1. CANCER

2. Background
 Cells divide and multiply as the body
needs them. When these cells
continue multiplying when the body
doesn't need them, the result is a
mass or growth, also called a tumor.

3. Background
 These growths are considered either
benign or malignant.
 Each type of cancer is unique with its own
causes, symptoms, and methods of
treatment. Like with all groups of disease,
some types of cancer are more common
than others.

4. Cancer
a malignant tumor of potentially
unlimited growth that expands
locally by invasion and metastasis

5. Cancer
 Cancer is one of the most common
diseases in the world:
 1 in 4 deaths are due to cancer
 Lung cancer is the most common
cancer in men
 Breast cancer is the most common
cancer in women
 There are over 100 different forms of
cancer

6. Cancer
 The division (mitosis) of normal cells
is precisely controlled. New cells are
only formed for growth or to replace
dead ones.
 Cancerous cells divide repeatedly out
of control even though they are not
needed, they crowd out other normal
cells and function abnormally.
 They can also destroy the correct

8. Cancer Is One Outcome of A Runaway Cell Cycle
Licentious division - prostate cancer cells during division.

13. The Cell Cycle and Cancer
 Neoplasm- abnormal growth of cells
 Benign neoplasms are not cancerous
Encapsulated; Do not invade
neighboring tissue or spread
 Malignant neoplasms are cancerous
Not encapsulated; Readily invade
neighboring tissues
May also detach and lodge in distant
places – metastasis

14. The Cell Cycle and Cancer
 Carcinogenesis – development of
cancer
 Tends to be gradual, takes
years

15. Characteristics of Cancer
Cells
 Lack differentiation (control)
 Have abnormal nuclei
 Form tumors
 Mitosis controlled by contact with
neighboring cells – contact inhibition
 Cancer cells have lost contact
inhibition

16. Characteristics of Cancer Cells
 Undergo metastasis
 Original tumor easily fragments
 New tumors appear in other
organs
 Undergo angiogenesis
 Formation of new blood vessels

17. Cancer Cells Versus
Normal Cells

18. Stages of Cancer
 Stage I cancers are localized to one part
of the body; usually curable.
 Stage II cancers are locally advanced.
 Stage III cancers are also locally
advanced.
 Stage IV cancers have often
metastasized, or spread to other organs or
throughout the body.

19. Stages of Cancer

20. What causes cancer?
 Cancer arises from the mutation
of a normal gene.
 A factor which brings about a
mutation is called a mutagen.
 It is thought that several mutations
need to occur to give rise to cancer
 Mutated genes that cause cancer
are called oncogenes .

21. What causes cancer?
 Any agent that causes cancer
is called a carcinogen and is
described as carcinogenic.
 Cancerous cells do not self
destruct and continue to divide
rapidly producing millions of
new cancerous cells.

23. Carcinogens
 Ionising radiation – X Rays, UV light
 Chemicals – tar from cigarettes
 Virus infection – papilloma virus can
be responsible for cervical cancer.
 Hereditary predisposition – Some
families are more susceptible to
getting certain cancers. Remember
you can’t inherit cancer its just that
you maybe more susceptible to
getting it.

24. What are the different
kinds of Cancer?
 The four most common cancers are:
 Breast Cancer
 Colon Cancer
 Lung Cancer
 Prostate Cancer

25. What are the different
kinds of Cancer?
 Cancers of Blood and Lymphatic
Systems:
 Hodgkin's Disease
 Leukemias
 Lymphomas
 Multiple Myeloma
 Waldenström's Disease

26. What are the different
kinds of Cancer?
 Cancers of Digestive Systems:
 Head and Neck Cancers
 Esophageal Cancer
 Stomach Cancer
 Cancer of Pancreas
 Liver Cancer
 Colon and Rectal Cancer
 Anal cancer

27. What are the different
kinds of Cancer?
 Cancers of Urinary system:
 Kidney Cancer
 Bladder Cancer
 Testis Cancer
 Prostate Cancer

28. What are the different
kinds of Cancer?
 Miscellaneous cancers:
 Brain Tumors
 Bone Tumors
 Nasopharyngeal Cancer
 Retroperitoneal sarcomas
 Soft Tissue Tumors
 Thyroid Cancer
 Cancers of Unknown Primary Site

29. What causes cancer?
 Stress
 There is connection between stress,
immune system and cancer, that is
changing the direction of research: it now
appears that cancer cells make proteins
that actually tell the immune system to let
them alone and even to help them grow.

30. What causes cancer?
 Stress
 cancer
can weaken the immune
system and allowing a tumor to
grow

32. VIDEO
How to recognize
breast cancer
symptoms?

34. Cancer Treatment
 Chemotherapy treatment
 uses medicine to weaken and destroy
cancer cells in the body, including cells at
the original cancer site and any cancer
cells that may have spread to another part
of the body.

35. Cancer Treatment
 Chemotherapy treatment
 or "chemo," is a systemic therapy, which
means it affects the whole body by going
through the bloodstream.
 In some cases, chemotherapy is given
before surgery to shrink the cancer

36. Cancer Treatment
 Radiation therapy (also called
radiotherapy)
 high-energy rays are used to damage
cancer cells and stop them from growing
and dividing.
 A specialist in radiation therapy is called a
radiation oncologist.

37. Cancer Treatment
 Radiation therapy (also called
radiotherapy)
 Like surgery, radiation therapy is a local
treatment; it affects cancer cells only in the
treated area. Radiation can come from a
machine (external radiation).

38. Cancer Treatment
 Radiation therapy (also called
radiotherapy)
 It can also come from an implant (a small
container of radioactive material) placed
directly into or near the tumor (internal
radiation). Some patients receive both
kinds of radiation therapy.

39. Cancer Prevention
 Healthy lifestyle
 Exercise and proper breathing
 Balanced diet
 Complete rest and sleep
 Water (8 to 10 glasses daily)
 Eating Fruit on an empty stomach

40. Cancer Research/25
pt.quiz
Scrapbook,
HANDWRITTEN
(A) http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopic
s/alphalist
(B)
http://www.medindia.net/patients/pati
entinfo/womenandcancer.htm

41.  Describe/explain the following in
your entry:
 What is cancer and what are the
causes?
 Give the 4 cancer types common to
women and briefly describe
 What are the causes and
prevention?

42.  Screening, testing, and treatment
commonly done in women’s cancer
 Role of food in fighting cancer
 Write your personal goals of a
healthy lifestyle and how/when you
will apply it.
 Add 3-4 more references aside from
the one given on top