MR. roses test help

1. Review For Ch. 12 Test Bridgette Flaherty(mostly) and Savannah Smith (for like 5 minutes….)

2. Griffith.. Griffith-1st major experiment led to discovery of DNA as genetic material(MOUSE AND BACTERIA) … 2 bacteria harmful and harmless.. Heated harmful mixed with harmless and they transform which is what he wanted to find.

3. His experiment….

4. Avery Identified molecule transformed R strain of bacteria to S strain S=deadly and smooth R= rough and harmless Concluded when cells were killed when DNA was released. R bacteria incorporated this DNA into their cells changed into S cells

5. Hershey and Chase Used radioactive labeling to trace DNA and protein. Concluded that the vital DNA was injected into the cell and provided the genetic information needed to produce new viruses.

6. Their experiment…

7. Watson and Crick Built a model of double helix that confronted others’ research. Outside 2 strands made of alternate deoxyribose and phosphate. Inside connectors cytosine and guanine base pairs by 3 hydrogen bonds. Inside connectors thymine and adenine base pairs to each other by 2 hydrogen bonds.

8. Their model…

9. Chargaff Analyzed the amount of adenine, guanine, thymine, and cytosine into the DNA of various species. Found that C=G and T=A.

10. DNA replication Semiconservative- parental strands of DNA separate, serves as templates, and produces DNA molecules that have one strand of parental DNA and one new strand. Simple steps to remember: Unwinds, Base Pairing, Replicates, Rejoins.

11. Video so you can understand http://www.wiley.com/college/pratt/0471393878/student/animations/dna_replication/index.html

12. Protein Synthesis Basic steps: transcription, separates junk and info, translation, goes to cytoplasm, transcription, finds ribosome, copies. In transformation DNA T= A RNA A=U G=C C=G

13. Video so you understand http://www.wisc-online.com/Objects/ViewObject.aspx?ID=AP1302

14. Gene Regulation Ability of an organism to control which genes are transcribed in response to the environment. In prokaryotes, operon controls the transcription of genes in response to changes in the environment. Sections are: Operator, Promoter, Regulatory gene, and genes coding for proteins.

15. Gene Regulation Cont. In eukaryotic regulation, it must control transcription. They use transcription factors (next slide) and the complex structure of eukaryotic DNA.

16. Transcriptions Factors They ensure a gene is used at the right time and that the proteins are made in the right amounts. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vJSmZ3DsntU But remember, before it leave nucleus introns are removed.

17. Operon Operon- section of DNA contains the genes for the proteins needed for a specific metabolic pathway. Example in class : Lac Operon which is people that are lactose intolerant. Link to Video with Lac Operon: http://www.biostudio.com/d_%20Lac%20Operon.htm

18. Beadle and Tatum Their experiment showed that one gene codes for one enzyme. We now know that 1 gene codes for 1 polypeptide.

19. Hox Genes Hox genes are responsible for the general body pattern of most animals.

20. RNA Interference RNA interference can stop the mRNA from translating its message. Video link to help you understand: http://www.nature.com/focus/rnai/animations/animation/animation.htm

21. Mutations A permanent change that occurs in a cell’s DNA is called a mutation. Types of mutation: Point mutation, Insertion, and Deletion . Insertion and Deletion cause frame shift, add or take away one of the codes. Point mutation is like substituting one code for another.

22. Causes of Mutation Can occur spontaneously Chemical and radiation can also damage DNA. High-energy forms of radiation. Such as X Rays and gamma rays, are highly mutagenic.

23. Protein Folding and Stability Substitutions also can lead to genetic disorders. Can change both the folding and stability of the protein. Video for help (just look at overview): http://www.wiley.com/college/boyer/0470003790/animations/protein_folding/protein_folding.htm