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h t
                                               rig
                                     p       y
                                  C o
ELEVATORING ISSUES AFFECTING HIGH RISE 
BUILDINGS IN INDIA

                       U H
           T B
Johannes de Jong
Director ‐ Technology, Major Projects/KONE
          C
Hyvinkää, Finland
Hyvinkää Finland

   ©
Elevatoring issues affecting high rise buildings


                                                   h t
                                             rig
                                     p     y
                                        Traffic planning
                                        (people flow)

                                  C o   (Ride Comfort)


                         U H            Piston effect
                                        Building Sway

               T B                      Stack effect
              C
         ©
CIBSE Guide D


                                              h t
                  Guide D will assist practitioners

                                      ig
                  involved in the design installation
                                  design,

                                     r
                  and maintenance of transportation


                         p
                  surveyors,       y
                  systems; including architects,
                  surveyors facilities and building


                      C o
                  managers who need to understand
                  the advice given to them by

                  H
                  specialists.
                       i li t



              B U
           CT
       ©          2005 • 256 pages • Order code: GVD
                  ISBN 10: 1 903287 61 8
                           1-903287-61-8
                  ISBN 13: 978-1-903287-61-3
Vertical Transportation Parameters


                                     INTERVALh
                                               t
                                           rig
                                AVERAGE TIME BETWEEN ELEVATORS
                                         y
                                    LEAVING FROM THE LOBBY
                                       p
                                    C o CAPACITY
                                 HANDLING

                                U H  NUMBER OF PASSENGERS
                                        TRANSPORTED UP



                         T    BWITH 80 % CAR LOAD IN FIVE MINUTES



                        C       NOMINAL TRAVEL TIME
               ©                    TRAVEL HEIGHT DIVIDED BY
                                       THE RATED SPEED
                                        OF THE ELEVATOR
Marina Bay Sands, Singapore
Vertical Transportation Parameters
Interval


                                               h t
                                       Commercial Buildings

                                         ig
                                          and Hotels
INTERVAL
AVERAGE TIME BETWEEN ELEVATORS
                                      y rINTERVAL:
LEAVING FROM THE LOBBY

                                  op     Quality
                                         Level
                                         -------------
                                                       Interval (s)
                                                       Incoming
                                                       --------------


                                C        Excellent
                                         Good
                                                         20 - 25
                                                         25 - 32

TOO SHORT

Cars don't
               CORRECT
               INTERVAL

                          U H
                           TOO LONG
                                         Satisfactory    32 - 40




have enough
time to get
                T B         Long
                            waiting
                            times
                                       Residential Buildings

                                         INTERVAL:
loaded,
expensive
               C                         Quality
                                         Level
                                                       Interval (s)
                                                       Incoming


           ©                             -------------
                                         Excellent
                                         Good
                                         Satisfactory
                                                       --------------
                                                         20 - 40
                                                         40 - 80
                                                         80 - 100
Vertical Transportation Parameters
Handling Capacity
       g   p    y


                                                                      h t
HANDLING CAPACITY
                                                            rig
                                              HANDLING CAPACITY % OF



                                                          y
                                              POPULATION IN 5 MIN.:
NUMBER OF PASSENGERS
TRANSPORTED UP WITH
80 % CAR LOAD IN FIVE MINUTES
                                         op   Type of
                                                yp
                                              Building
                                              -------------
                                                               Working Transp. Capacity
                                                               Hours
                                                               --------
                                                                        g          p
                                                                          Excellent Good
                                                                                           p

                                                                          ------------------------
                                                                                                  y




                                       C      Offices:
                                              - one company   common 20 - 25          16 - 20


TOO SMALL
                   PROPERLY
                  DIMENSIONED

                             U
                 ELEVATOR CROUP
                               H  TOO BIG
                                              - one company
                                              - diversified
                                              - diversified
                                                              flexible 16 – 20
                                                              common 16 - 20
                                                              flexible 15 – 18
                                                                                      13 - 16
                                                                                      13 - 16
                                                                                      12 - 15


Cannot
                      T B         Too
                                              Hotels:                      16 - 20    12 – 16

absorb traffic
peaks,
peaks
                     C            expensive   Residential:                 > 7.5       5 - 7.5




                 ©
queuing                                       Hospitals:
                                              - personnel                  16 - 20     13 - 16
Parameter selection
Actual traffic measurements

              Single tenant office with common working hours                                                                                                    h t
                                  Incoming
                                                                                                                                            rig
                                                                                                                                          y
                                                                                                                                                Outgoing



                                                                                                    p
12.00                                                                                           12.00
10.00                                                                                           10.00
                                                                                                10 00
 8.00
 6.00
 4.00
 2.00
                                                                                                 C o
                                                                                                 8.00
                                                                                                 6.00
                                                                                                 4.00
                                                                                                 2.00




                                                                                   H
 0.00                                                                                            0.00




                                                                                                      00

                                                                                                      00

                                                                                                      00




                                                                                                       0

                                                                                                       0
                                                                                                       0

                                                                                                       0

                                                                                                       0

                                                                                                       0
                                                                                                       0

                                                                                                       0

                                                                                                       0

                                                                                                       0
   00

        00

              00

                      0

                             0

                                    0

                                           0

                                                  0

                                                           0

                                                                  0

                                                                           0

                                                                                   0

                                                                                           0




                                                                                                     :0
                                                                                                     :0

                                                                                                     :0

                                                                                                     :0

                                                                                                     :0
                                                                                                     :0

                                                                                                     :0

                                                                                                     :0

                                                                                                     :0

                                                                                                     :0
                    :0

                           :0

                                  :0

                                         :0

                                                :0

                                                         :0

                                                                :0

                                                                         :0

                                                                                 :0

                                                                                         :0


                                                                                 U
                                                                                                   7:

                                                                                                   8:

                                                                                                   9:
  7:

        8:

             9:




                                                                                                  19
                                                                                                  15

                                                                                                  16

                                                                                                  17

                                                                                                  18
                                                                                                  10

                                                                                                  11

                                                                                                  12

                                                                                                  13

                                                                                                  14
                   10

                          11

                                 12

                                        13

                                               14

                                                      15

                                                               16

                                                                      17

                                                                               18

                                                                                       19




12.00
                                 Interfloor


                                            T B                                                16.00
                                                                                                                                 Single Tenant Office Building
                                                                                                                                     Per Cent of Population in 5 Minutes
                                                                                                                                Incoming        Interfloor   Outgoing

10.00
 8.00
                                           C                                                   14.00
                                                                                               12.00
                                                                                               12 00
                                                                                               10.00



                        ©
 6.00                                                                                           8.00
 4.00                                                                                           6.00
                                                                                                4.00
 2.00
                                                                                                2.00
 0.00                                                                                           0.00

                                                                                                       00        00        00          0    0    0    0    0    0    0    0    0     0
   00

        00

             00




                                                                  0

                                                                         0

                                                                                  0

                                                                                         0
                      0

                             0

                                    0

                                           0

                                                  0

                                                         0




                                                                                                  7:        8:        9:             :0 1 :0 2 :0 3 :0 4 :0 5 :0 6 :0 7 :0 8 :0 9 :0
                                               :0

                                                      :0

                                                               :0

                                                                      :0

                                                                               :0

                                                                                      :0
                   :0

                          :0

                                 :0

                                        :0




                                                                                                                                10
  7:

        8:

             9:




                                                    15




                                                                           18

                                                                                    19
                  10

                        11

                               12

                                      13

                                             14



                                                           16

                                                                    17




                                                                                                                                         1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1
Parameter selection
Actual traffic measurements


                                                                                                                                                                                                      h
                                                                                                                                                                                   Residential Building t
                                                                                                                                                                             ig
                    Multi Tenant Office Building
                    Per Cent of Population in 5 minutes
                                  p                                                                                                                                       Per cent of Population in 5 Minutes




                                                                                                                                                                            r
                                                                                                                                                     Incoming                            Interfloor         Outgoing
                        Incoming    Interfloor    Outgoing                                                                   5



                                                                                                                                                                          y
 12.00                                                                                                                     4.5
                                                                                                                             4
 10.00



                                                                                                                            p
                                                                                                                           3.5
  8.00                                                                                                                       3




                                                                                                                           o
                                                                                                                           2.5
  6.00                                                                                                                       2
  4.00                                                                                                                     1.5



                                                                                                                         C
                                                                                                                             1
  2.00                                                                                                                     0.5
                                                                                                                             0
  0.00



                                                                               H
                                                                                                                              00
                                                                                                                              45
                                                                                                                              30




                                                                                                                             15
                                                                                                                             00
                                                                                                                             45
                                                                                                                               5
                                                                                                                               0
                                                                                                                               5
                                                                                                                               0
                                                                                                                               5
                                                                                                                               0
                                                                                                                               5
                                                                                                                               0
                                                                                                                            :1
                                                                                                                            :0
                                                                                                                            :4
                                                                                                                            :3
                                                                                                                            :1
                                                                                                                            :0
                                                                                                                            :4
                                                                                                                            :3
    00

          00
               00

                    00

                          00

                               00

                                     00

                                          00

                                                  00

                                                       00

                                                             00
                                                                      00

                                                                              00




                                                                                                                           6:
                                                                                                                           7:
                                                                                                                           9:




                                                                                                                           1:
                                                                                                                           3:
                                                                                                                           4:
                                                                                                                          11
                                                                                                                          13
                                                                                                                          14
                                                                                                                          16
                                                                                                                          18
                                                                                                                          20
                                                                                                                          21
                                                                                                                          23
  07

         08
              09

                   10

                         11

                              12

                                   13

                                        14

                                                 15

                                                      16

                                                           17
                                                                 18

                                                                             19




                                        B                % of                U                            Outgoing
                                                                                                          Interfloor                     High Rise Hotel




                                      T
                                                      Population/
                                                                                                          Incoming
                                                        5 min
                                                             12,0




                                     C
                                                             10,0

                                                                8,0

                                                                6,0




                        ©                                       4,0

                                                                2,0

                                                                0,0
                                                                      0:00
                                                                         0

                                                                              1:45
                                                                                 5

                                                                                     3:30
                                                                                        0

                                                                                            5:15
                                                                                               5

                                                                                                   7:00
                                                                                                      0

                                                                                                          8:45
                                                                                                             5

                                                                                                                 10:30
                                                                                                                     0

                                                                                                                         12:15
                                                                                                                             5

                                                                                                                                 14:00
                                                                                                                                     0

                                                                                                                                          15:45
                                                                                                                                              5

                                                                                                                                                  17:30
                                                                                                                                                      0

                                                                                                                                                          19:15
                                                                                                                                                              5

                                                                                                                                                                  21:00
                                                                                                                                                                      0

                                                                                                                                                                           22:45
                                                                                                                                                                               5
Vertical Transportation Parameters
Nominal Travel Time


                                                             h t
                                                     Commercial Buildings

                                                       ig
NOMINAL TRAVEL TIME                                     and Hotels
TRAVEL HEIGHT DIVIDED BY
                                                    y rNOMINAL TRAVEL TIME:
THE RATED SPEED OF THE ELEVATOR
                                        p
                                                       Quality         Travel
                                                       Level         Time (s)




                                     C o               -------------
                                                       Excellent
                                                       Good
                                                                     --------------
                                                                       15 - 20
                                                                       20 - 25



                               H
                                                       Satisfactory    25 - 32
                   TRAVEL HEIGHT
TOO SHORT                          TOO LONG



                      B      U
                   RATED SPEED
                                                     Residential Buildings
                                                                        g
Unnecessarily
high speed
( p
(expensive, ride
comfort issues)    CT              Speed too slow
                                   (long journey
                                   times))
                                                       NOMINAL TRAVEL TIME:
                                                       Quality
                                                       Level
                                                       -------------
                                                                     Travel
                                                                     Time (s)
                                                                     --------------


             ©                                         Excellent
                                                       Good
                                                       Satisfactory
                                                       S      f
                                                                       20 - 25
                                                                       25 - 32
                                                                       32 - 50
Vertical Transportation Parameters in India

Different situations encountered:

                                                                  h t
                                                          ig
Offices:
- 50000 sq ft per elevator (architect in Mumbai)

                                                       y r
- Handling Capacity for offices, 10% of the population in 5 minutes


                                             op
  Interval 40 seconds (local consultant in Mumbai)
- Calculated handling capacity 5 % of the population in 5 minutes


                                           C
  (Several large buildings in Mumbai)
Residential buildings:


                               U H
- Speed of 1,5 m/s for a scenic elevator traveling 300 m, passenger
  elevators traveling the same height 4 m/s


Hotels:
                 Rise


                   T B
  (Mumbai High Rise, design phase)



                  C
- Travel 130 m, speed 2.5 m/s (Delhi, design phase)



           ©
  Elevator Systems are often heavily under dimensioned
  Far too low speeds and too long intervals are common
  practice
Vertical Transportation Parameters in India
Handling Capacity
       g   p    y

Simulated Waiting Times with daily multi tenant office profile
                                                                                                                                                                  h t
                                            12% HC Office Building
                                            5% HC Office Building


                                                                                                                                      rig     12% HC Office Building
                                                                                                                                              5% HC Office Building




  1400
         s
                                                                                                   100




                                                                                                      p
                                                                                                         s


                                                                                                                                    y
                                                                                                     o
  1200
                                                                                                    80
  1000

  800                                                                                               60

  600

  400

  200
                                                                                                   C40

                                                                                                    20


    0
               08:00 09:00   10:00 11:00 12:00     13:00 14:00 15:00
                                             Simulation time




                                                                                  U H
                                                                       16:00 17:00 18:00 19:00
                                                                                                    0
                                                                                                             08:00 09:00   10:00   11:00   12:00   13:00 14:00
                                                                                                                                               Simulation time
                                                                                                                                                                 15:00   16:00   17:00   18:00 19:00




                                                     B
                                            12% HC Office Building




                                                   T
                                            5% HC Office Building
                                            12% HC Office Building
                                            5% HC Office Building
                                                                                                  Medium Rise Office

 100

  80
    %




                                                  C                                      %
                                                                                            100

                                                                                            80
                                                                                                  Under dimensioning with
                                                                                                  50.000 sq ft / elevator rule
  60

  40

  20

   0
                               ©
             30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360 390 420 450 480 510 540 570 600
                                                                                            60

                                                                                            40

                                                                                            20

                                                                                            0
                                                                                                  (about 5% Handling Capacity in 5 minutes)
                                                                                                  will cause very long waiting times,
                                                                                                  lasting very long
                                                 Time [s]
Vertical Transportation Parameters in India
Nominal Travel Time
High Rise Hotel in Delhi
                                                                                                                    h t
                                                                                                 ig
Simulated Waiting and Transit Times with daily hotel profile
                 g                           y       p

  90
      %
           88.8 %                                           %
                                                                100
                                                                      4 m/s               %
                                                                                         80



                                                                                              y r
                                                                                              76.0 %
                                                                                                                                              %
                                                                                                                                              100




                                                                                  p
                                                                90                                                                            90
  80                                                                                     70
                                                                80                                                                            80




                                                                                 o
  70                                                                                     60
                                                                70                                                                            70
  60
                                                                                         50
                                                                60                                                                            60
  50




                                                                               C
  40
                                                                50     Waiting Times     40                                                   50
                                                                                                                                              40
                                                                40                       30
  30                                                                                                         21.8 %                           30
                                                                30
                                                                                         20
  20                                                                                                                                          20
                         10.8
                         10 8 %


                                                                        H
                                                                20
                                                                                         10
  10
                                             0.346 %            10                                                           2.17 %           10

      0                                                         0                        0                                                    0




                                                                      U
                    30                  60             90                                               30              60            90

                                Time [s]                                       2.5 m/s                           Time [s]




  %
 60       55.5 %

                                              T B           %
                                                            100
                                                            90
                                                                      4m/s                %
                                                                                         60


                                                                                         50
                                                                                                        54.7 %
                                                                                                                                              %
                                                                                                                                                  100
                                                                                                                                                  90




                                             C
 50                                                                                                                                               80
                                                            80
                    41.3 %                                                                                                                        70
                                                            70                           40
 40                                                                                           33.6 %                                              60
                                                            60
                                                                                         30                                                       50




                         ©
 30                                                         50
                                                            40
                                                                       Transit Times                                                              40
                                                                                         20
 20                                                                                                                                               30
                                                            30                                                      10.7 %                        20
                                                            20                           10
 10
                                 3.17 % 0 00 %              10
                                                                                                                                  0.911 %         10
                                        0.00                                             0                                                        0
  0                                                         0
                                                                                                   30          60            90         120
               30          60                90
                             Time [s]                                          2.5m/s                            Time [s]
Elevatoring issues affecting high rise buildings


                                                   h t
                                             rig
                                     p     y
                                        Traffic planning
                                        (people flow)

                                  C o   (Ride Comfort)


                         U H            Piston effect
                                        Building Sway

               T B                      Stack effect
              C
         ©
Piston Effect


                                                            h t
                In single shafts, the air displaced by the car is

                                                    ig
                pushed into the narrow gap around the car.


                                                 y r
                This can increase the speed of the air around the

                causing noise.
                                       op
                car to levels more than twice the speed of the car,


                                     C
                          U H
                 T B
                C
         ©
Piston Effect


                                                            h t
                                                    ig
                                   Common practice in India:
                                          p

                                                 y r
                                   Each Elevator is running in a fully
                                   enclosed hoistways, even at high
                                    p

                                      op
                                   speeds.
                                   This pushes the air around the car at

                                    C
                                   high speed causing a strong Piston
                                   Effect.
                                   Effect


                             U H   Prevent Piston effect:


                 T B               Use divider beams instead of solid
                                   separation walls in elevator banks


                C
         © Use divider beams
           instead of
           solid separation wall
Piston Effect


                               Single Hoistways                    h t
                                                          rig
                                             p          y
                                To reduce the noise level created by the air
                                speed, pressure relief holes are needed.



                                          C o
                                Pressure relief holes can only be used if we
                                have an adjacent hoistway or an adjacent air



                               U H
                                duct.

                                If pressure relief holes are applied in fire


                 T B
                Pressure
                                protected hoistways, the holes must be
                                supplied with automatic fire dampers.


                C
                relief holes
                                Noise, buffeting, whistling are common effects

         ©                      if pressure relief holes cannot be applied in
                                single hoistways at high speeds.
Elevatoring issues affecting high rise buildings


                                                   h t
                                             rig
                                     p     y
                                        Traffic planning
                                        (people flow)

                                  C o   (Ride Comfort)


                         U H            Piston effect
                                        Building Sway

               T B                      Stack effect
              C
         ©
Building Sway


                                               h t
                                     rig
                      Building sway may cause excessive sway

                                   y
                      in compensation ropes, overspeed


                         p
                      governor ropes, suspension ropes and
                      traveling cables
                                cables.



                      C o
                      In over 200m tall buildings and in slender
                      buildings over 150m tall this may have an
                             g                         y



                U H   impact on the elevator design.

                      Rope resonance and traveling cable



             T B      movement cannot be completely avoided
                      in high rise buildings.



            C         To minimize potential p
                                   p        problems the sway
                      behavior of ropes and cables must be
                                                            y


        ©             considered.
Building Sway
                        Adjust
                        frequency
                                                             h t
                                                         Use rope
                                                         protection



                                                       ig
                        with                             equipment


                                                      r
                        compensation
                        device weight



                                           p        y
                                        C o
                                 U H
                        T B
                       C                  Use Building
                                        Sway detector
                                        S     d t t


            ©
                                           to park and
             Use a                      stop elevators
  Follower Carriage
   if compensation
    weight gets too
                 big
Elevatoring issues affecting high rise buildings


                                                   h t
                                             rig
                                     p     y
                                        Traffic planning
                                        (people flow)

                                  C o   (Ride Comfort)


                         U H            Piston effect
                                        Building Sway

               T B                      Stack effect
              C
         ©
Stack Effect


                                                                                                   h t
                                                                        Stack effect is the movement of air into
                                                                        and out of buildings, and is driven by


                                                                                      ig
                                                                        buoyancy.
                      Warm indoor air


                                                                                     r
                                                                        Buoyancy occurs due to a difference in

                                                                                   y
                                                                        indoor-to-outdoor air density resulting from

                       Cold indoor air



                                                                         op
                                                                        temperature and moisture differences.

                                                                        Especially in case of fire, the stack effect


                                                                       C
                                                                        needs to be controlled to prevent the
                                                                        spread of smoke.


                 Cold outdoor air



                                                 U H Hot outdoor air


   Winter (positive
      buoyancy)


                          T B            Summer (negative
                                            buoyancy)




       l   l t the
                         C
       Elevator doors can be open at different
       levels at th same ti
                         time. Thi will enforce
                               This ill f


             ©
       the stack effect.

       It is essential that all elevator lobbies are
       well sealed to minimize stack effect
                                         effect.
Building Sway combined with Stack Effect
                   Elevator lateral quacking going up

                                                                                 h t
                                                                    rig
                                                    p             y    1. Low wind
                                                                             y
                                                                           day




                                                 C o
                                 U H
                  B
                                                                       2. high wind day
                                                                          (70-80 km/h)




               CT
         The lateral quacking curves shown above, have been measured in a high rise


        ©elevator with a travel of about 350 m, moving upwards from ground to the top
         floor. The top floors of the building are not yet sealed.
         On day with low wind conditions ride comfort is maintained throughout the full
                y                                                           g
         ride. On a windy day the draft at the unsealed top floors will dramatically affect
         ride comfort.
Summary


                                                                h t
  If India wants to achieve the same quality standards
                                                       rig
           for High Rise Buildings as elsewhere:

                                            p        y
                                         C o
    The design rules for dimensioning vertical transportation of High Rise
    in India must be changed. It would be advisable to use rules similar to
    those shown in CIBSE Guide D.



                             U H
    The practice of using single hoistways must be changed for high
    speed passenger elevators to prevent ”Piston Effect”.


                T B
    Building sway, and Stack effect must be considered.

               C
    There are a lot of excellent International VT Consultants available.

        ©              PLEASE USE THEM !
Elevatoring issues affecting high rise buildings


                                                   h t
                                             rig
                                     p     y
                                  C o
                                         THANK YOU!
                         U H
               T B
              C
         ©

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High rise elevators

  • 1. h t rig p y C o ELEVATORING ISSUES AFFECTING HIGH RISE  BUILDINGS IN INDIA U H T B Johannes de Jong Director ‐ Technology, Major Projects/KONE C Hyvinkää, Finland Hyvinkää Finland ©
  • 2. Elevatoring issues affecting high rise buildings h t rig p y Traffic planning (people flow) C o (Ride Comfort) U H Piston effect Building Sway T B Stack effect C ©
  • 3. CIBSE Guide D h t Guide D will assist practitioners ig involved in the design installation design, r and maintenance of transportation p surveyors, y systems; including architects, surveyors facilities and building C o managers who need to understand the advice given to them by H specialists. i li t B U CT © 2005 • 256 pages • Order code: GVD ISBN 10: 1 903287 61 8 1-903287-61-8 ISBN 13: 978-1-903287-61-3
  • 4. Vertical Transportation Parameters INTERVALh t rig AVERAGE TIME BETWEEN ELEVATORS y LEAVING FROM THE LOBBY p C o CAPACITY HANDLING U H NUMBER OF PASSENGERS TRANSPORTED UP T BWITH 80 % CAR LOAD IN FIVE MINUTES C NOMINAL TRAVEL TIME © TRAVEL HEIGHT DIVIDED BY THE RATED SPEED OF THE ELEVATOR Marina Bay Sands, Singapore
  • 5. Vertical Transportation Parameters Interval h t Commercial Buildings ig and Hotels INTERVAL AVERAGE TIME BETWEEN ELEVATORS y rINTERVAL: LEAVING FROM THE LOBBY op Quality Level ------------- Interval (s) Incoming -------------- C Excellent Good 20 - 25 25 - 32 TOO SHORT Cars don't CORRECT INTERVAL U H TOO LONG Satisfactory 32 - 40 have enough time to get T B Long waiting times Residential Buildings INTERVAL: loaded, expensive C Quality Level Interval (s) Incoming © ------------- Excellent Good Satisfactory -------------- 20 - 40 40 - 80 80 - 100
  • 6. Vertical Transportation Parameters Handling Capacity g p y h t HANDLING CAPACITY rig HANDLING CAPACITY % OF y POPULATION IN 5 MIN.: NUMBER OF PASSENGERS TRANSPORTED UP WITH 80 % CAR LOAD IN FIVE MINUTES op Type of yp Building ------------- Working Transp. Capacity Hours -------- g p Excellent Good p ------------------------ y C Offices: - one company common 20 - 25 16 - 20 TOO SMALL PROPERLY DIMENSIONED U ELEVATOR CROUP H TOO BIG - one company - diversified - diversified flexible 16 – 20 common 16 - 20 flexible 15 – 18 13 - 16 13 - 16 12 - 15 Cannot T B Too Hotels: 16 - 20 12 – 16 absorb traffic peaks, peaks C expensive Residential: > 7.5 5 - 7.5 © queuing Hospitals: - personnel 16 - 20 13 - 16
  • 7. Parameter selection Actual traffic measurements Single tenant office with common working hours h t Incoming rig y Outgoing p 12.00 12.00 10.00 10.00 10 00 8.00 6.00 4.00 2.00 C o 8.00 6.00 4.00 2.00 H 0.00 0.00 00 00 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 00 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 :0 :0 :0 :0 :0 :0 :0 :0 :0 :0 :0 :0 :0 :0 :0 :0 :0 :0 :0 :0 U 7: 8: 9: 7: 8: 9: 19 15 16 17 18 10 11 12 13 14 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 12.00 Interfloor T B 16.00 Single Tenant Office Building Per Cent of Population in 5 Minutes Incoming Interfloor Outgoing 10.00 8.00 C 14.00 12.00 12 00 10.00 © 6.00 8.00 4.00 6.00 4.00 2.00 2.00 0.00 0.00 00 00 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 00 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7: 8: 9: :0 1 :0 2 :0 3 :0 4 :0 5 :0 6 :0 7 :0 8 :0 9 :0 :0 :0 :0 :0 :0 :0 :0 :0 :0 :0 10 7: 8: 9: 15 18 19 10 11 12 13 14 16 17 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
  • 8. Parameter selection Actual traffic measurements h Residential Building t ig Multi Tenant Office Building Per Cent of Population in 5 minutes p Per cent of Population in 5 Minutes r Incoming Interfloor Outgoing Incoming Interfloor Outgoing 5 y 12.00 4.5 4 10.00 p 3.5 8.00 3 o 2.5 6.00 2 4.00 1.5 C 1 2.00 0.5 0 0.00 H 00 45 30 15 00 45 5 0 5 0 5 0 5 0 :1 :0 :4 :3 :1 :0 :4 :3 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 6: 7: 9: 1: 3: 4: 11 13 14 16 18 20 21 23 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 B % of U Outgoing Interfloor High Rise Hotel T Population/ Incoming 5 min 12,0 C 10,0 8,0 6,0 © 4,0 2,0 0,0 0:00 0 1:45 5 3:30 0 5:15 5 7:00 0 8:45 5 10:30 0 12:15 5 14:00 0 15:45 5 17:30 0 19:15 5 21:00 0 22:45 5
  • 9. Vertical Transportation Parameters Nominal Travel Time h t Commercial Buildings ig NOMINAL TRAVEL TIME and Hotels TRAVEL HEIGHT DIVIDED BY y rNOMINAL TRAVEL TIME: THE RATED SPEED OF THE ELEVATOR p Quality Travel Level Time (s) C o ------------- Excellent Good -------------- 15 - 20 20 - 25 H Satisfactory 25 - 32 TRAVEL HEIGHT TOO SHORT TOO LONG B U RATED SPEED Residential Buildings g Unnecessarily high speed ( p (expensive, ride comfort issues) CT Speed too slow (long journey times)) NOMINAL TRAVEL TIME: Quality Level ------------- Travel Time (s) -------------- © Excellent Good Satisfactory S f 20 - 25 25 - 32 32 - 50
  • 10. Vertical Transportation Parameters in India Different situations encountered: h t ig Offices: - 50000 sq ft per elevator (architect in Mumbai) y r - Handling Capacity for offices, 10% of the population in 5 minutes op Interval 40 seconds (local consultant in Mumbai) - Calculated handling capacity 5 % of the population in 5 minutes C (Several large buildings in Mumbai) Residential buildings: U H - Speed of 1,5 m/s for a scenic elevator traveling 300 m, passenger elevators traveling the same height 4 m/s Hotels: Rise T B (Mumbai High Rise, design phase) C - Travel 130 m, speed 2.5 m/s (Delhi, design phase) © Elevator Systems are often heavily under dimensioned Far too low speeds and too long intervals are common practice
  • 11. Vertical Transportation Parameters in India Handling Capacity g p y Simulated Waiting Times with daily multi tenant office profile h t 12% HC Office Building 5% HC Office Building rig 12% HC Office Building 5% HC Office Building 1400 s 100 p s y o 1200 80 1000 800 60 600 400 200 C40 20 0 08:00 09:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 Simulation time U H 16:00 17:00 18:00 19:00 0 08:00 09:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 Simulation time 15:00 16:00 17:00 18:00 19:00 B 12% HC Office Building T 5% HC Office Building 12% HC Office Building 5% HC Office Building Medium Rise Office 100 80 % C % 100 80 Under dimensioning with 50.000 sq ft / elevator rule 60 40 20 0 © 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360 390 420 450 480 510 540 570 600 60 40 20 0 (about 5% Handling Capacity in 5 minutes) will cause very long waiting times, lasting very long Time [s]
  • 12. Vertical Transportation Parameters in India Nominal Travel Time High Rise Hotel in Delhi h t ig Simulated Waiting and Transit Times with daily hotel profile g y p 90 % 88.8 % % 100 4 m/s % 80 y r 76.0 % % 100 p 90 90 80 70 80 80 o 70 60 70 70 60 50 60 60 50 C 40 50 Waiting Times 40 50 40 40 30 30 21.8 % 30 30 20 20 20 10.8 10 8 % H 20 10 10 0.346 % 10 2.17 % 10 0 0 0 0 U 30 60 90 30 60 90 Time [s] 2.5 m/s Time [s] % 60 55.5 % T B % 100 90 4m/s % 60 50 54.7 % % 100 90 C 50 80 80 41.3 % 70 70 40 40 33.6 % 60 60 30 50 © 30 50 40 Transit Times 40 20 20 30 30 10.7 % 20 20 10 10 3.17 % 0 00 % 10 0.911 % 10 0.00 0 0 0 0 30 60 90 120 30 60 90 Time [s] 2.5m/s Time [s]
  • 13. Elevatoring issues affecting high rise buildings h t rig p y Traffic planning (people flow) C o (Ride Comfort) U H Piston effect Building Sway T B Stack effect C ©
  • 14. Piston Effect h t In single shafts, the air displaced by the car is ig pushed into the narrow gap around the car. y r This can increase the speed of the air around the causing noise. op car to levels more than twice the speed of the car, C U H T B C ©
  • 15. Piston Effect h t ig Common practice in India: p y r Each Elevator is running in a fully enclosed hoistways, even at high p op speeds. This pushes the air around the car at C high speed causing a strong Piston Effect. Effect U H Prevent Piston effect: T B Use divider beams instead of solid separation walls in elevator banks C © Use divider beams instead of solid separation wall
  • 16. Piston Effect Single Hoistways h t rig p y To reduce the noise level created by the air speed, pressure relief holes are needed. C o Pressure relief holes can only be used if we have an adjacent hoistway or an adjacent air U H duct. If pressure relief holes are applied in fire T B Pressure protected hoistways, the holes must be supplied with automatic fire dampers. C relief holes Noise, buffeting, whistling are common effects © if pressure relief holes cannot be applied in single hoistways at high speeds.
  • 17. Elevatoring issues affecting high rise buildings h t rig p y Traffic planning (people flow) C o (Ride Comfort) U H Piston effect Building Sway T B Stack effect C ©
  • 18. Building Sway h t rig Building sway may cause excessive sway y in compensation ropes, overspeed p governor ropes, suspension ropes and traveling cables cables. C o In over 200m tall buildings and in slender buildings over 150m tall this may have an g y U H impact on the elevator design. Rope resonance and traveling cable T B movement cannot be completely avoided in high rise buildings. C To minimize potential p p problems the sway behavior of ropes and cables must be y © considered.
  • 19. Building Sway Adjust frequency h t Use rope protection ig with equipment r compensation device weight p y C o U H T B C Use Building Sway detector S d t t © to park and Use a stop elevators Follower Carriage if compensation weight gets too big
  • 20. Elevatoring issues affecting high rise buildings h t rig p y Traffic planning (people flow) C o (Ride Comfort) U H Piston effect Building Sway T B Stack effect C ©
  • 21. Stack Effect h t Stack effect is the movement of air into and out of buildings, and is driven by ig buoyancy. Warm indoor air r Buoyancy occurs due to a difference in y indoor-to-outdoor air density resulting from Cold indoor air op temperature and moisture differences. Especially in case of fire, the stack effect C needs to be controlled to prevent the spread of smoke. Cold outdoor air U H Hot outdoor air Winter (positive buoyancy) T B Summer (negative buoyancy) l l t the C Elevator doors can be open at different levels at th same ti time. Thi will enforce This ill f © the stack effect. It is essential that all elevator lobbies are well sealed to minimize stack effect effect.
  • 22. Building Sway combined with Stack Effect Elevator lateral quacking going up h t rig p y 1. Low wind y day C o U H B 2. high wind day (70-80 km/h) CT The lateral quacking curves shown above, have been measured in a high rise ©elevator with a travel of about 350 m, moving upwards from ground to the top floor. The top floors of the building are not yet sealed. On day with low wind conditions ride comfort is maintained throughout the full y g ride. On a windy day the draft at the unsealed top floors will dramatically affect ride comfort.
  • 23. Summary h t If India wants to achieve the same quality standards rig for High Rise Buildings as elsewhere: p y C o The design rules for dimensioning vertical transportation of High Rise in India must be changed. It would be advisable to use rules similar to those shown in CIBSE Guide D. U H The practice of using single hoistways must be changed for high speed passenger elevators to prevent ”Piston Effect”. T B Building sway, and Stack effect must be considered. C There are a lot of excellent International VT Consultants available. © PLEASE USE THEM !
  • 24. Elevatoring issues affecting high rise buildings h t rig p y C o THANK YOU! U H T B C ©