520-247c-0010-82c7-eda71af511fa.pdf
Connecting IoT and Cloud - Six Start-ups
http://www.forbes.com/sites/janakirammsv/2015/04/13/6-iot-startups-that-make-connecting-things-to-the-cloud-a-breeze/
Exosite Cloud-Based Data Exchange for IoT
https://exosite.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/Technology_Overview_Print_Version.pdf
Particle IoT Prototype to Cloud Production Platform
https://www.particle.io/
Data Singularity
www.nytimes.com/2016/01/02/technology/looking-beyond-the-internet-of-things.html
Watson IoT Centers from IBM
http://www.thoughtsoncloud.com/2015/12/ibm-opens-watson-iot-global-headquarters/
Leading large companies in IoT
http://postscapes.com/internet-of-things-key-players-large-compani

Reference: New Technologies (Low Power WANs)
LoRa Alliance
https://www.lora-alliance.org/
SigFox and its Interface with FIWARE
http://www.sigfox.com/en/
https://www.fiware.org/news/sigfox-and-fiware-announce-open-source-connector-for-sigfox-internet-of-things-network/
Comparison of LoRa and SigFox
rethink-iot.com/2015/03/20/on-lpwans-why-sigfox-and-lora-are-rather-different-and-the-importance-of-the-business-model/
Neul (Huawei)
http://www.neul.com/neul/?page_id=3614
Symphony Link from LinkLabs
http://www.link-labs.com/symphony/
GSMA Narrow Band IoT (NB-IoT) Initiative and Demo
http://telecoms.com/458852/vodafone-spain-and-huawei-send-first-nb-iot-message-over-a-commercial-network/
http://iotworldnews.com/2015/12/vodafone-huawei-demo-nb-iot-in-water-meter/
Ingenu’s RPMA
http://www.ingenu.com/technology/rpma/

Berkeley-Related References
Cyber-Physical Systems: Design Challenges
http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.156.9348&rep=rep1&type=pdf
Cyber-Physical Systems Video from Edward Lee of Berkeley
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pdhyniSDhZk&feature=youtu.be
Cyber-Physical Systems.org
http://cyberphysicalsystems.org/
Center for Hybrid and Embedded Software Systems
http://chess.eecs.berkeley.edu/
TerraSwarm Research Center
http://www.terraswarm.org/index.html
Industrial Cyber-Physical Systems
ww.icyphy.org
Ptolemy and Ptolemy II Project
http://ptolemy.eecs.berkeley.edu/
http://ptolemy.org/ptolemyII
ActionWeb
http://chess.eecs.berkeley.edu/actionwebs/
PTIDES and PRET
http://chess.eecs.berkeley.edu/ptides/
http://chess.eecs.berkeley.edu/pret/

Reference Links for New Technologies
Internet of Things Landscape
https://tctechcrunch2011.files.wordpress.com/2013/05/internetofthings2.jpg
Drones and IoT
http://www.suasnews.com/2014/12/33068/why-drones-are-the-future-of-the-internet-of-things/
Eleven IoT Protocols
http://www.rs-online.com/designspark/electronics/knowledge-item/eleven-internet-of-things-iot-protocols-you-need-to-know-about
Links to New IoT Platforms
http://thethingbox.io/docs/IoTPlatforms.html
IPv6 for Smart Objects
https://www.ida.gov.sg/~/media/Images/Infocomm%20Landscape/Technology/IPv6/download/04_IPv6%20for%20Smart%20Objects_Dr%20Joo%20Ghee.pdf
49 Tools for the Internet of Things
https://blog.profitbricks.com/top-49-tools-internet-of-things/
Internet of Things Startups
https://www.crunchbase.com/category/internet-of-things/ed3a589dc9a73cbb9feb245f011e1d54
IoT Security
https://medium.com/@vrmvrm/the-4-elements-of-iot-security-e1e2536f0773#.2u8j1sg5v
39nAvailable IoT Platforms
http://arxiv.org/pdf/1502.01181.pdf (page 3)
Embedded Cloud for the IoT from Tampere University in Finland
http://www.hindawi.com/journals/ijdsn/2013/790130/
Wifi for IoT
http://www.networkworld.com/article/3016919/wi-fi/how-the-wi-fi-industry-is-adapting-to-keep-up-with-the-iot.html

Reference Links (General)
Internet of Things from Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_of_Things
IoT Presentations from Slideshare
http://www.slideshare.net/search/slideshow?searchfrom=header&q=iot
Cyber-Physical Presentations on Slideshare
http://www.slideshare.net/search/slideshow?searchfrom=header&q=cyber-physical
Book on Cloud Integrated Cyber-Physical Systems due July 2016
http://www.cs.umb.edu/~jxs/pub/springer-ccps/
Book on Industrial Cloud-based Cyber-Physical Systems (Free 7 day download)
http://tinyurl.com/z9nfonl
Workshop on Big Data Analytics in CPS
http://cps-vo.org/group/BigDataAnalyticsinCPS2015/presentations
IoT Landscape
http://www.slideshare.net/mjft01/internet-of-things-42280078

Wally’s Perspective on IoT and Cloud Interfaces
From http://dilbert.com/strip/2015-12-20

IoT Interfaces to Cloud + Big Data

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