High rise elevators
- 1. h t
rig
p y
C o
ELEVATORING ISSUES AFFECTING HIGH RISE
BUILDINGS IN INDIA
U H
T B
Johannes de Jong
Director ‐ Technology, Major Projects/KONE
C
Hyvinkää, Finland
Hyvinkää Finland
©
- 2. Elevatoring issues affecting high rise buildings
h t
rig
p y
Traffic planning
(people flow)
C o (Ride Comfort)
U H Piston effect
Building Sway
T B Stack effect
C
©
- 3. CIBSE Guide D
h t
Guide D will assist practitioners
ig
involved in the design installation
design,
r
and maintenance of transportation
p
surveyors, y
systems; including architects,
surveyors facilities and building
C o
managers who need to understand
the advice given to them by
H
specialists.
i li t
B U
CT
© 2005 • 256 pages • Order code: GVD
ISBN 10: 1 903287 61 8
1-903287-61-8
ISBN 13: 978-1-903287-61-3
- 4. Vertical Transportation Parameters
INTERVALh
t
rig
AVERAGE TIME BETWEEN ELEVATORS
y
LEAVING FROM THE LOBBY
p
C o CAPACITY
HANDLING
U H NUMBER OF PASSENGERS
TRANSPORTED UP
T BWITH 80 % CAR LOAD IN FIVE MINUTES
C NOMINAL TRAVEL TIME
© TRAVEL HEIGHT DIVIDED BY
THE RATED SPEED
OF THE ELEVATOR
Marina Bay Sands, Singapore
- 5. Vertical Transportation Parameters
Interval
h t
Commercial Buildings
ig
and Hotels
INTERVAL
AVERAGE TIME BETWEEN ELEVATORS
y rINTERVAL:
LEAVING FROM THE LOBBY
op Quality
Level
-------------
Interval (s)
Incoming
--------------
C Excellent
Good
20 - 25
25 - 32
TOO SHORT
Cars don't
CORRECT
INTERVAL
U H
TOO LONG
Satisfactory 32 - 40
have enough
time to get
T B Long
waiting
times
Residential Buildings
INTERVAL:
loaded,
expensive
C Quality
Level
Interval (s)
Incoming
© -------------
Excellent
Good
Satisfactory
--------------
20 - 40
40 - 80
80 - 100
- 6. Vertical Transportation Parameters
Handling Capacity
g p y
h t
HANDLING CAPACITY
rig
HANDLING CAPACITY % OF
y
POPULATION IN 5 MIN.:
NUMBER OF PASSENGERS
TRANSPORTED UP WITH
80 % CAR LOAD IN FIVE MINUTES
op Type of
yp
Building
-------------
Working Transp. Capacity
Hours
--------
g p
Excellent Good
p
------------------------
y
C Offices:
- one company common 20 - 25 16 - 20
TOO SMALL
PROPERLY
DIMENSIONED
U
ELEVATOR CROUP
H TOO BIG
- one company
- diversified
- diversified
flexible 16 – 20
common 16 - 20
flexible 15 – 18
13 - 16
13 - 16
12 - 15
Cannot
T B Too
Hotels: 16 - 20 12 – 16
absorb traffic
peaks,
peaks
C expensive Residential: > 7.5 5 - 7.5
©
queuing Hospitals:
- personnel 16 - 20 13 - 16
- 7. Parameter selection
Actual traffic measurements
Single tenant office with common working hours h t
Incoming
rig
y
Outgoing
p
12.00 12.00
10.00 10.00
10 00
8.00
6.00
4.00
2.00
C o
8.00
6.00
4.00
2.00
H
0.00 0.00
00
00
00
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
00
00
00
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
:0
:0
:0
:0
:0
:0
:0
:0
:0
:0
:0
:0
:0
:0
:0
:0
:0
:0
:0
:0
U
7:
8:
9:
7:
8:
9:
19
15
16
17
18
10
11
12
13
14
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
12.00
Interfloor
T B 16.00
Single Tenant Office Building
Per Cent of Population in 5 Minutes
Incoming Interfloor Outgoing
10.00
8.00
C 14.00
12.00
12 00
10.00
©
6.00 8.00
4.00 6.00
4.00
2.00
2.00
0.00 0.00
00 00 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
00
00
00
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
7: 8: 9: :0 1 :0 2 :0 3 :0 4 :0 5 :0 6 :0 7 :0 8 :0 9 :0
:0
:0
:0
:0
:0
:0
:0
:0
:0
:0
10
7:
8:
9:
15
18
19
10
11
12
13
14
16
17
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
- 8. Parameter selection
Actual traffic measurements
h
Residential Building t
ig
Multi Tenant Office Building
Per Cent of Population in 5 minutes
p Per cent of Population in 5 Minutes
r
Incoming Interfloor Outgoing
Incoming Interfloor Outgoing 5
y
12.00 4.5
4
10.00
p
3.5
8.00 3
o
2.5
6.00 2
4.00 1.5
C
1
2.00 0.5
0
0.00
H
00
45
30
15
00
45
5
0
5
0
5
0
5
0
:1
:0
:4
:3
:1
:0
:4
:3
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
6:
7:
9:
1:
3:
4:
11
13
14
16
18
20
21
23
07
08
09
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
B % of U Outgoing
Interfloor High Rise Hotel
T
Population/
Incoming
5 min
12,0
C
10,0
8,0
6,0
© 4,0
2,0
0,0
0:00
0
1:45
5
3:30
0
5:15
5
7:00
0
8:45
5
10:30
0
12:15
5
14:00
0
15:45
5
17:30
0
19:15
5
21:00
0
22:45
5
- 9. Vertical Transportation Parameters
Nominal Travel Time
h t
Commercial Buildings
ig
NOMINAL TRAVEL TIME and Hotels
TRAVEL HEIGHT DIVIDED BY
y rNOMINAL TRAVEL TIME:
THE RATED SPEED OF THE ELEVATOR
p
Quality Travel
Level Time (s)
C o -------------
Excellent
Good
--------------
15 - 20
20 - 25
H
Satisfactory 25 - 32
TRAVEL HEIGHT
TOO SHORT TOO LONG
B U
RATED SPEED
Residential Buildings
g
Unnecessarily
high speed
( p
(expensive, ride
comfort issues) CT Speed too slow
(long journey
times))
NOMINAL TRAVEL TIME:
Quality
Level
-------------
Travel
Time (s)
--------------
© Excellent
Good
Satisfactory
S f
20 - 25
25 - 32
32 - 50
- 10. Vertical Transportation Parameters in India
Different situations encountered:
h t
ig
Offices:
- 50000 sq ft per elevator (architect in Mumbai)
y r
- Handling Capacity for offices, 10% of the population in 5 minutes
op
Interval 40 seconds (local consultant in Mumbai)
- Calculated handling capacity 5 % of the population in 5 minutes
C
(Several large buildings in Mumbai)
Residential buildings:
U H
- Speed of 1,5 m/s for a scenic elevator traveling 300 m, passenger
elevators traveling the same height 4 m/s
Hotels:
Rise
T B
(Mumbai High Rise, design phase)
C
- Travel 130 m, speed 2.5 m/s (Delhi, design phase)
©
Elevator Systems are often heavily under dimensioned
Far too low speeds and too long intervals are common
practice
- 11. Vertical Transportation Parameters in India
Handling Capacity
g p y
Simulated Waiting Times with daily multi tenant office profile
h t
12% HC Office Building
5% HC Office Building
rig 12% HC Office Building
5% HC Office Building
1400
s
100
p
s
y
o
1200
80
1000
800 60
600
400
200
C40
20
0
08:00 09:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00
Simulation time
U H
16:00 17:00 18:00 19:00
0
08:00 09:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00
Simulation time
15:00 16:00 17:00 18:00 19:00
B
12% HC Office Building
T
5% HC Office Building
12% HC Office Building
5% HC Office Building
Medium Rise Office
100
80
%
C %
100
80
Under dimensioning with
50.000 sq ft / elevator rule
60
40
20
0
©
30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360 390 420 450 480 510 540 570 600
60
40
20
0
(about 5% Handling Capacity in 5 minutes)
will cause very long waiting times,
lasting very long
Time [s]
- 12. Vertical Transportation Parameters in India
Nominal Travel Time
High Rise Hotel in Delhi
h t
ig
Simulated Waiting and Transit Times with daily hotel profile
g y p
90
%
88.8 % %
100
4 m/s %
80
y r
76.0 %
%
100
p
90 90
80 70
80 80
o
70 60
70 70
60
50
60 60
50
C
40
50 Waiting Times 40 50
40
40 30
30 21.8 % 30
30
20
20 20
10.8
10 8 %
H
20
10
10
0.346 % 10 2.17 % 10
0 0 0 0
U
30 60 90 30 60 90
Time [s] 2.5 m/s Time [s]
%
60 55.5 %
T B %
100
90
4m/s %
60
50
54.7 %
%
100
90
C
50 80
80
41.3 % 70
70 40
40 33.6 % 60
60
30 50
©
30 50
40
Transit Times 40
20
20 30
30 10.7 % 20
20 10
10
3.17 % 0 00 % 10
0.911 % 10
0.00 0 0
0 0
30 60 90 120
30 60 90
Time [s] 2.5m/s Time [s]
- 13. Elevatoring issues affecting high rise buildings
h t
rig
p y
Traffic planning
(people flow)
C o (Ride Comfort)
U H Piston effect
Building Sway
T B Stack effect
C
©
- 14. Piston Effect
h t
In single shafts, the air displaced by the car is
ig
pushed into the narrow gap around the car.
y r
This can increase the speed of the air around the
causing noise.
op
car to levels more than twice the speed of the car,
C
U H
T B
C
©
- 15. Piston Effect
h t
ig
Common practice in India:
p
y r
Each Elevator is running in a fully
enclosed hoistways, even at high
p
op
speeds.
This pushes the air around the car at
C
high speed causing a strong Piston
Effect.
Effect
U H Prevent Piston effect:
T B Use divider beams instead of solid
separation walls in elevator banks
C
© Use divider beams
instead of
solid separation wall
- 16. Piston Effect
Single Hoistways h t
rig
p y
To reduce the noise level created by the air
speed, pressure relief holes are needed.
C o
Pressure relief holes can only be used if we
have an adjacent hoistway or an adjacent air
U H
duct.
If pressure relief holes are applied in fire
T B
Pressure
protected hoistways, the holes must be
supplied with automatic fire dampers.
C
relief holes
Noise, buffeting, whistling are common effects
© if pressure relief holes cannot be applied in
single hoistways at high speeds.
- 17. Elevatoring issues affecting high rise buildings
h t
rig
p y
Traffic planning
(people flow)
C o (Ride Comfort)
U H Piston effect
Building Sway
T B Stack effect
C
©
- 18. Building Sway
h t
rig
Building sway may cause excessive sway
y
in compensation ropes, overspeed
p
governor ropes, suspension ropes and
traveling cables
cables.
C o
In over 200m tall buildings and in slender
buildings over 150m tall this may have an
g y
U H impact on the elevator design.
Rope resonance and traveling cable
T B movement cannot be completely avoided
in high rise buildings.
C To minimize potential p
p problems the sway
behavior of ropes and cables must be
y
© considered.
- 19. Building Sway
Adjust
frequency
h t
Use rope
protection
ig
with equipment
r
compensation
device weight
p y
C o
U H
T B
C Use Building
Sway detector
S d t t
©
to park and
Use a stop elevators
Follower Carriage
if compensation
weight gets too
big
- 20. Elevatoring issues affecting high rise buildings
h t
rig
p y
Traffic planning
(people flow)
C o (Ride Comfort)
U H Piston effect
Building Sway
T B Stack effect
C
©
- 21. Stack Effect
h t
Stack effect is the movement of air into
and out of buildings, and is driven by
ig
buoyancy.
Warm indoor air
r
Buoyancy occurs due to a difference in
y
indoor-to-outdoor air density resulting from
Cold indoor air
op
temperature and moisture differences.
Especially in case of fire, the stack effect
C
needs to be controlled to prevent the
spread of smoke.
Cold outdoor air
U H Hot outdoor air
Winter (positive
buoyancy)
T B Summer (negative
buoyancy)
l l t the
C
Elevator doors can be open at different
levels at th same ti
time. Thi will enforce
This ill f
©
the stack effect.
It is essential that all elevator lobbies are
well sealed to minimize stack effect
effect.
- 22. Building Sway combined with Stack Effect
Elevator lateral quacking going up
h t
rig
p y 1. Low wind
y
day
C o
U H
B
2. high wind day
(70-80 km/h)
CT
The lateral quacking curves shown above, have been measured in a high rise
©elevator with a travel of about 350 m, moving upwards from ground to the top
floor. The top floors of the building are not yet sealed.
On day with low wind conditions ride comfort is maintained throughout the full
y g
ride. On a windy day the draft at the unsealed top floors will dramatically affect
ride comfort.
- 23. Summary
h t
If India wants to achieve the same quality standards
rig
for High Rise Buildings as elsewhere:
p y
C o
The design rules for dimensioning vertical transportation of High Rise
in India must be changed. It would be advisable to use rules similar to
those shown in CIBSE Guide D.
U H
The practice of using single hoistways must be changed for high
speed passenger elevators to prevent ”Piston Effect”.
T B
Building sway, and Stack effect must be considered.
C
There are a lot of excellent International VT Consultants available.
© PLEASE USE THEM !