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Slide 1.1




            26177 Business Strategy for
                   Accountants




                 Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
Slide 1.2




                     Learning outcomes
        • Summarise the strategy of an organisation in a ‘strategy
          statement’.
        • Identify key issues for an organisation’s strategy
          according to the Exploring Strategy model.
        • Distinguish between corporate, business and
          operational strategies.
        • Understand how different people contribute to strategy
          at work.
        • Appreciate the contributions of different academic
          disciplines and theoretical lenses to practical strategy
          analysis.


                                  Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
Slide 1.3




                     Definitions of strategy (1)
        • ‘..the determination of the long-run goals and objectives
          of an enterprise and the adoption of courses of action
          and the allocation of resource necessary for carrying out
          these goals’
          Alfred Chandler

        • ‘Competitive strategy is about being different. It means
          deliberately choosing a different set of activities to deliver
          a unique mix of value’
          Michael Porter
        Sources:
        A.D. Chandler, Strategy and Structure: Chapters in the History of American Enterprise,
        MIT Press, 1963, p. 13
        M.E. Porter, ‘What is strategy?’, Harvard Business Review, 1996, November–December,
        p. 60


                                              Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
Slide 1.4




                    Definitions of strategy (2)

        • ‘..a pattern in a stream of decisions’
          Henry Mintzberg

        • ‘..the long-term direction of an organisation’
          Exploring Strategy
        Sources:
         H. Mintzberg, Tracking Strategy: Toward a General Theory, Oxford University Press,
         2007, p. 3




                                              Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
Slide 1.5




            Strategic decisions




                   Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
Slide 1.6




            Three horizons for strategy (1)

        • Horizon 1 :
             Extend and defend core business.
        • Horizon 2 :
             Build emerging businesses.
        • Horizon 3 :
             Create viable options.




                            Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
Slide 1.7




                      Three horizons for strategy (2)




    Figure 1.2       Three horizons for strategy
    Source: M. Baghai, S. Coley and D. While, The Alchemy of Growth, 2000, Texere Publishers: Figure 1.1, p. 5



                                                                                     Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
Slide 1.8




                         Stakeholders

            Stakeholders are those individuals or
            groups that depend on an organisation to
            fulfil their own goals and on whom, in turn, the
            organisation depends.




                                Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
Slide 1.9




             Levels of strategy (1)


                                                                      News Corporation
                Corporate-                                            diversifying from print
                   level                                              journalism into social
                 strategy                                             networking.


                                                                           Website and marketing
              Business-level                                               improvements at My
                                                                           Space to attract more
                 strategy                                                  users.


                                                                                    MySpace engineers
            Operational strategy                                                    increasing processing
                                                                                    Capacity.


                               Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
Slide 1.10




                  Levels of strategy (2)

         • Corporate Level Strategy is concerned with
           the overall purpose and scope of an
           organisation and how to add value to
           business units.
         • Business Level Strategy is concerned with
           the way a business seeks to compete
           successfully in its particular market.
         • Operational Level Strategy is concerned
           with how different parts of the organisation
           deliver the strategy in terms of managing
           resources, processes and people.
                              Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
Slide 1.11




                   Strategy statements

           Strategy statements should have three
           main themes:
         • the fundamental goals that the organisation
           seeks, which draw on the stated mission,
           vision and objectives
         • the scope or domain of the organisation’s
           activities
         • and the particular advantages or capabilities
           it has to deliver all these.


                              Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
Slide 1.12




                Working with strategy (1)

         All managers are concerned with strategy:
         • Top managers frequently formulate and
           control strategy but may also involve others in
           the process.
         • Middle and lower level managers have to
           meet strategic objectives and deal with
           constraints.
         • All managers have to communicate strategy
           to their teams.
         • All managers can contribute to the formation
           of strategy through ideas and feedback.
                               Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
Slide 1.13




                Working with strategy (2)

         Organisations may also use strategy
           specialists:
         • Many large organisations have in-house
           strategic planning or analyst roles.
         • Strategy consultants can be engaged from
           one of many general management consulting
           firms (e.g. Accenture, IBM Consulting, PwC).
         • There are a growing number of specialist
           strategy consulting firms (e.g. McKinsey &Co,
           The Boston Consulting Group).

                              Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
Slide 1.14




                      Strategy’s three branches




    Figure 1.3   Strategy’s three branches

                                             Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
Slide 1.15




                  The exploring strategy model




    Figure 1.4   The Exploring Strategy Model

                                                Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
Slide 1.16




             Strategic position



                          Environment



                             The                          Goals,
             Capability   Strategic                    Objectives or
                           Position                      Purpose



                            Culture




                          Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
Slide 1.17




                   Strategic position (2)

         Fundamental questions for Strategic
          Position:
         • What are the environmental opportunities and
           threats?
         • What are the organisation’s strengths and
           weaknesses?
         • What is the basic purpose of the organisation?
         • How does culture shape strategy?




                               Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
Slide 1.18




                     Strategic choices (1)

             Strategic choices involve the options for
             strategy in terms of both the directions in
             which strategy might move and the methods
             by which strategy might be pursued.




                                Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
Slide 1.19




             Strategic choices (2)


                                Business-
                                  level

              Corporate-
                 level                                   International
                            Strategic
                             Choices


                                           Acquisitions &
                   Innovation
                                             Alliances




                            Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
Slide 1.20




                   Strategic choices (3)

         Fundamental questions for Strategic
          Choice:
         • How should business units compete?
         • Which businesses to include in the portfolio?
         • Where should the organisation compete
           internationally?
         • Is the organisation innovating appropriately?
         • Should the organisation buy other companies,
           form alliances or go it alone?


                               Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
Slide 1.21




                     Strategy in action (1)

             Strategy in action is about how strategies
             are formed and how they are implemented.
             The emphasis is on the practicalities of
             managing.




                                Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
Slide 1.22




             Strategy in action (2)



                                Processes



              Organising                                       Evaluating
                                Strategy
                               in Action


                    Changing                        Practice




                               Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
Slide 1.23




                   Strategy in action (3)

         Fundamental questions for Strategy in
          Action
         • Which strategies are suitable, acceptable and
           feasible?
         • What kind of strategy-making process is
           needed?
         • What are the required organisation structures
           and systems?
         • How should the organisation manage necessary
           changes?
         • Who should do what in the strategy process?
                              Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
Slide 1.24


                   Exploring strategy in
                    different contexts
         The Exploring Strategy Model can be applied in
         many contexts.
         In each context the balance of strategic issues
         differs:
         • Small Businesses (e.g. Purpose and Growth
           issues)
         • Multinational Corporations (e.g. Geographical
           Scope and Structure/Control issues)
         • Public Sector Organisations (e.g. Service/Quality
           and Managing Change issues)
         • Not For Profit Organisations (e.g. Purpose and
           Funding issues)
                               Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
Slide 1.25




                    The strategy lenses (1)

             The strategy lenses are ways of looking at
             strategy issues differently in order to generate
             many insights. Looking at problems in
             different ways will raise new issues and new
             solutions.




                                 Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
Slide 1.26




                 The strategy lenses (2)

         Strategy can be seen as:
         • Design
         • Experience
         • Variety (Ideas)
         • Discourse




                             Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
Slide 1.27




                  The strategy lenses summary




    Table C.ii   A summary of the strategy lenses

                                             Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
Slide 1.28




                     Chapter summary (1)

         • Strategy is the long-term direction of an organisation. A
           ‘strategy statement’ should cover the goals of an
           organisation, the scope of the organisation’s activities and
           the advantages or capabilities the organisation brings to
           these goals and activities.
         • Corporate-level strategy is concerned with an
           organisation’s overall scope; business-level strategy is
           concerned with how to compete; and operational strategy
           is concerned with how resources, processes and people
           deliver corporate- and business-level strategy.
         • Strategy work is done by managers throughout an
           organisation, as well as specialist strategic planners and
           strategy consultants.
                                    Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
Slide 1.29




                     Chapter summary (2)
         • Research on strategy context, content and process
           shows how the analytical perspectives of economics,
           sociology and psychology can all provide practical
           insights for approaching strategy issues
         • The Exploring Strategy Model has three major elements:
           understanding the strategic position, making strategic
           choices for the future and managing strategy-in-action.
         • Strategic issues are best seen from a variety of
           perspectives, as exemplified by the four strategy lenses
           of design, experience, variety and discourse.




                                   Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
Slide 1.30




             The Strategic Position
                 The Environment




                    Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
Slide 1.31




                   The strategic position
         • How to analyse an organisation’s position in the
           external environment.
         • How to analyse the determinants of strategic
           capability – resources, competences and the
           linkages between them.
         • How to understand an organisation’s purposes,
           taking into account corporate governance,
           stakeholder expectations and business ethics.
         • How to address the role of history and culture in
           determining an organisation’s position.

                               Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited31
                                                                                                                             2011
Slide 1.32




                  Learning outcomes (1)

         • Analyse the broad macro-environment of
           organisations in terms of political, economic,
           social, technological, environmental (‘green’) and
           legal factors (PESTEL).

         • Identify key drivers in this macro-environment
           and use these key drivers to construct alternative
           scenarios with regard to environmental change.




                                Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
Slide 1.33




                  Learning outcomes (2)

         • Use Porter’s five forces analysis in order to
           define the attractiveness of industries and sectors
           and to identify their potential for change.
         • Identify successful strategic groups, valuable
           market segments and attractive ‘Blue Oceans’
           within industries.
         • Use these various concepts and techniques in
           order to recognise threats and opportunities in
           the marketplace.


                                Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
Slide 1.34




             Layers of the business environment




    Figure 2.1   Layers of the business environment

                                             Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
Slide 1.35




               The PESTEL framework (1)

         The PESTEL framework categorises
         environmental influences into six main types:
             political,             economic,
             social,                technological,
             environmental          legal

         Thus PESTEL provides a comprehensive list of
         influences on the possible success or failure of
         particular strategies.


                                Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
Slide 1.36




               The PESTEL framework (2)
         • Political Factors: For example, Government
           policies, taxation changes, foreign trade
           regulations, political risk in foreign markets,
           changes in trade blocks (EU).

         • Economic Factors: For example, business
           cycles, interest rates, personal disposable
           income, exchange rates, unemployment rates,
           GDP trends.

         • Socio-cultural Factors: For example,
           population changes, income distribution, lifestyle
           changes, consumerism, changes in culture and
           fashion.
                                Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
Slide 1.37




              The PESTEL framework (3)
         • Technological Factors: For example, new
           discoveries and technology developments,
           ICT innovations, rates of obsolescence,
           increased spending on R&D.
         • Environmental (‘Green’) Factors: For
           example, environmental protection
           regulations, energy consumption, global
           warming, waste disposal and re-cycling.
         • Legal Factors: For example, competition
           laws, health and safety laws, employment
           laws, licensing laws, IPR laws.
                            Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
Slide 1.38




                  Key drivers of change

         Key drivers for change:
         • The environmental factors likely to have a high
           impact on the success or failure of strategy.
         • For example, the birth rate is a key driver for
           those planning nursery education provision in
           the public sector.
         • Typically key drivers vary by industry or sector.




                               Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
Slide 1.39




             Using the PESTEL framework

         • Apply selectively –identify specific factors which
           impact on the industry, market and organisation in
           question.
         • Identify factors which are important currently but
           also consider which will become more important in
           the next few years.
         • Use data to support the points and analyse trends
           using up to date information
         • Identify opportunities and threats – the main point
           of the exercise!

                                Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
Slide 1.40




                           Scenarios

         Scenarios are detailed and plausible views of how
         the environment of an organisation might develop in
         the future based on key drivers of change about
         which there is a high level of uncertainty.

         • Build on PESTEL analysis .
         • Do not offer a single forecast of how the
         environment will change.
         • An organisation should develop a few alternative
         scenarios (2–4) to analyse future strategic options.

                                Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
Slide 1.41




             Carrying out scenario analysis (1)

         • Identify the most relevant scope of the study – the
           relevant product/market and time span.
         • Identify key drivers of change – PESTEL factors
           that have the most impact in the future but have
           uncertain outcomes.
         • For each key driver select opposing outcomes
           where each leads to very different consequences.




                                Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
Slide 1.42




             Carrying out scenario analysis (2)

         • Develop scenario ‘stories’ - That is, coherent
           and plausible descriptions of the environment
           that result from opposing outcomes
         • Identify the impact of each scenario on the
           organisation and evaluate future strategies in
           the light of the anticipated scenarios.
         • Scenario analysis is used in industries with long
           planning horizons for example, the oil industry
           or airlines.

                               Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
Slide 1.43




              Scenarios for the global financial
                       system, 2020




    Illustration 2.2


                             Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
Slide 1.44




              Industries, markets and sectors

             An industry is a group of firms producing
             products and services that are essentially the
             same. For example, automobile industry and
             airline industry.
             A market is a group of customers for specific
             products or services that are essentially the same
             (e.g. the market for luxury cars in Germany).
             A sector is a broad industry group (or a group of
             markets) especially in the public sector (e.g. the
             health sector)

                                  Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
Slide 1.45




             Porter’s five forces framework

         Porter’s five forces framework helps identify the
         attractiveness of an industry in terms of five
         competitive forces:
         • the threat of entry,
         • the threat of substitutes,
         • the bargaining power of buyers,
         • the bargaining power of suppliers and
         • the extent of rivalry between competitors.
           The five forces constitute an industry’s ‘structure’.

                                 Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
Slide 1.46




                         The five forces framework (1)




    Figure 2.2       The five forces framework
    Source: Adapted with the permission of The Free Press, a Division of Simon & Schuster Adult Publishing Group, from Competitive Strategy: Techniques for Analyzing Industries and
    Competitors by Michael E. Porter. Copyright © 1980, 1998 by The Free Press. All rights reserved

                                                                                      Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
Slide 1.47




                The five forces framework (2)
           The Threat of Entry & Barriers to Entry
         • The threat of entry is low when the barriers
           to entry are high and vice versa.
         • The main barriers to entry are:
              Economies of scale/high fixed costs
              Experience and learning
              Access to supply and distribution channels
              Differentiation and market penetration costs
              Government restrictions (e.g. licensing)
         • New Entrants must consider retaliation
           from organisations already in the market
                                  Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
Slide 1.48




             The five forces framework (3)
                      Threat of Substitutes
         Substitutes are products or services that
         offer a similar benefit, but by a different
         process. Customers will switch to
         alternatives (the threat increases) if the
         price or performance of the substitute is
         superior (e.g. aluminium maybe more
         expensive than steel but it is more cost
         efficient for some car parts). The substitute
         may benefit from an innovation that
         improves customer satisfaction (e.g. high
         speed trains quicker than airlines between
                             Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
Slide 1.49




                The five forces framework (4)
                The bargaining power of buyers
             Buyers are the organisation’s immediate
             customers, not necessarily the ultimate
             consumers. If buyers are powerful, then
             they can demand cheap prices or product /
             service improvements to reduce profits .
             Buyer power is likely to be high when:
              Buyers are concentrated
              Buyers have low switching costs
              Buyers can supply their own inputs (backward
               vertical integration)
                                 Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
Slide 1.50




                The five forces framework (5)
                The bargaining power of suppliers
             Suppliers supply what organisations need
             to produce the product or service. Powerful
             suppliers can eat into an organisation’s
             profits. Supplier power is high when:
             The suppliers are concentrated (few of them).
             Suppliers provide a specialist or rare input.
             Switching costs are high (it is disruptive or
              expensive to change suppliers).
             Suppliers can integrate forwards (e.g. low cost
              airlines have cut out the use of travel agents).
                                  Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
Slide 1.51




              The five forces framework (6)
                Rivalry between competitors
         Competitive rivals have similar products and
         services aimed at the same customer group and are
         direct competitors in the same industry/market
         (distinct from substitutes). The degree of rivalry is
         increased when :
         Competitors are of roughly equal size
         Competitors are aggressive in seeking leadership
         The market is mature or declining
         There are high fixed costs
         The exit barriers are high
         Low level of differentiation
                                Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
Slide 1.52




             Implications of five forces analysis

         • Identifies the attractiveness of industries –
           which industries/markets to enter or leave.
         • Identifies strategies to influence the impact of
           the forces, for example, building barriers to
           entry by becoming more vertically integrated.
         • The forces may have a different impact on
           different organisations e.g. large firms can deal
           with barriers to entry more easily than small
           firms.

                               Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
Slide 1.53




              Issues in five forces analysis

         • Apply at the most appropriate level – not
           necessarily the whole industry. E.g. the European
           low cost airline industry rather than airlines
           globally.
         • Note the convergence of industries – particularly in
           the high tech sectors (e.g. digital industries -
           mobile phones/cameras/mp3 players).
         • Note the importance of complementary products
           and services (e.g. Microsoft windows and McAfee
           computer security systems are complements). This
           can almost be considered as a sixth force.
                                Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
Slide 1.54




                                                  The value net




    Figure 2.3   The value net
    Reprinted by permission of Harvard Business Review. From ‘The Right Game’ by A. Brandenburger and B. Nalebuff, July–August 1996, pp. 57–64.
    Copyright © 1996 by the Harvard Business School Publishing Corporation. All rights reserved

                                                                    Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
Slide 1.55




                     Types of industry (1)

         • Monopolistic industries - an industry with one firm and
           therefore no competitive rivalry. A firm has ‘monopoly
           power’ if it has a dominant position in the market. For
           example, BT in the UK fixed line telephone market.
         • Oligopolistic industries - an industry dominated by a
           few firms with limited rivalry and in which firms have
           power over buyers and suppliers.
         • Perfectly competitive industries - where barriers to
           entry are low, there are many equal rivals each with very
           similar products, and information about competitors is
           freely available. Few (if any) markets are ‘perfect’ but
           may have features of highly competitive markets, for
           example, mini-cabs in London.
                                   Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
Slide 1.56




                   Types of industry (2)

         • Hypercompetitive industries - where the
           frequency, boldness and aggression of competitor
           interactions accelerate to create a condition of
           constant disequilibrium and change.
         • Hypercompetition often breaks out in otherwise
           oligopolistic industries (e.g. mobile phones).
         • Organisations interact in a series of competitive
           moves in hypercompetition which often becomes
           extremely rapid and aggressive as firms vie for
           market leadership.

                               Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
Slide 1.57




                                          Cycles of competition




    Figure 2.6       Cycles of competition
    Source: Adapted with the permission of The Free Press, a Division of Simon & Schuster, Inc., from Hypercompetitive Rivalries: Competing in Highly Dynamic Environments by Richard A.
    D’Aveni with Robert Gunther. Copyright © 1994, 1995 by Richard A. D’Aveni. All rights reserved

                                                                                     Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
Slide 1.58




                           The industry life cycle




    Figure 2.4   The industry life cycle

                                           Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
Slide 1.59




                     Strategic Groups
         Strategic groups are organisations within an
         industry or sector with similar strategic
         characteristics, following similar strategies or
         competing on similar bases.
         • These characteristics are different from
         those in other strategic groups in the same
         industry or sector.
         • There are many different characteristics that
         distinguish between strategic groups.
         • Strategic groups can be mapped on to two
         dimensional charts - useful tools of analysis.
                             Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
Slide 1.60


                  Characteristics for identifying
                        strategic groups




    Figure 2.7   Some characteristics for identifying strategic groups

                                               Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
Slide 1.61


                         Strategic groups in the Indian
                            pharmaceutical industry




    Figure 2.8       Strategic groups in the Indian pharmaceutical industry
    Source: Developed from R. Chittoor and S. Ray, ‘Internationalisation paths of Indian pharmaceutical firms: a strategic group analysis’, Journal of International Management, vol. 13 (2009),
    pp. 338–55

                                                                                         Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
Slide 1.62




             Uses of strategic group analysis
         • Understanding competition - enables focus on
           direct competitors in a strategic group rather
           than the whole industry (e.g. Tesco on
           Sainsburys and Asda)
         • Analysis of strategic opportunities - helps
           identify attractive ‘strategic spaces’ within an
           industry.
         • Analysis of ‘mobility barriers’ Obstacles to
           movement from one strategic group to another.
           Barriers can be overcome to enter more
           attractive groups. Barriers can be built to defend
           an attractive position.
                                Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
Slide 1.63




                        Market segments

         A market segment is a group of customers who have
         similar needs that are different from customer needs in
         other parts of the market.
         • Where these customer groups are relatively small, such
           market segments are called ‘niches’.
         • Customer needs vary. Focusing on customer needs that
           are highly distinctive is one means of building a secure
           segment strategy.
         • Customer needs vary for a variety of reasons -these
           factors can be used to identify distinct market segments.
         • Not all segments are attractive or viable market
         opportunities – evaluation is essential.

                                   Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
Slide 1.64




             Bases of market segmentation (1)




    Table 2.1   Some bases of market segmentation

                                           Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
Slide 1.65




             Who are the strategic customers?

         A strategic customer is the person(s) at
         whom the strategy is primarily addressed
         because they have the most influence over
         which goods or services are purchased.
         • For a food manufacturer it is the multiple
         retailers (e.g. Tesco) that are the strategic
         customers not the ultimate consumer.
         • For a pharmaceutical manufacturer it is the
         health authorities and hospitals not the final
         patient.
                             Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
Slide 1.66




             Critical success factors (CSFs)
         • Critical success factors are those factors that
           are either particularly valued by customers or
           which provide a significant advantage in terms of
           cost.
         • Critical success factors are likely to be an
           important source of competitive advantage if
           organisation has them (or disadvantage if an
           organisation lacks them).
         • Different industries and markets will have
           different critical success factors (e.g. in low cost
           airlines the CSFs will be punctuality and value
           for money whereas in full service airlines it is all
           about quality of service).
                                 Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
Slide 1.67




                     Blue ocean thinking

         • ‘Blue oceans’ are new market spaces where
           competition is minimised.
         • ‘Red Oceans’ are where industries are already well
           defined and rivalry is intense.
         • Blue Ocean thinking encourages entrepreneurs and
           managers to be different by finding or creating market
           spaces that are not currently being served.
         • A ‘strategy canvas’ compares competitors according to
           their performance on key success factors in order to
           develop strategies based on creating new market
           spaces.


                                  Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
Slide 1.68




                      Chapter summary (1)

         • Environmental influences can be thought of as layers
           around an organisation, with the outer layer making up
           the macro-environment, the middle layer making up the
           industry or sector and the inner layer strategic groups
           and market segments.
         • The macro-environment can be analysed in terms of the
           PESTEL factors, from which key drivers of change can
           be identified. Alternative scenarios about the future can
           be constructed according to how the key drivers develop.
         • Industries and sectors can be analysed in terms of
           Porter’s five forces – barriers to entry, substitutes, buyer
           power, supplier power and rivalry. Together, these
           determine industry or sector attractiveness.
                                    Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
Slide 1.69




                     Chapter summary (2)

         • Industries and sectors are dynamic, and their changes
           can be analysed in terms of the industry life cycle,
           comparative five forces radar plots and hypercompetitive
           cycles of competition.
         • In the inner layer of the environment, strategic group
           analysis, market segment analysis and the strategy
           canvas can help identify strategic gaps or opportunities.
         • Blue Ocean strategies characterised by low rivalry are
           likely to be better opportunities than Red Ocean
           strategies with many rivals.
         • The most important reason for environmental analysis is
           to identify OPPORTUNITIES AND THREATS

                                   Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
Slide 1.70




             The Strategic Position
               Strategic Capabilities




                  Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
Slide 1.71




                       Learning outcomes
         • Identify what comprises strategic capabilities in terms of
           organisational resources and competences and how
           these
           relate to the strategies of organisations.
         • Analyse how strategic capabilities might provide
           sustainable competitive advantage on the basis of their
           value, rarity, inimitability and non-substitutability (VRIN).
         • Diagnose strategic capability by means of
           benchmarking, value chain analysis, activity mapping and
           SWOT analysis.
         • Consider how managers can develop strategic
           capabilities for their organisations.

                                     Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
Slide 1.72




        Strategic capabilities: the key issues




    Figure 3.1   Strategic capabilities: the key issues

                                                Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
Slide 1.73




                  Resource-based strategy

             The resource-based view (RBV) of strategy
             asserts that the competitive advantage and
             superior performance of an organisation is
             explained by the distinctiveness of its
             capabilities.




                               Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
Slide 1.74




             Resources and competences

         • Resources are the assets that organisations
           have or can call upon (e.g. from partners or
           suppliers),that is, ‘what we have’ .
         • Competences are the ways those assets are
           used or deployed effectively, that is, what we
           do well’.




                              Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
Slide 1.75




        Components of strategic capabilities




    Table 3.1   Components of strategic capabilities

                                              Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
Slide 1.76




                 Redundant capabilities

         • Capabilities, however effective in the past, can
           become less relevant as industries evolve and
           change.
         • Such ‘capabilities’ can become ‘rigidities’ that
           inhibit change and become a weakness.




                               Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
Slide 1.77




                     Dynamic capabilities

             Dynamic capability is the ability of an
             organisation to renew and recreate its strategic
             capabilities to meet the needs of changing
             environments.




                                 Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
Slide 1.78


                Threshold and distinctive
                     capabilities (1)
         • Threshold capabilities are those needed for
           an organisation to meet the necessary
           requirements to compete in a given market
           and achieve parity with competitors in that
           market – ‘qualifiers’.
         • Distinctive capabilities are those that
           critically underpin competitive advantage and
           that others cannot imitate or obtain –
           ‘winners’.


                              Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
Slide 1.79




                           Core competences

           Core competences1 are the linked set of
           skills, activities and resources that, together:
         • deliver customer value
         • differentiate a business from its competitors
         • potentially, can be extended and developed as
           markets change or new opportunities arise.

             G. Hamel and C.K. Prahalad, ‘The core competence of the
             1

             corporation’, Harvard Business Review, vol. 68, no. 3 (1990),
             pp. 79–91.


                                          Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
Slide 1.80


                     Strategic capabilities and
                      competitive advantage
             The four key criteria by which capabilities can
             be assessed in terms of providing a basis for
             achieving sustainable competitive advantage
             are:
             •value,
             •rarity,
                                       VRIN1
             •inimitability and
             •non-substitutability

             1 Jay Barney: ‘Firm resources and sustained competitive advantage’,
             Journal of Management, vol. 17 (1991), no. 1, pp. 99–120.

                                           Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
Slide 1.81




              V – Value of strategic capabilities
         Strategic capabilities are of value when they:
         • take advantage of opportunities and
         neutralise threats,
         • provide value to customers
         • provide potential competitive advantage
         • at a cost that allows an organisation to realise
           acceptable levels of return



                               Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
Slide 1.82




                           R – Rarity
         • Rare capabilities are those possessed uniquely
           by one organisation or by a few others only.
           (E.g. a company may have patented products,
           have supremely talented people or a powerful
           brand.)
         • Rarity could be temporary.
           (Eg: Patents expire, key individuals can leave
           or brands can be de-valued by adverse
           publicity.)
                              Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
Slide 1.83




                         I – Inimitability
         Inimitable capabilities are those that competitors
         find difficult to imitate or obtain.
         • Competitive advantage can be built on unique
         resources (a key individual or IT system) but
         these may not be sustainable (key people leave
         or others acquire the same systems).
         • Sustainable advantage is more often found in
         competences (the way resources are managed,
         developed and deployed) and the         way
         competences are linked together and integrated.

                              Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
Slide 1.84


                   Criteria for the inimitability of
                        strategic capabilities




    Figure 3.2   Criteria for the inimitability of strategic capabilities

                                                  Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
Slide 1.85




                    N - Non-substitutability
           Competitive advantage may not be sustainable
           if there is a threat of substitution.
         • Product or service substitution from a different
           industry/market. For example, postal services
           partly substituted by e-mail.
         • Competence substitution. For example, a skill
           substituted by expert systems or IT solutions


                               Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
Slide 1.86




                  Criteria for the inimitability of
                       strategic capabilities




    Figure 3.3   VRIN

                                Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
Slide 1.87




                  Organisational knowledge

             Organisational knowledge is the collective
             intelligence, specific to an organisation,
             accumulated through both formal systems and
             the shared experience of people in that
             organisation.

             Some of this knowledge is ‘Tacit’ knowledge
             that is, more personal, context-specific and
             hard to formalise and communicate – so it is
             difficult to imitate, for example, the knowledge
             and relationships in a top R&D team.
                                 Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
Slide 1.88




                        Benchmarking
           Benchmarking is a means of understanding
           how an organisation compares with others –
           typically competitors.
           Two approaches to benchmarking:
         • Industry/sector benchmarking - comparing
           performance against other organisations in the
           same industry/sector against a set of
           performance indicators.
         • Best-in-class benchmarking - comparing an
           organisation’s performance or capabilities
           against ‘best-in-class’ performance – wherever
           that is found even in a very different industry.
           (E.g. BA benchmarked its refuelling operations
           against Formula 1).
                                Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
Slide 1.89




                       The value chain

         • The value chain describes the categories of
           activities within an organisation which,
           together, create a product or service.
         • The value chain invites the strategist to think of
           an organisation in terms of sets of activities –
           sources of competitive advantage can be
           analysed in any or all of these activities.




                               Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
Slide 1.90




                                                          VRIN summary




    Figure 3.4      The value chain within an organisation
    Source: Adapted with the permission of The Free Press, a Division of Simon & Schuster, Inc., from Competitive Advantage: Creating and Sustaining Superior Performance
    by Michael E. Porter. Copyright © 1985, 1998 by Michael E. Porter. All rights reserved

                                                                                     Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
Slide 1.91




                    The value network

         • The value network comprises the set of inter-
           organisational links and relationships that are
           necessary to create a product or service.
         • Competitive advantage can be derived from
           linkages within the value network.




                              Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
Slide 1.92




                                                  The value network




    Figure 3.5       The value network
    Source: Adapted with the permission of The Free Press, a Division of Simon & Schuster, Inc., from Competitive Advantage: Creating and Sustaining Superior Performance
    by Michael E. Porter. Copyright © 1985, 1998 by Michael E. Porter. All rights reserved

                                                                                     Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
Slide 1.93




                 Uses of the value chain
         • A generic description of activities –
           understanding the discrete activities and how
           they both contribute to consumer benefit and
           how they add to cost.
         • Identifying activities where the organisation
           has particular strengths or weaknesses
         • Analysing the competitive position of the
           organisation using the VRIN criteria – thus
           identifying sources of sustainable advantage.
         • Looking for ways to enhance value or
           decrease cost in value activities (e.g.
           outsourcing)
                              Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
Slide 1.94




               Uses of the value network
         • Understanding cost/price structures across
           the value network – analysing the best area of
           focus and the best business model .
         • Identifying ‘profit pools’ within the value
           network and seek to exploit these.
         • The ‘make or buy’ decision: deciding which
           activities to do ‘in-house’ and which to
           outsource.
         • Partnering and relationships – deciding who
           to work with and the nature of these
           relationships.
                              Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
Slide 1.95




              Mapping activity systems (1)

         • Identify ‘higher order strategic themes’ that is,
           how the organisation meets the critical success
           factors in the market.
         • Identify the clusters of activities that underpin
           these themes and how they fit together.
         • Map this in terms of how activity systems are
           interrelated.




                               Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
Slide 1.96




                         SWOT analysis

             SWOT summarises the strengths,
             weaknesses, opportunities and threats likely
             to impact on strategy development.

             INTERNAL      STRENGTHS                                    WEAKNESSES
             HISTORIC

             EXTERNAL      OPPORTUNITIES                                                  THREATS
             FUTURE


                                Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
Slide 1.97




                  Uses of SWOT analysis
         • Key environmental impacts are identified using the
           analytical tools explained in Chapter 2.
         • Major strengths and weaknesses are identified
           using the analytic tools explained in Chapter 3.
         • Scoring (e.g. + 5 to - 5) can be used to assess the
           interrelationship between environmental impacts
           and the strengths and weaknesses.
         • SWOT can be used to examine strengths,
           weaknesses, opportunities and threats in relation
           to competitors.
         • SWOT can be used to generate strategic options–
           using a TOWS matrix.
                                 Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
Slide 1.98




                             The TOWS matrix




    Figure 3.6   The TOWS matrix

                                   Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
Slide 1.99




              Dangers in a SWOT analysis

         • Long lists with no attempt at prioritisation.
         • Over generalisation – sweeping statements
           often based on biased and unsupported
           opinions.
         • SWOT is used as a substitute for analysis – it
           should result from detailed analysis using the
           frameworks in Chapters 2 and 3.
         • SWOT is not used to guide strategy – it is
           seen as an end in itself.

                              Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
Slide 1.100




              Developing strategic capabilities (1)

          Internal capability development:
          • Leveraging capabilities – identifying capabilities
            in one part of the organisation and transferring
            them to other parts (sharing best practice).
          • Stretching capabilities - building new products
            or services out of existing capabilities.




                                Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
Slide 1.101




              Developing strategic capabilities (2)

         • External capability development – adding
           capabilities through mergers, acquisitions or
           alliances.
         • Ceasing activities – non-core activities can be
           stopped, outsourced or reduced in cost.
         • Monitor outputs and benefits – to understand
           sources of consumer benefit and enhance
           anything that contributes to this.
         • Managing the capabilities of people – training,
           development and organisation learning.
                              Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
Slide 1.102




                    Chapter summary (1)

         • Strategic capabilities comprise both resources and
           competences.
         • The concept of dynamic capabilities highlights that
           strategic capabilities need to change as the market
           and environmental context of an organisation
           changes.
         • Sustainability of competitive advantage is likely to
           depend on an organisation’s capabilities being of at
           least threshold value in a market but also being
           valuable, relatively rare, intimable and non-
           substitutable.

                                 Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
Slide 1.103




                    Chapter summary (2)

          Ways of diagnosing organisational capabilities
          include:
          • Benchmarking as a means of understanding the
          relative performance of organisations.
          • Analysing an organisation’s value chain and value
            network as a basis for understanding how value to
            a customer is created and can be developed.
          • Activity mapping as a means of identifying more
          detailed activities which underpin strategic
          capabilities.
          • SWOT analysis as a way of drawing together an
          understanding of strengths, weaknesses,
          opportunities and threats an organisation faces.
                                Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011

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Business Strategy

  • 1. Slide 1.1 26177 Business Strategy for Accountants Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
  • 2. Slide 1.2 Learning outcomes • Summarise the strategy of an organisation in a ‘strategy statement’. • Identify key issues for an organisation’s strategy according to the Exploring Strategy model. • Distinguish between corporate, business and operational strategies. • Understand how different people contribute to strategy at work. • Appreciate the contributions of different academic disciplines and theoretical lenses to practical strategy analysis. Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
  • 3. Slide 1.3 Definitions of strategy (1) • ‘..the determination of the long-run goals and objectives of an enterprise and the adoption of courses of action and the allocation of resource necessary for carrying out these goals’ Alfred Chandler • ‘Competitive strategy is about being different. It means deliberately choosing a different set of activities to deliver a unique mix of value’ Michael Porter Sources: A.D. Chandler, Strategy and Structure: Chapters in the History of American Enterprise, MIT Press, 1963, p. 13 M.E. Porter, ‘What is strategy?’, Harvard Business Review, 1996, November–December, p. 60 Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
  • 4. Slide 1.4 Definitions of strategy (2) • ‘..a pattern in a stream of decisions’ Henry Mintzberg • ‘..the long-term direction of an organisation’ Exploring Strategy Sources: H. Mintzberg, Tracking Strategy: Toward a General Theory, Oxford University Press, 2007, p. 3 Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
  • 5. Slide 1.5 Strategic decisions Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
  • 6. Slide 1.6 Three horizons for strategy (1) • Horizon 1 : Extend and defend core business. • Horizon 2 : Build emerging businesses. • Horizon 3 : Create viable options. Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
  • 7. Slide 1.7 Three horizons for strategy (2) Figure 1.2 Three horizons for strategy Source: M. Baghai, S. Coley and D. While, The Alchemy of Growth, 2000, Texere Publishers: Figure 1.1, p. 5 Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
  • 8. Slide 1.8 Stakeholders Stakeholders are those individuals or groups that depend on an organisation to fulfil their own goals and on whom, in turn, the organisation depends. Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
  • 9. Slide 1.9 Levels of strategy (1) News Corporation Corporate- diversifying from print level journalism into social strategy networking. Website and marketing Business-level improvements at My Space to attract more strategy users. MySpace engineers Operational strategy increasing processing Capacity. Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
  • 10. Slide 1.10 Levels of strategy (2) • Corporate Level Strategy is concerned with the overall purpose and scope of an organisation and how to add value to business units. • Business Level Strategy is concerned with the way a business seeks to compete successfully in its particular market. • Operational Level Strategy is concerned with how different parts of the organisation deliver the strategy in terms of managing resources, processes and people. Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
  • 11. Slide 1.11 Strategy statements Strategy statements should have three main themes: • the fundamental goals that the organisation seeks, which draw on the stated mission, vision and objectives • the scope or domain of the organisation’s activities • and the particular advantages or capabilities it has to deliver all these. Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
  • 12. Slide 1.12 Working with strategy (1) All managers are concerned with strategy: • Top managers frequently formulate and control strategy but may also involve others in the process. • Middle and lower level managers have to meet strategic objectives and deal with constraints. • All managers have to communicate strategy to their teams. • All managers can contribute to the formation of strategy through ideas and feedback. Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
  • 13. Slide 1.13 Working with strategy (2) Organisations may also use strategy specialists: • Many large organisations have in-house strategic planning or analyst roles. • Strategy consultants can be engaged from one of many general management consulting firms (e.g. Accenture, IBM Consulting, PwC). • There are a growing number of specialist strategy consulting firms (e.g. McKinsey &Co, The Boston Consulting Group). Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
  • 14. Slide 1.14 Strategy’s three branches Figure 1.3 Strategy’s three branches Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
  • 15. Slide 1.15 The exploring strategy model Figure 1.4 The Exploring Strategy Model Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
  • 16. Slide 1.16 Strategic position Environment The Goals, Capability Strategic Objectives or Position Purpose Culture Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
  • 17. Slide 1.17 Strategic position (2) Fundamental questions for Strategic Position: • What are the environmental opportunities and threats? • What are the organisation’s strengths and weaknesses? • What is the basic purpose of the organisation? • How does culture shape strategy? Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
  • 18. Slide 1.18 Strategic choices (1) Strategic choices involve the options for strategy in terms of both the directions in which strategy might move and the methods by which strategy might be pursued. Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
  • 19. Slide 1.19 Strategic choices (2) Business- level Corporate- level International Strategic Choices Acquisitions & Innovation Alliances Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
  • 20. Slide 1.20 Strategic choices (3) Fundamental questions for Strategic Choice: • How should business units compete? • Which businesses to include in the portfolio? • Where should the organisation compete internationally? • Is the organisation innovating appropriately? • Should the organisation buy other companies, form alliances or go it alone? Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
  • 21. Slide 1.21 Strategy in action (1) Strategy in action is about how strategies are formed and how they are implemented. The emphasis is on the practicalities of managing. Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
  • 22. Slide 1.22 Strategy in action (2) Processes Organising Evaluating Strategy in Action Changing Practice Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
  • 23. Slide 1.23 Strategy in action (3) Fundamental questions for Strategy in Action • Which strategies are suitable, acceptable and feasible? • What kind of strategy-making process is needed? • What are the required organisation structures and systems? • How should the organisation manage necessary changes? • Who should do what in the strategy process? Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
  • 24. Slide 1.24 Exploring strategy in different contexts The Exploring Strategy Model can be applied in many contexts. In each context the balance of strategic issues differs: • Small Businesses (e.g. Purpose and Growth issues) • Multinational Corporations (e.g. Geographical Scope and Structure/Control issues) • Public Sector Organisations (e.g. Service/Quality and Managing Change issues) • Not For Profit Organisations (e.g. Purpose and Funding issues) Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
  • 25. Slide 1.25 The strategy lenses (1) The strategy lenses are ways of looking at strategy issues differently in order to generate many insights. Looking at problems in different ways will raise new issues and new solutions. Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
  • 26. Slide 1.26 The strategy lenses (2) Strategy can be seen as: • Design • Experience • Variety (Ideas) • Discourse Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
  • 27. Slide 1.27 The strategy lenses summary Table C.ii A summary of the strategy lenses Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
  • 28. Slide 1.28 Chapter summary (1) • Strategy is the long-term direction of an organisation. A ‘strategy statement’ should cover the goals of an organisation, the scope of the organisation’s activities and the advantages or capabilities the organisation brings to these goals and activities. • Corporate-level strategy is concerned with an organisation’s overall scope; business-level strategy is concerned with how to compete; and operational strategy is concerned with how resources, processes and people deliver corporate- and business-level strategy. • Strategy work is done by managers throughout an organisation, as well as specialist strategic planners and strategy consultants. Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
  • 29. Slide 1.29 Chapter summary (2) • Research on strategy context, content and process shows how the analytical perspectives of economics, sociology and psychology can all provide practical insights for approaching strategy issues • The Exploring Strategy Model has three major elements: understanding the strategic position, making strategic choices for the future and managing strategy-in-action. • Strategic issues are best seen from a variety of perspectives, as exemplified by the four strategy lenses of design, experience, variety and discourse. Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
  • 30. Slide 1.30 The Strategic Position The Environment Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
  • 31. Slide 1.31 The strategic position • How to analyse an organisation’s position in the external environment. • How to analyse the determinants of strategic capability – resources, competences and the linkages between them. • How to understand an organisation’s purposes, taking into account corporate governance, stakeholder expectations and business ethics. • How to address the role of history and culture in determining an organisation’s position. Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited31 2011
  • 32. Slide 1.32 Learning outcomes (1) • Analyse the broad macro-environment of organisations in terms of political, economic, social, technological, environmental (‘green’) and legal factors (PESTEL). • Identify key drivers in this macro-environment and use these key drivers to construct alternative scenarios with regard to environmental change. Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
  • 33. Slide 1.33 Learning outcomes (2) • Use Porter’s five forces analysis in order to define the attractiveness of industries and sectors and to identify their potential for change. • Identify successful strategic groups, valuable market segments and attractive ‘Blue Oceans’ within industries. • Use these various concepts and techniques in order to recognise threats and opportunities in the marketplace. Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
  • 34. Slide 1.34 Layers of the business environment Figure 2.1 Layers of the business environment Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
  • 35. Slide 1.35 The PESTEL framework (1) The PESTEL framework categorises environmental influences into six main types: political, economic, social, technological, environmental legal Thus PESTEL provides a comprehensive list of influences on the possible success or failure of particular strategies. Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
  • 36. Slide 1.36 The PESTEL framework (2) • Political Factors: For example, Government policies, taxation changes, foreign trade regulations, political risk in foreign markets, changes in trade blocks (EU). • Economic Factors: For example, business cycles, interest rates, personal disposable income, exchange rates, unemployment rates, GDP trends. • Socio-cultural Factors: For example, population changes, income distribution, lifestyle changes, consumerism, changes in culture and fashion. Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
  • 37. Slide 1.37 The PESTEL framework (3) • Technological Factors: For example, new discoveries and technology developments, ICT innovations, rates of obsolescence, increased spending on R&D. • Environmental (‘Green’) Factors: For example, environmental protection regulations, energy consumption, global warming, waste disposal and re-cycling. • Legal Factors: For example, competition laws, health and safety laws, employment laws, licensing laws, IPR laws. Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
  • 38. Slide 1.38 Key drivers of change Key drivers for change: • The environmental factors likely to have a high impact on the success or failure of strategy. • For example, the birth rate is a key driver for those planning nursery education provision in the public sector. • Typically key drivers vary by industry or sector. Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
  • 39. Slide 1.39 Using the PESTEL framework • Apply selectively –identify specific factors which impact on the industry, market and organisation in question. • Identify factors which are important currently but also consider which will become more important in the next few years. • Use data to support the points and analyse trends using up to date information • Identify opportunities and threats – the main point of the exercise! Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
  • 40. Slide 1.40 Scenarios Scenarios are detailed and plausible views of how the environment of an organisation might develop in the future based on key drivers of change about which there is a high level of uncertainty. • Build on PESTEL analysis . • Do not offer a single forecast of how the environment will change. • An organisation should develop a few alternative scenarios (2–4) to analyse future strategic options. Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
  • 41. Slide 1.41 Carrying out scenario analysis (1) • Identify the most relevant scope of the study – the relevant product/market and time span. • Identify key drivers of change – PESTEL factors that have the most impact in the future but have uncertain outcomes. • For each key driver select opposing outcomes where each leads to very different consequences. Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
  • 42. Slide 1.42 Carrying out scenario analysis (2) • Develop scenario ‘stories’ - That is, coherent and plausible descriptions of the environment that result from opposing outcomes • Identify the impact of each scenario on the organisation and evaluate future strategies in the light of the anticipated scenarios. • Scenario analysis is used in industries with long planning horizons for example, the oil industry or airlines. Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
  • 43. Slide 1.43 Scenarios for the global financial system, 2020 Illustration 2.2 Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
  • 44. Slide 1.44 Industries, markets and sectors An industry is a group of firms producing products and services that are essentially the same. For example, automobile industry and airline industry. A market is a group of customers for specific products or services that are essentially the same (e.g. the market for luxury cars in Germany). A sector is a broad industry group (or a group of markets) especially in the public sector (e.g. the health sector) Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
  • 45. Slide 1.45 Porter’s five forces framework Porter’s five forces framework helps identify the attractiveness of an industry in terms of five competitive forces: • the threat of entry, • the threat of substitutes, • the bargaining power of buyers, • the bargaining power of suppliers and • the extent of rivalry between competitors. The five forces constitute an industry’s ‘structure’. Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
  • 46. Slide 1.46 The five forces framework (1) Figure 2.2 The five forces framework Source: Adapted with the permission of The Free Press, a Division of Simon & Schuster Adult Publishing Group, from Competitive Strategy: Techniques for Analyzing Industries and Competitors by Michael E. Porter. Copyright © 1980, 1998 by The Free Press. All rights reserved Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
  • 47. Slide 1.47 The five forces framework (2) The Threat of Entry & Barriers to Entry • The threat of entry is low when the barriers to entry are high and vice versa. • The main barriers to entry are:  Economies of scale/high fixed costs  Experience and learning  Access to supply and distribution channels  Differentiation and market penetration costs  Government restrictions (e.g. licensing) • New Entrants must consider retaliation from organisations already in the market Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
  • 48. Slide 1.48 The five forces framework (3) Threat of Substitutes Substitutes are products or services that offer a similar benefit, but by a different process. Customers will switch to alternatives (the threat increases) if the price or performance of the substitute is superior (e.g. aluminium maybe more expensive than steel but it is more cost efficient for some car parts). The substitute may benefit from an innovation that improves customer satisfaction (e.g. high speed trains quicker than airlines between Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
  • 49. Slide 1.49 The five forces framework (4) The bargaining power of buyers Buyers are the organisation’s immediate customers, not necessarily the ultimate consumers. If buyers are powerful, then they can demand cheap prices or product / service improvements to reduce profits . Buyer power is likely to be high when:  Buyers are concentrated  Buyers have low switching costs  Buyers can supply their own inputs (backward vertical integration) Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
  • 50. Slide 1.50 The five forces framework (5) The bargaining power of suppliers Suppliers supply what organisations need to produce the product or service. Powerful suppliers can eat into an organisation’s profits. Supplier power is high when: The suppliers are concentrated (few of them). Suppliers provide a specialist or rare input. Switching costs are high (it is disruptive or expensive to change suppliers). Suppliers can integrate forwards (e.g. low cost airlines have cut out the use of travel agents). Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
  • 51. Slide 1.51 The five forces framework (6) Rivalry between competitors Competitive rivals have similar products and services aimed at the same customer group and are direct competitors in the same industry/market (distinct from substitutes). The degree of rivalry is increased when : Competitors are of roughly equal size Competitors are aggressive in seeking leadership The market is mature or declining There are high fixed costs The exit barriers are high Low level of differentiation Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
  • 52. Slide 1.52 Implications of five forces analysis • Identifies the attractiveness of industries – which industries/markets to enter or leave. • Identifies strategies to influence the impact of the forces, for example, building barriers to entry by becoming more vertically integrated. • The forces may have a different impact on different organisations e.g. large firms can deal with barriers to entry more easily than small firms. Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
  • 53. Slide 1.53 Issues in five forces analysis • Apply at the most appropriate level – not necessarily the whole industry. E.g. the European low cost airline industry rather than airlines globally. • Note the convergence of industries – particularly in the high tech sectors (e.g. digital industries - mobile phones/cameras/mp3 players). • Note the importance of complementary products and services (e.g. Microsoft windows and McAfee computer security systems are complements). This can almost be considered as a sixth force. Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
  • 54. Slide 1.54 The value net Figure 2.3 The value net Reprinted by permission of Harvard Business Review. From ‘The Right Game’ by A. Brandenburger and B. Nalebuff, July–August 1996, pp. 57–64. Copyright © 1996 by the Harvard Business School Publishing Corporation. All rights reserved Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
  • 55. Slide 1.55 Types of industry (1) • Monopolistic industries - an industry with one firm and therefore no competitive rivalry. A firm has ‘monopoly power’ if it has a dominant position in the market. For example, BT in the UK fixed line telephone market. • Oligopolistic industries - an industry dominated by a few firms with limited rivalry and in which firms have power over buyers and suppliers. • Perfectly competitive industries - where barriers to entry are low, there are many equal rivals each with very similar products, and information about competitors is freely available. Few (if any) markets are ‘perfect’ but may have features of highly competitive markets, for example, mini-cabs in London. Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
  • 56. Slide 1.56 Types of industry (2) • Hypercompetitive industries - where the frequency, boldness and aggression of competitor interactions accelerate to create a condition of constant disequilibrium and change. • Hypercompetition often breaks out in otherwise oligopolistic industries (e.g. mobile phones). • Organisations interact in a series of competitive moves in hypercompetition which often becomes extremely rapid and aggressive as firms vie for market leadership. Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
  • 57. Slide 1.57 Cycles of competition Figure 2.6 Cycles of competition Source: Adapted with the permission of The Free Press, a Division of Simon & Schuster, Inc., from Hypercompetitive Rivalries: Competing in Highly Dynamic Environments by Richard A. D’Aveni with Robert Gunther. Copyright © 1994, 1995 by Richard A. D’Aveni. All rights reserved Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
  • 58. Slide 1.58 The industry life cycle Figure 2.4 The industry life cycle Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
  • 59. Slide 1.59 Strategic Groups Strategic groups are organisations within an industry or sector with similar strategic characteristics, following similar strategies or competing on similar bases. • These characteristics are different from those in other strategic groups in the same industry or sector. • There are many different characteristics that distinguish between strategic groups. • Strategic groups can be mapped on to two dimensional charts - useful tools of analysis. Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
  • 60. Slide 1.60 Characteristics for identifying strategic groups Figure 2.7 Some characteristics for identifying strategic groups Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
  • 61. Slide 1.61 Strategic groups in the Indian pharmaceutical industry Figure 2.8 Strategic groups in the Indian pharmaceutical industry Source: Developed from R. Chittoor and S. Ray, ‘Internationalisation paths of Indian pharmaceutical firms: a strategic group analysis’, Journal of International Management, vol. 13 (2009), pp. 338–55 Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
  • 62. Slide 1.62 Uses of strategic group analysis • Understanding competition - enables focus on direct competitors in a strategic group rather than the whole industry (e.g. Tesco on Sainsburys and Asda) • Analysis of strategic opportunities - helps identify attractive ‘strategic spaces’ within an industry. • Analysis of ‘mobility barriers’ Obstacles to movement from one strategic group to another. Barriers can be overcome to enter more attractive groups. Barriers can be built to defend an attractive position. Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
  • 63. Slide 1.63 Market segments A market segment is a group of customers who have similar needs that are different from customer needs in other parts of the market. • Where these customer groups are relatively small, such market segments are called ‘niches’. • Customer needs vary. Focusing on customer needs that are highly distinctive is one means of building a secure segment strategy. • Customer needs vary for a variety of reasons -these factors can be used to identify distinct market segments. • Not all segments are attractive or viable market opportunities – evaluation is essential. Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
  • 64. Slide 1.64 Bases of market segmentation (1) Table 2.1 Some bases of market segmentation Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
  • 65. Slide 1.65 Who are the strategic customers? A strategic customer is the person(s) at whom the strategy is primarily addressed because they have the most influence over which goods or services are purchased. • For a food manufacturer it is the multiple retailers (e.g. Tesco) that are the strategic customers not the ultimate consumer. • For a pharmaceutical manufacturer it is the health authorities and hospitals not the final patient. Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
  • 66. Slide 1.66 Critical success factors (CSFs) • Critical success factors are those factors that are either particularly valued by customers or which provide a significant advantage in terms of cost. • Critical success factors are likely to be an important source of competitive advantage if organisation has them (or disadvantage if an organisation lacks them). • Different industries and markets will have different critical success factors (e.g. in low cost airlines the CSFs will be punctuality and value for money whereas in full service airlines it is all about quality of service). Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
  • 67. Slide 1.67 Blue ocean thinking • ‘Blue oceans’ are new market spaces where competition is minimised. • ‘Red Oceans’ are where industries are already well defined and rivalry is intense. • Blue Ocean thinking encourages entrepreneurs and managers to be different by finding or creating market spaces that are not currently being served. • A ‘strategy canvas’ compares competitors according to their performance on key success factors in order to develop strategies based on creating new market spaces. Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
  • 68. Slide 1.68 Chapter summary (1) • Environmental influences can be thought of as layers around an organisation, with the outer layer making up the macro-environment, the middle layer making up the industry or sector and the inner layer strategic groups and market segments. • The macro-environment can be analysed in terms of the PESTEL factors, from which key drivers of change can be identified. Alternative scenarios about the future can be constructed according to how the key drivers develop. • Industries and sectors can be analysed in terms of Porter’s five forces – barriers to entry, substitutes, buyer power, supplier power and rivalry. Together, these determine industry or sector attractiveness. Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
  • 69. Slide 1.69 Chapter summary (2) • Industries and sectors are dynamic, and their changes can be analysed in terms of the industry life cycle, comparative five forces radar plots and hypercompetitive cycles of competition. • In the inner layer of the environment, strategic group analysis, market segment analysis and the strategy canvas can help identify strategic gaps or opportunities. • Blue Ocean strategies characterised by low rivalry are likely to be better opportunities than Red Ocean strategies with many rivals. • The most important reason for environmental analysis is to identify OPPORTUNITIES AND THREATS Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
  • 70. Slide 1.70 The Strategic Position Strategic Capabilities Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
  • 71. Slide 1.71 Learning outcomes • Identify what comprises strategic capabilities in terms of organisational resources and competences and how these relate to the strategies of organisations. • Analyse how strategic capabilities might provide sustainable competitive advantage on the basis of their value, rarity, inimitability and non-substitutability (VRIN). • Diagnose strategic capability by means of benchmarking, value chain analysis, activity mapping and SWOT analysis. • Consider how managers can develop strategic capabilities for their organisations. Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
  • 72. Slide 1.72 Strategic capabilities: the key issues Figure 3.1 Strategic capabilities: the key issues Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
  • 73. Slide 1.73 Resource-based strategy The resource-based view (RBV) of strategy asserts that the competitive advantage and superior performance of an organisation is explained by the distinctiveness of its capabilities. Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
  • 74. Slide 1.74 Resources and competences • Resources are the assets that organisations have or can call upon (e.g. from partners or suppliers),that is, ‘what we have’ . • Competences are the ways those assets are used or deployed effectively, that is, what we do well’. Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
  • 75. Slide 1.75 Components of strategic capabilities Table 3.1 Components of strategic capabilities Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
  • 76. Slide 1.76 Redundant capabilities • Capabilities, however effective in the past, can become less relevant as industries evolve and change. • Such ‘capabilities’ can become ‘rigidities’ that inhibit change and become a weakness. Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
  • 77. Slide 1.77 Dynamic capabilities Dynamic capability is the ability of an organisation to renew and recreate its strategic capabilities to meet the needs of changing environments. Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
  • 78. Slide 1.78 Threshold and distinctive capabilities (1) • Threshold capabilities are those needed for an organisation to meet the necessary requirements to compete in a given market and achieve parity with competitors in that market – ‘qualifiers’. • Distinctive capabilities are those that critically underpin competitive advantage and that others cannot imitate or obtain – ‘winners’. Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
  • 79. Slide 1.79 Core competences Core competences1 are the linked set of skills, activities and resources that, together: • deliver customer value • differentiate a business from its competitors • potentially, can be extended and developed as markets change or new opportunities arise. G. Hamel and C.K. Prahalad, ‘The core competence of the 1 corporation’, Harvard Business Review, vol. 68, no. 3 (1990), pp. 79–91. Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
  • 80. Slide 1.80 Strategic capabilities and competitive advantage The four key criteria by which capabilities can be assessed in terms of providing a basis for achieving sustainable competitive advantage are: •value, •rarity, VRIN1 •inimitability and •non-substitutability 1 Jay Barney: ‘Firm resources and sustained competitive advantage’, Journal of Management, vol. 17 (1991), no. 1, pp. 99–120. Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
  • 81. Slide 1.81 V – Value of strategic capabilities Strategic capabilities are of value when they: • take advantage of opportunities and neutralise threats, • provide value to customers • provide potential competitive advantage • at a cost that allows an organisation to realise acceptable levels of return Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
  • 82. Slide 1.82 R – Rarity • Rare capabilities are those possessed uniquely by one organisation or by a few others only. (E.g. a company may have patented products, have supremely talented people or a powerful brand.) • Rarity could be temporary. (Eg: Patents expire, key individuals can leave or brands can be de-valued by adverse publicity.) Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
  • 83. Slide 1.83 I – Inimitability Inimitable capabilities are those that competitors find difficult to imitate or obtain. • Competitive advantage can be built on unique resources (a key individual or IT system) but these may not be sustainable (key people leave or others acquire the same systems). • Sustainable advantage is more often found in competences (the way resources are managed, developed and deployed) and the way competences are linked together and integrated. Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
  • 84. Slide 1.84 Criteria for the inimitability of strategic capabilities Figure 3.2 Criteria for the inimitability of strategic capabilities Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
  • 85. Slide 1.85 N - Non-substitutability Competitive advantage may not be sustainable if there is a threat of substitution. • Product or service substitution from a different industry/market. For example, postal services partly substituted by e-mail. • Competence substitution. For example, a skill substituted by expert systems or IT solutions Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
  • 86. Slide 1.86 Criteria for the inimitability of strategic capabilities Figure 3.3 VRIN Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
  • 87. Slide 1.87 Organisational knowledge Organisational knowledge is the collective intelligence, specific to an organisation, accumulated through both formal systems and the shared experience of people in that organisation. Some of this knowledge is ‘Tacit’ knowledge that is, more personal, context-specific and hard to formalise and communicate – so it is difficult to imitate, for example, the knowledge and relationships in a top R&D team. Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
  • 88. Slide 1.88 Benchmarking Benchmarking is a means of understanding how an organisation compares with others – typically competitors. Two approaches to benchmarking: • Industry/sector benchmarking - comparing performance against other organisations in the same industry/sector against a set of performance indicators. • Best-in-class benchmarking - comparing an organisation’s performance or capabilities against ‘best-in-class’ performance – wherever that is found even in a very different industry. (E.g. BA benchmarked its refuelling operations against Formula 1). Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
  • 89. Slide 1.89 The value chain • The value chain describes the categories of activities within an organisation which, together, create a product or service. • The value chain invites the strategist to think of an organisation in terms of sets of activities – sources of competitive advantage can be analysed in any or all of these activities. Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
  • 90. Slide 1.90 VRIN summary Figure 3.4 The value chain within an organisation Source: Adapted with the permission of The Free Press, a Division of Simon & Schuster, Inc., from Competitive Advantage: Creating and Sustaining Superior Performance by Michael E. Porter. Copyright © 1985, 1998 by Michael E. Porter. All rights reserved Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
  • 91. Slide 1.91 The value network • The value network comprises the set of inter- organisational links and relationships that are necessary to create a product or service. • Competitive advantage can be derived from linkages within the value network. Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
  • 92. Slide 1.92 The value network Figure 3.5 The value network Source: Adapted with the permission of The Free Press, a Division of Simon & Schuster, Inc., from Competitive Advantage: Creating and Sustaining Superior Performance by Michael E. Porter. Copyright © 1985, 1998 by Michael E. Porter. All rights reserved Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
  • 93. Slide 1.93 Uses of the value chain • A generic description of activities – understanding the discrete activities and how they both contribute to consumer benefit and how they add to cost. • Identifying activities where the organisation has particular strengths or weaknesses • Analysing the competitive position of the organisation using the VRIN criteria – thus identifying sources of sustainable advantage. • Looking for ways to enhance value or decrease cost in value activities (e.g. outsourcing) Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
  • 94. Slide 1.94 Uses of the value network • Understanding cost/price structures across the value network – analysing the best area of focus and the best business model . • Identifying ‘profit pools’ within the value network and seek to exploit these. • The ‘make or buy’ decision: deciding which activities to do ‘in-house’ and which to outsource. • Partnering and relationships – deciding who to work with and the nature of these relationships. Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
  • 95. Slide 1.95 Mapping activity systems (1) • Identify ‘higher order strategic themes’ that is, how the organisation meets the critical success factors in the market. • Identify the clusters of activities that underpin these themes and how they fit together. • Map this in terms of how activity systems are interrelated. Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
  • 96. Slide 1.96 SWOT analysis SWOT summarises the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats likely to impact on strategy development. INTERNAL STRENGTHS WEAKNESSES HISTORIC EXTERNAL OPPORTUNITIES THREATS FUTURE Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
  • 97. Slide 1.97 Uses of SWOT analysis • Key environmental impacts are identified using the analytical tools explained in Chapter 2. • Major strengths and weaknesses are identified using the analytic tools explained in Chapter 3. • Scoring (e.g. + 5 to - 5) can be used to assess the interrelationship between environmental impacts and the strengths and weaknesses. • SWOT can be used to examine strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats in relation to competitors. • SWOT can be used to generate strategic options– using a TOWS matrix. Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
  • 98. Slide 1.98 The TOWS matrix Figure 3.6 The TOWS matrix Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
  • 99. Slide 1.99 Dangers in a SWOT analysis • Long lists with no attempt at prioritisation. • Over generalisation – sweeping statements often based on biased and unsupported opinions. • SWOT is used as a substitute for analysis – it should result from detailed analysis using the frameworks in Chapters 2 and 3. • SWOT is not used to guide strategy – it is seen as an end in itself. Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
  • 100. Slide 1.100 Developing strategic capabilities (1) Internal capability development: • Leveraging capabilities – identifying capabilities in one part of the organisation and transferring them to other parts (sharing best practice). • Stretching capabilities - building new products or services out of existing capabilities. Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
  • 101. Slide 1.101 Developing strategic capabilities (2) • External capability development – adding capabilities through mergers, acquisitions or alliances. • Ceasing activities – non-core activities can be stopped, outsourced or reduced in cost. • Monitor outputs and benefits – to understand sources of consumer benefit and enhance anything that contributes to this. • Managing the capabilities of people – training, development and organisation learning. Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
  • 102. Slide 1.102 Chapter summary (1) • Strategic capabilities comprise both resources and competences. • The concept of dynamic capabilities highlights that strategic capabilities need to change as the market and environmental context of an organisation changes. • Sustainability of competitive advantage is likely to depend on an organisation’s capabilities being of at least threshold value in a market but also being valuable, relatively rare, intimable and non- substitutable. Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
  • 103. Slide 1.103 Chapter summary (2) Ways of diagnosing organisational capabilities include: • Benchmarking as a means of understanding the relative performance of organisations. • Analysing an organisation’s value chain and value network as a basis for understanding how value to a customer is created and can be developed. • Activity mapping as a means of identifying more detailed activities which underpin strategic capabilities. • SWOT analysis as a way of drawing together an understanding of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats an organisation faces. Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011

Editor's Notes

  1. Need to change to 9 th Edition and change title to Exploring Strategy – the rest is OK.
  2. Update: Change to 9 th edition and title to Exploring Strategy
  3. Update slide – change to 9 th edition and title to Exploring Strategy