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UNDERSTANDING
MECHANISMS OF
BEHAVIOR CHANGE
A Cognitive Neuroscience Approach

© CASAColumbia 2013

August 1, 2013
Acknowledgments
NIMH
NIDA
NIAAA

Jon Morgenstern

Noam Zerubavel

© CASAColumbia 2013

Kevin Ochsner

Nasir Naqvi

CASPIR
Andrew Chen
Kaerensa Craft
Marie Hayes
Alexis Kuerbis
Russ Marks
Fred Muench
Cassie van StolkCooke
Alicia Wiprovnick

SCN Lab
Bruce Doré
Robert DeBellis
Alexa Hubbard
Katie Insel
Seth Kallman
Elina Kanellopoulou
Rebecca Martin
Jenny Porter
Jennifer Silvers
Jochen Weber

2
Responses to Alcohol Cues 
Behavior
Reactivity & Regulation
affective & cognitive processes

© CASAColumbia 2013

3
Cognitive Neuroscience
Approach
Ochsner & Lieberman, 2001; Ochsner & Feldman Barrett, 2001; Ochsner, 2008; Martin Braunstein et al., in prep

Social/Cognitive/Affective
Performance

behavior, stimuli
(lab tasks)

Information Processing

psychological cognitive
affective & processes,
mentalprocesses
representations

Neural Systems

specific brain regions

© CASAColumbia 2013

4
Cognitive Neuroscience
Approach
Ochsner & Lieberman, 2001; Ochsner & Feldman Barrett, 2001; Ochsner, 2008; Martin Braunstein et al., in prep

Social/Cognitive/Affective
Performance

1: Apply the model of
basic mechanisms

behavior, stimuli
behavioral measures of
(lab & regulation
emotion tasks)

Information Processing

psychological cognitive
affective & processes,
mentalprocesses
representations

Neural Systems

2: Translate the model

© CASAColumbia 2013

fMRI measures of cortical
specific brain regions
& subcortical systems

For a given population, use behavioral
and neural measures to draw inferences
about (dys)function of specific processes

5
Extant Cog Neuro
Treatment Studies
Morgenstern, Naqvi, DeBellis, & Breiter (2013)

• Predictors of relapse
• Identify biomarkers (morphology and/or activation) that
predict relapse

• Treatment effects
• Develop treatments that target deficits identified by cog
neuro theories (e.g., working memory)
• Test whether treatment changes brain activity to better
understand mechanism of treatment effect
© CASAColumbia 2013

6
Mechanisms of Reactivity and
Regulation Can Inform
Treatments
• Cognitive neuroscience paradigms characterize nature
of the disorder (biomarkers)
• Heightened reward reactivity?
• Regulatory deficits?

• Neural responses to component processes of behavioral
treatments may relate to individual differences in
treatment response
• Ability to apply tailored treatments
© CASAColumbia 2013

7
Ventral Striatum Responds to
Rewards
Primary Rewards

Secondary Rewards

O’Doherty et al., 2002
Fareri, Martin, & Delgado, 2008
© CASAColumbia 2013

Knutson et al., 2003

8
Striatum Activity
Predicts Behavior
Demos et al., 2012

Ventral striatum response to food and erotic images
predicts weight gain and sexual activity.

© CASAColumbia 2013

9
Emotion Regulation
Process Model
after Gross, 1998; Ochsner & Gross, 2005; Ochsner et al., 2012

Regulatory Processes
Situation
selection

Stimuli in context

Select situations
that promote
desired responses

Cognitive change

Situation modification

Internal: thoughts,
sensations, etc.
External: people,
cues, events, etc.

© CASAColumbia 2013

Response modulation

Attention

Appraisal

Response

Change what you
focus on

Reappraise
meaning of
stimulus/event

Suppress or
enhance
expression/b
ehavior

10
Neural Circuitry of
Reactivity & Regulation
Ochsner & Gross, 2005, 2008; Ochsner et al., 2012, Martin Braunstein, Gross & Ochsner in prep

© CASAColumbia 2013

11
Regulation Decreases
Reward Reactivity
Monetary rewards
(Delgado et al., 2008;
Staudinger et al., 2009)

Neural responses to
cocaine cues
(Volkow et al., 2010)

Cigarette craving
(Kober et al., 2010)
© CASAColumbia 2013

12
Cognitive Regulation of Craving
Kober, Mende-Siedlecki, Weber, Hart, Mischel, & Ochsner (2010) PNAS

Think about immediate
consequences of consuming…

NOW
How smoking would make you
feel, it’s smell, it’s taste….

Think about long-term
consequences of consumption…

LATER
Consequence for your health…
Cancer, lung & heart disease….
© CASAColumbia 2013

13
Important to Understand
Regulation
• Reactivity is affected by regulation
• AUD may by driven by
• Heightened reactivity to cues
• Impaired regulation ability
• Both

• Cognitive neuroscience approach allows for examination
of reactivity & regulation

© CASAColumbia 2013

14
THANK YOU!
Ending Addiction
Changes Everything

www.casacolumbia.org

© CASAColumbia 2013

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Understanding Mechanisms of Behavior Change

  • 1. UNDERSTANDING MECHANISMS OF BEHAVIOR CHANGE A Cognitive Neuroscience Approach © CASAColumbia 2013 August 1, 2013
  • 2. Acknowledgments NIMH NIDA NIAAA Jon Morgenstern Noam Zerubavel © CASAColumbia 2013 Kevin Ochsner Nasir Naqvi CASPIR Andrew Chen Kaerensa Craft Marie Hayes Alexis Kuerbis Russ Marks Fred Muench Cassie van StolkCooke Alicia Wiprovnick SCN Lab Bruce Doré Robert DeBellis Alexa Hubbard Katie Insel Seth Kallman Elina Kanellopoulou Rebecca Martin Jenny Porter Jennifer Silvers Jochen Weber 2
  • 3. Responses to Alcohol Cues  Behavior Reactivity & Regulation affective & cognitive processes © CASAColumbia 2013 3
  • 4. Cognitive Neuroscience Approach Ochsner & Lieberman, 2001; Ochsner & Feldman Barrett, 2001; Ochsner, 2008; Martin Braunstein et al., in prep Social/Cognitive/Affective Performance behavior, stimuli (lab tasks) Information Processing psychological cognitive affective & processes, mentalprocesses representations Neural Systems specific brain regions © CASAColumbia 2013 4
  • 5. Cognitive Neuroscience Approach Ochsner & Lieberman, 2001; Ochsner & Feldman Barrett, 2001; Ochsner, 2008; Martin Braunstein et al., in prep Social/Cognitive/Affective Performance 1: Apply the model of basic mechanisms behavior, stimuli behavioral measures of (lab & regulation emotion tasks) Information Processing psychological cognitive affective & processes, mentalprocesses representations Neural Systems 2: Translate the model © CASAColumbia 2013 fMRI measures of cortical specific brain regions & subcortical systems For a given population, use behavioral and neural measures to draw inferences about (dys)function of specific processes 5
  • 6. Extant Cog Neuro Treatment Studies Morgenstern, Naqvi, DeBellis, & Breiter (2013) • Predictors of relapse • Identify biomarkers (morphology and/or activation) that predict relapse • Treatment effects • Develop treatments that target deficits identified by cog neuro theories (e.g., working memory) • Test whether treatment changes brain activity to better understand mechanism of treatment effect © CASAColumbia 2013 6
  • 7. Mechanisms of Reactivity and Regulation Can Inform Treatments • Cognitive neuroscience paradigms characterize nature of the disorder (biomarkers) • Heightened reward reactivity? • Regulatory deficits? • Neural responses to component processes of behavioral treatments may relate to individual differences in treatment response • Ability to apply tailored treatments © CASAColumbia 2013 7
  • 8. Ventral Striatum Responds to Rewards Primary Rewards Secondary Rewards O’Doherty et al., 2002 Fareri, Martin, & Delgado, 2008 © CASAColumbia 2013 Knutson et al., 2003 8
  • 9. Striatum Activity Predicts Behavior Demos et al., 2012 Ventral striatum response to food and erotic images predicts weight gain and sexual activity. © CASAColumbia 2013 9
  • 10. Emotion Regulation Process Model after Gross, 1998; Ochsner & Gross, 2005; Ochsner et al., 2012 Regulatory Processes Situation selection Stimuli in context Select situations that promote desired responses Cognitive change Situation modification Internal: thoughts, sensations, etc. External: people, cues, events, etc. © CASAColumbia 2013 Response modulation Attention Appraisal Response Change what you focus on Reappraise meaning of stimulus/event Suppress or enhance expression/b ehavior 10
  • 11. Neural Circuitry of Reactivity & Regulation Ochsner & Gross, 2005, 2008; Ochsner et al., 2012, Martin Braunstein, Gross & Ochsner in prep © CASAColumbia 2013 11
  • 12. Regulation Decreases Reward Reactivity Monetary rewards (Delgado et al., 2008; Staudinger et al., 2009) Neural responses to cocaine cues (Volkow et al., 2010) Cigarette craving (Kober et al., 2010) © CASAColumbia 2013 12
  • 13. Cognitive Regulation of Craving Kober, Mende-Siedlecki, Weber, Hart, Mischel, & Ochsner (2010) PNAS Think about immediate consequences of consuming… NOW How smoking would make you feel, it’s smell, it’s taste…. Think about long-term consequences of consumption… LATER Consequence for your health… Cancer, lung & heart disease…. © CASAColumbia 2013 13
  • 14. Important to Understand Regulation • Reactivity is affected by regulation • AUD may by driven by • Heightened reactivity to cues • Impaired regulation ability • Both • Cognitive neuroscience approach allows for examination of reactivity & regulation © CASAColumbia 2013 14
  • 15. THANK YOU! Ending Addiction Changes Everything www.casacolumbia.org © CASAColumbia 2013