3. Genetics 101
• (1)Your body is made up of ______ trillion cells
• (2)Nucleus has ________ % of your genes.
• (3)Mitochondria has ________ % of your genes.
• (4)You have nearly ______ thousand genes
• (5)Genes are small parts
_______________________________________
• (6)Deoxyribonucleic acid measures ________
feet long
• (7)DNA is a ________ stranded molecule
composed of (a) _____ (b) _______(c) ________

4. Genetics 101
• (8)Four bases (a) ________ (b) ________
(c) ________ (d) ________
• (9)These bases spell out the language known as
the ________ ________
• (10)Genes are ________ for making specific
proteins, passed on from one ________ to
another.
• (11)Genes ________ a cell how to function and
what traits to ________.
• (12)Gene ________ turn different genes on and
off in different cells to ________ cell function.

5. Genetics 101
• (13)The long molecules of ________ containing
your genes are organized into pieces called
________.
• (14)Humans have ________ pairs chromosomes.
• (15)Chimpanzees have ________ pairs
chromosomes.
• (16)Rhesus monkeys ________ pairs
chromosomes.
• (17)Cows________ pairs chromosomes.

6. Genetics 101
• (18)Chickens________ pairs chromosomes.
• (19)Fruit flies________ pairs chromosomes.
• (20)Bananas________ pairs chromosomes.
• (21)What percentage of the DNA in your
chromosome do you share with other species?
• (22)You share ________% of your DNA with
rhesus monkey
• (23)You share ________% of your DNA with
chimpanzee

7. Genetics 101
• (24)You share ________% of your DNA with
other humans
• (25) With the above information describe why
the nucleus is the control center of the cell.

10. What is
Genetics?

11. What is Genetics?
• the study of inheritance.
(heritable characteristics)
• It can predict how genes may
be passed on to future
generations.

12. GENES
• units of genetic
material that CODES
for a SPECIFIC TRAIT

15. NUCLEOTIDES

16. DNA Nucleotide
Phosphate
Group
O 5
O=P-O CH2
O
O
N
Nitrogenous base
C4 C1 (A, G, C, or T)
Sugar
(deoxyribose)
C3 C2

17. Nitrogenous Bases
• PURINES
1. Adenine (A)
2. Guanine (G)
A or G
• PYRIMIDINES
3. Thymine (T)
4. Cytosine (C) T or C

20. DNA vs RNA

21. DNA vs RNA

22. DNA vs RNA

23. WATSON & CRICK
• 1953; described the DNA molecule

24. Watson & Crick proposed…
•DNA had specific pairing between the
nitrogen bases:
ADENINE – THYMINE
CYTOSINE – GUANINE
•DNA was made of 2 stands of nucleotides
arranged in pairs “Complementary Rule”

25. Central Dogma of Molecular Biology
(1970)
• Flow of genetic information from DNA to
RNA to protein and is descriptive of all
organisms.
• Translation of a protein follows a chain of
molecular command, where DNA acts as
a template for both its replication and
for transcription to RNA (mRNA) , which
then serve as a template for translation
into protein.

26. Central Dogma of Molecular Biology
(1970)
• The flow of genetic information via the
three fundamental processes of
replication, transcription, and
translation
• States that DNA makes RNA, which
makes protein.
• DNA – RNA - Protein

27. Central Dogma of Molecular Biology

28. REPLICATION (nucleus)
The process of copying a DNA molecule
STEPS
1. Unwinding of parental DNA
molecule
2. Complementary base pairing
Adenine = Thymine
Guanine = Cytosine

29. REPLICATION (nucleus)
3. Joining - The complementary
nucleotides join to form new strands.
 “Semiconservative”
– each daughter DNA molecule contains
an old strand and a new strand; one of
the old strands is conserved.

30. Semiconservative Model
DNA Template
Parental DNA
New DNA

32. REPLICATION (nucleus)
The DNA molecule
produces
2 IDENTICAL
complementary
strands following
the rule of base.

34. REPLICATION (nucleus)

35. Replication Recitation
1. Why is replication necessary? A---?
G---?
2. When & where does replication occur?
C---?
3. Describe how replication works. T---?
4. Use the complementary rule to A---?
create the complementary strand: G---?
A---?
G---?
C---?
A---?
G---?
T---?

36. Replication Recitation
1. Why is replication necessary? A---T
For both new cells to have the correct G---C
copy of the same DNA C---G
2. When & where does replication occur? T---A
During interphase (S phase); nucleus A---T
G---C
3. Describe how replication works.
A---T
Enzymes unzip DNA and complementary G---C
nucleotides join each original strand.
C---G
4. Use the complementary rule to A---T
create the complementary strand: G---C
T---A

37. TRANSCRIPTION (nucleus)
STEPS
1. DNA will “unzip” itself and RNA
nucleotides match up to the DNA
strand.
2. After an RNA polymerase has passed
by, the DNA strands rejoin and the
mRNA is released.

39. TRANSCRIPTION (nucleus)

40. TRANSCRIPTION (nucleus)
Transcription makes messenger
RNA (mRNA) to carry the code for
proteins out of the nucleus (via the
nuclear pore) to the ribosomes in
the cytoplasm.

41. Central Dogma of Molecular Biology

42. TRANSLATION (CYTOPLASM)
• The cell uses
information
from
“messenger”
RNA to
produce
proteins

43. TRANSLATION (CYTOPLASM)
(1961) Watson & Crick proposed…
• …DNA controlled cell function by
serving as a template for PROTEIN
structure.
• 3 Nucleotides = a triplet or CODON
(which code for a specific AMINO ACID)
• AMINO ACIDS are the building blocks of
proteins.

44. TRANSLATION (CYTOPLASM)

45. Central Dogma of Molecular Biology
(1970)

46. The Genetic Code
consists of 64 triplets of nucleotides. These
triplets are called codons. With three exceptions
(UAA, UAG, UGA), each codon encodes for one of
the 20 amino acids used in the synthesis of
proteins.
One codon, AUG (start) serves two related
functions:
it signals the start of translation
it codes for the incorporation of the amino acid
methionine (Met) into the growing polypeptide
chain

47. Amino Acid Translation Table

48. Recitation
1. Why is transcription necessary?
2. Describe transcription.
3. Why is translation necessary?
4. Describe translation.
5. What are the main differences between
DNA and RNA.
6. Using the chart p.241, identify the amino
acids coded for by these codons:
UGGCAGUGC

49. 1. Why is transcription necessary?
Transcription makes messenger RNA
(mRNA) to carry the code for
proteins out of the nucleus to the
ribosomes in the cytoplasm.

50. 2.Describe transcription.
RNA polymerase binds to
DNA, separates the strands, then
uses one strand as a template to
assemble mRNA.

51. 3. Why is translation
necessary?
Translation assures that the
right amino acids are joined
together by peptides to form
the correct protein.

52. 4. Describe translation.
The cell uses information
from mRNA to produce
proteins.

53. 6. Using the translation
table, identify the amino
acids coded for by these
codons: UGGCAGUGC
tryptophan-glutamine-
cysteine

54. Central Dogma of Molecular Biology

55. Central Dogma of Molecular Biology

56. Central Dogma of
Molecular Biology
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