2. Objectives
• What is this course?
• Why take this course?
• Ways of knowing:
– Authority
– Logic
– Empiricism
• Characteristics of Science (versus pseudoscience)
– Answerable questions
– Tentative
– Falsification
3. Why a course on research methods?
• Required?
– Undergrad
– Graduate (Basic or Clinical)
• Foundation for later courses (process versus content)
7. Ways of Knowing: Empiricism
• Empiric: Greek (empiric), Latin root
(experientia) of experience & experiment
• Knowledge comes from personal experience.
8. Scientific Characteristics: Tentative
• Science is never 100.0% certain.
• Evolution & punctuated equilibrium
• Medicine
– Mammograms: USPSTF: 40-49?
– Hormone Replacement Therapy: breast cancer?
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammograms
10. Scientific Method
• Observation: my
nephew has problems
• Question: Why?
• Hypothesis: Smoking
during pregnancy, but
not quitting, has
negative outcomes
• Online study of non-
smokers, smokers,
quitters
Piper et al. (2011). Drug & Alcohol Dependence.
12. Baloney Detection
• How reliable is the source of claim? $
• Do they make similar claims?
• Have the claims been independently replicated?
• Does this fit with how the world works?
• Has anyone tried to disprove the claim?
• Where is the majority of evidence?
• Is the claimant playing by rules of science?
Michael Shermer (14 min):
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eUB4j0n2UDU
13. Baloney Detection
• Is claimant providing positive evidence?
• Does new theory account for as many phenomenon
as the old theory?
• Are personal beliefs driving the claim?
Michael Shermer (14 min):
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eUB4j0n2UDU
14.
15. Science versus Pseudoscience:
Phrenology
• Popular Theory (Johann Spurzheim) that:
– Personality characteristics would result in
measurable bumps on skull (false)
– Localization of function (true)
• Tested by Pierre Flourens
– Lesion study (dogs/pigeons)
1776-1832 1794-1867
16. Science versus Pseudoscience:
Subliminal Messages
• James Vicary presented images for 1/3000th sec
of “eat popcorn” or “Drink Coke” on alternating
evenings to movie theater patrons (N = 45,699)
• He claimed in a press conference that Coke
(18.1%) and popcorn (57.7%) sales increased!
http://plaza.ufl.edu/cyllek/docs/KCrandall_Thesis2006.pdf
17. Science versus Pseudoscience:
Accupunture
• Chronic back pain patients completed a
double-blind study with 6 licensed
acupuncturists (4-19 years experience):
– Individualized
– Standardized
– Sham
– Usual Care
18. Science versus Pseudoscience:
Homeopathy
• Developed by German physician Samuel
Hahnemann
• Serial dilutions
• Safe (?) but not efficacious
1755-1843
19. Science versus Pseudoscience:
Crime Scene Profiling
• Crime scene is used to infer characteristics of
criminal
• Focus is on small # Hits, downplays misses
(like fortune tellers)
John Allen Williams
1960-2009 Malcolm Gladwell
21. Figure 2. Brain Glucose Metabolic Images Showing Axial Planes at the Level of the
Orbitofrontal Cortex
Volkow, N. D. et al. JAMA 2011;305:808-813
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22. Contrast
Science Pseudoscience
Falsifiability Yes No
Burden of Proof Proponents Skeptics
Jargon Moderate High
Reliance on anecdote Low High
Connectivity with other knowledge High Low
Nestor & Schutt, 2012
23. “Pop” Science
• This may have elements of science, pseudo-science,
science-fiction, and popular culture
• Examples:
– Full moon and psychiatric admissions
– Left-brain (verbal/rational)/Right-brain (non-
verbal/intuitive)