2. INTRODUCTION
• The end of the 18th century marked a transition from
Rococo art, which embodied the aesthetics of the
Ancient Greece and Rome, and on rationality.
• Art in the 19th century reflected the social and political
transformations of the time. In 1830, the Romantic
movement, which was closely linked to a surge in
nationalist sentiment, reflected the people´s emotions
and passions.
3. INTRODUCTION
• The failure of the 1848 revolutions and social problems
related to industrialisation in the mid-19th century the
led to an artistic movement called Realism.
• At the same time, industrialisation revolutionised the
style of architecture, with the introduction of new
materials such as iron and glass.
4. INTRODUCTION
• At the turn of the century, art broke away from the
accepted objective representations of reality, opening
the way for the avant-garde movements of the 20th
century
5. ART ROCOCO IN SPAIN
• In 18th century Spain, the Rococo style was mainly found inside royal
and aristocratic palaces.
6. ART ROCOCO IN SPAIN
• Sculptures during this period depicted religious scenes, that were
mainly carved from wood and painted.
• Francisco Salzillo (Prayer in the Garden) and Narciso Tomé (El
Transparente, the altarpiece of the Cathedral of Toledo) were notable
sculptors from this period.
7. ART ROCOCO IN SPAIN
• Rococo painting in Spain tended to portray aristocrats in scenes of
intimacy or chivalry.
• The paintings often depicted love scenes or inanimate objects in
bodegones (types of still life paintings).
• Luis Paret and Alcázar were prominent Spanish Rococo painters.
8. NEOCLASSICISM
• Neoclassicism was a movement in Europe between 1760 and
1830 that was inspired by Enlightenment thought, the
Revolution in France and the discovery of ancient
archaeological sites during that period.
The revival of Greek and Roman
ARCHITECTURE
• Neoclassical architecture was based on the ancient Greek and
Roman models (columns, arches and domes).
• It did not follow the excessive ornamentation of the Rococo
style and limited a building's decoration to its facade, leaving
the walls bare except for simple stucco motifs.
9.
10. NEOCLASSICISM
• The construction of public buildings (libraries and museums) took
precedence over religious architecture.
• During the Napoleonic era, commemorative columns and triumphal
arches were built.
• Important neoclassical figures included French architects Jacques-
Gabriel Soufflot (the Pantheon in Paris) and Alexandre-Pierre Vignon
(the Madeleine) and German architect Leo von Klenze (the Propylaea
in Munich).
11. ARCHITECTURE IN CAST-IRON
• During the same period, architecture was also influenced by
two important factors that emerged from the Industrial
Revolution:
The development and mass production of new materials.
The use of iron and steel, the invention of cement and the
widespread use of glass in walls meant that the design and
construction of buildings changed.
Industry, transport networks and cities had new
requirements. Cities needed buildings that were
functional, practical and spacious, and that could be built
quickly and economically.
12. ARCHITECTURE IN CAST-IRON
• The tower built by engineer Gustave Eiffel for the World Fair in Paris
in 1889 became the highest building in the world and a symbol of the
modern age.
• At the same time, the first skyscrapers in the United States of America
were built, designed by architects from the Chicago School.
13. ROMANTICISM
• Romanticism was a movement that spread across Europe at the
beginning of the 19th century.
• The Romantic Era not only encompassed an artistic movement, but
an intellectual one too that had clear political connotations. The new
era opposed the ideals of the previous century's Classical period.
• Romanticism was based on the principles of freedom, individualism
and the free expression of emotions.
• SCULPTURE
• Romantic sculpture aimed to express movement and emotion using
dynamic forms. The gestures and facial features of figures were
especially important and sculptures often focused on patriotic themes.
14. ROMANTICISM
SCULPTURE
• Romantic sculpture aimed to express movement and emotion using
dynamic forms.
• The gestures and facial features of figures were especially important
and sculptures often focused on patriotic themes.
15. ROMANTICISM
PAINTING
• Romanticism had a strong influence on 19th century art.
• Paintings from the Romantic era had five distinguishing
characteristics:
- A preference for diversity over uniformity, and praise for the
individual and tradition.
- An aspiration to individual and national freedom.
- An appreciation of historicism as a tool for learning about one's
roots.
- A sentimental, religious understanding of nature.
- A passion for the exotic and the imagination, leading to an
interest in North African Muslims and Asian culture.
16. Tirol , de FRANZ MARC
C.D. FRIEDRICH – Wanderer
above the Sea of fog
17. REALISM
• In the middle of the 19th century, Romanticism was replaced by
Realism.
• This change was due to several factors:
The failure of the 1848 revolutions put an end
To many of the hopes and illusions that had inspired the Romantic
era with its idealised vision of society and progress.
Industrialisation led to a new system that was full of
contradictions and brought with it misery, poverty, child labour
and exploitation.
Scientific advances presented observation and description as the
best tools for understanding reality.
18. REALISM
Artists during this period, therefore, moved towards a
more realistic aesthetic. They were interested in
understanding the reality of the period and depicting it
accurately.
Realistist sculpture
Realist aesthetics and ideals created detailed art,
especially notable in the faces and bodies of figures.
Portraits were common in Realist art, as were scenes
reflecting different aspects of society such as work or
everyday life.
The most important Realist sculptors were Jean- Baptiste
Carpeaux (France) and Constantin Meunier (Belgium).
19. REALISM
REALIST PAINTING
• The most distinguishing feature of Realist paintings was their accurate
portrayal of everyday life and the problems that arose from
industrialisation (injustice, exhaustion from overwork, etc.).
• The invention of the photograph in 1839 had a huge influence on the
work of artists during that period.
• Compositions changed and paintings adopted a style that was similar
to the frames captured by an instant camera.
20. IMPRESSIONISM
• The Impressionist movement began towards the end of the 19th
century.
• The style of painting in this period placed a lot of emphasis on the
play of light, and how it could alter a scene and the objects within it.
• To better capture these qualities, artists observed reality by painting
in plein air and used their own personal vision to interpret this reality.
21. IMPRESSIONISM
• In Impressionist art, colour took precedence over form.
Impressionism incorporated short, quick brushstrokes, placing colours
side by side so that at a distance they faded into one.
• The Impressionist movement started in France with artists Edouard
Manet, Claude Monet, Pierre- Auguste Renoir and Alfred Sisley.
Edouard Manet. Boating
Claude Manet. The
Japanese Bridge
Pierre Auguste Renoir.
Paseo en bote en la Sena
22. POST-IMPRESSIONISM
• In the mid-1880s, several artists began to distance themselves from
the Impressionist movement to explore geometry, colour, lines and
expression.
• These artists were called Post- Impressionists.
• The most important Post-Impressionist painters included Edgar
Degas, Georges Pierre Seurat, Paul Cézanne, Vincent van Gogh,
Henri Toulouse Lautrec and Eugène Henri Paul Gauguin.
Edgar Degas. The
Rehearsal
Paul Cezanne. Card Players
Henri Toulouse Lautrec
23. SYMBOLISM
• Symbolism was a movement that appeared at the same time as Post-
Impressionism.
• Symbolists painted biblical and mythological scenes, and imaginary
dream worlds.
• The most common figures in Symbolist work were women, appearing
as angels or evil beings.
Puvis de
Chavannes:
Mujeres a orillas
de mar
El baño del caballo, de
Joaquín Sorolla
24. MODERNISM
• Modernism was a movement that emerged in
Europe between 1890 and 1910.
• It was also known as Art Nouveau (France), Stile
Liberty (Italy), Jugendstil (Germany) and
Sezessionstil (Austria).
• The Modernist movement broke away from
academic tradition. It took advantage of the
technology and industry available at that time,
believed strongly in the integral nature of the
arts and supported the tradition of craft.
25. MODERNISM
ARCHITECTURE
• Curved lines, wavy lines and symmetry were prominent features of
Modernist buildings. The forms were inspired by nature, giving
architects a certain amount of creative freedom.
• Modernist architecture incorporated work by craftsmen who
decorated both the interior and exterior of buildings. They created
wrought iron structures, glass doors and windows and ceramic
mosaics.
• Victor Horta and Antoni Gaudí are considered two of the most
important architects from the Modernist period.
28. MODERNISM
SCULPTURE AND PAINTING
• Modernist sculpture, like the architecture of the period, broke away
from academic tradition.
• It focused on the human form and used curved lines.
• The faces of the figures were particularly expressive.
• Sculpture was sometimes incorporated as a decorative addition to a
building.
• Modernist paintings represented symbolic, conceptual scenes. Artists
were inspired by nature and often included women in their paintings.
29. MODERNISM
THE DECORATIVE ARTS
• At the turn of the century, the decorative arts sector (forging metals,
glassworks, ceramics, textiles and furniture) started to play an
increasingly important role. The growth of this industry was inspired
by the desire to combine art with everyday life.
• The English Arts and Crafts Movement was an example of this trend.
• The movement, led by William Morris, promoted the creation of
unique artisan products.
