The document summarizes Carol J. Smith's presentation "On the Road: Best Practices for Autonomous Experiences" given at the World Usability Congress in Graz, Austria in October 2019. The presentation discusses best practices for autonomous vehicle experiences, including designing for real people in context, considering social implications, and recognizing that the near future of autonomy will involve slower, shared rides on private property with more opportunity for iteration. Key topics covered include vulnerable populations, gender considerations, environmental factors, motion sickness, and ensuring diverse riders are included in research.

1. On the Road:
Best Practices for
Autonomous Experiences
Carol J. Smith, @carologic
World Usability Congress in Graz, Austria
October 2019

2. WHO’S HERE?

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Tesla Release 9, September 2019
https://youtu.be/HI23Yiy-EAE by Scott Kubo

4. On the Road: Best Practices for Autonomous Experiences | @carologic
Best Practices
•Autonomy’s near future
•Real people, in-context
•Social implications

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2017

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Current Vehicles
•Autonomy Level 2-4

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Near Future
Optimus Ride’s automated shuttles transport office workers (Jahi Chikwendiu/The Washington Post)

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Cities are hard
•People everywhere
•Pedestrians
•Cyclists
•Other vehicles
•Potholes
•Poorly marked roads

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Intersections

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Highways

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Slow people movers
•Slower speeds
•Less technology needed
•Private property
•More control
•More iteration potential
Self-driving buses in Montreal pilot project
(Franca Mignacca/CBC )

12. Real people, In-context

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Who are we designing for?
•Individuals
•Friends and families
•Mixed ages
•Mixed awareness/familiarity

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Vulnerable populations
•Women
•Children
•People with physical disabilities
•Blind
•Deaf
•Limited mobility

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Gender
•Women on public transport
•France: 2/3 of users are women
•US, Philadelphia: 64%
•US, Chicago: 62%
•England, London: Women 8%
more trips per weekday than men Caroline Criado Perez,
Invisible Women: Exposing
the Data Bias in a World
Designed for Men

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What are they doing?
•Commuting
•Quick stops
•Appointments
•Shopping
•Fun Outings
•Traveling

18. Fear - Complex Situations

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Logistics
•Alone
•Dark streets
•Late at night
•Long walking distances
•Confusing directions
•Unfamiliar surroundings
https://www.needpix.com/photo/389392/street-alley-lane-night-dark-urban-town-city-road

20. WHAT DO YOU DO
DIFFERENTLY WHEN
WALKING ALONE ON
A DARK STREET?

21. PERCEPTION
IS REALITY

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Fear being inside AV
•Concerns for personal and family physical safety
(despite interior safety)
•Concerns about “AI”
•“Weirdness” of steering wheel movement

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Inconvenient
•High heels
•Short skirts
•Bags of groceries, suitcases
•Multiple children
•Strollers
•Expensive gear

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Weather
•Rain
•Very high temps
•Very low temps
It's a raining day. faungg's photoblog
https://www.flickr.com/photos/44534236@N00/5662918577

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Interesting problems
•Strangers ride-sharing
•Open door while vehicle in motion?
•Reuniting with forgotten items?
•Parent loading child into stroller?
Ian Duncan. Autonomous shuttles in Northern Virginia suburb show why the future of robot cars might be slow. Oct. 12, 2019. Washington Post.
https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/trafficandcommuting/autonomous-shuttles-in-northern-virginia-suburb-show-why-the-future-of-robot-
cars-might-be-slow/2019/10/12/145232da-eac0-11e9-9c6d-436a0df4f31d_story.html

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Motion sickness
•Complex factors
•Women
•Asian men
•Children most susceptible
•Age
•Reduction post-childhood
•Older women less susceptible

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Conditions can exacerbate
•Looking down
(reading, looking at low screen)*
•Inability to see outside
•Sitting backwards
•Warmth, smells
•Frequent side-to-side movements, curves

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Seating arrangement and screen locations
Image from:
https://images.pexels.com/photos/428614/seats-train-window-travel-428614.jpeg?w=940&h=650&auto=compress&cs=tinysrgb

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Include susceptible people in research
•Diverse riders
•Previous experience is best indicator
•Pre-screen
•Motion Sickness Susceptibility Questionnaire
(MSSQ-Short)

30. MISBEHAVIOR?

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Knowledge enables preparation
•Consider scenarios inside and outside vehicle
•Abusability testing
•Black mirror brainstorms
•Mitigation planning

32. Personal Vehicles

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Drivers/Operators
•Must actively monitor systems
•Background information
•Audio entertainment

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3-4 is worst for human operators
•Cognitive load is high
•Vehicle’s abilities are low
•Vigilance decrement becomes significant within
the first 15 minutes of attention

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Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS)
https://www.avl.com/adas

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What information needed?
•In context
•Changes due to experience level/comfort?
•Different/changing use?
•Indicate how will interact with others?

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Passenger information

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Routing awareness

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UCD/HF best practices
•Keep attention
•Re-attain early
•Display a minimum of information
•Enough to engender trust
•No more

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Smart Summon (video no longer available)
https://youtu.be/QeNP4lUktPE?t=225

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Entertainment
•Background music
•Family movies for road trips
•Space is tight
•What would I transfer to large screen?
•My privacy?
•Managing separate experiences

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Time
•Commutes are long
•Road trips are rare
•Smartphones more
common
•When is entertainment
needed?
https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2019/10/07/nine-days-road-average-commute-time-reached-new-record-last-year/

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Will entertainment sizzle out?
•Airplanes 10+ years ago
•Now BYOD

45. Social Implications

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Community Considerations
•Friendly, informative introduction
•Work with neighborhood, city, state, region
•Impacts on traffic (at intersection level),
infrastructure
•Appropriate vehicle behavior

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External fear as community
•Concerns for physical safety
•School crossings – start and end of day
•Bikes
•Shorter people
•Concerns about “AI”
•How do I communicate with it?
•What’s it going to do?

48. Pedestrian looks at me
How do I know we agree with the car?

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Safety
•Speed - law isn’t always safe
•Observance varies
•Highly congested city areas
•Jaywalkers
•Law breaking
•Weather

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Localization – “Pittsburgh Left”
https://youtu.be/dsPyKnB7j8o?t=46

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Future
•50/50 autonomous and people
•75/25?
•100%
•Smarter cities

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Best Practices
•Near future - slow, shared rides
•We need more knowledge
•Real people, in-context
•Social implications

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Continue the conversation...
LinkedIn: CarolJSmith
Twitter: @Carologic
Slideshare: carologic

54. Appendix

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The Trolley Problem
• The problem with the trolley problem.
Quartz https://qz.com/1716107/the-
problem-with-the-trolley-problem/
• Does theTrolley Problem Have a
Problem?What if your answer to an
absurd hypothetical question had no
bearing on how you behaved in real
life? By Daniel Engber. Slate.com. June
18, 2018.
https://slate.com/technology/2018/06/p
sychologys-trolley-problem-might-
have-a-problem.html

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In Use…
•Industrial (e.g. mining)
•Transportation of goods
•Food delivery
•Community transportation (trains and busses)

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Directional confusion - wayfinding
•15-26% of humans face some degree of left/right
challenges (directional confusion)
•Inability to easily orient themselves in relation to a
map
•If providing walking directions
•Reduce walking distances
•Provide detailed walking directions
•Identify obvious landmarks to help sighted

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Standards
• ISO 26262 –The Second Edition: what’s in it… and what isn’t.
https://www.techdesignforums.com/practice/technique/iso-26262-the-second-
edition-whats-in-it-and-what-isnt/
• Comparison of the FMEA and STPA safety analysis methods–a case study
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11219-017-9396-0
• "Here'sWhy Everyone Is Using RTI Connext DDS forAutonomousVehicles.”
https://www.rti.com/blog/heres-why-everyone-is-using-rti-connext-dds-for-
autonomous-
vehicles?utm_source=twitterp&utm_campaign=automotive&utm_content=tierone

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References
• Christopher Ingraham. Nine days on the road. Average commute time reached a new record last year.The Washington Post.
October 7, 2019. https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2019/10/07/nine-days-road-average-commute-time-reached-new-
record-last-year/
• Franca G. Mignacca. Self-driving buses hit Montreal streets for first time as part of pilot project. CBC News · Posted: Jun 30,
2019 4:32 PM ET | Last Updated: July 1https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/montreal/self-driving-bus-1.5195915
• Fred Lambert. Driverless Tesla gets pulled over by police on ‘Smart Summon’ — staged or not? Oct. 3rd 2019.
https://electrek.co/2019/10/03/tesla-driverless-pulled-over-police-on-smart-summon/
• Ian Duncan. Autonomous shuttles in NorthernVirginia suburb show why the future of robot cars might be slow. Oct. 12, 2019.
Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/trafficandcommuting/autonomous-shuttles-in-northern-virginia-
suburb-show-why-the-future-of-robot-cars-might-be-slow/2019/10/12/145232da-eac0-11e9-9c6d-436a0df4f31d_story.html
• Michael J. Coren. A Peleton self-driving semi on the test track. From: Self-driving platoons of trucks are coming to a highway
near you. July 19, 2019. https://qz.com/1669462/pelotons-self-driving-semi-truck-is-coming/
• PennLive. Video: How common is the Pittsburgh left? Mar 21, 2017. PennLive.com https://youtu.be/dsPyKnB7j8o?t=46
• Scott Kubo. Current State ofTesla Autopilot - My Commute inTraffic. Sep 16, 2019. https://youtu.be/HI23Yiy-EAE