2. Contents
About Consumer Behaviour
Factors effecting Human Decision Process
Attitude Measurement
About Attitudes
Methods of Attitude Measurement
Non-structured - Non-Disguised Methods
Non Structured - Disguised Methods
Structured Non - Disguised Techniques[scaling]
Structured - Disguised Methods
Multidimensional Scaling[MDS]
2
3. We Study:
Consumer Behaviour / Motivation Research: Try to
look in to consumer's thought processes to find WHY s/he
buys something . This is a highly qualitative and subjective
area. Marketing Research views the human mind as a black
box (Opaque) as inputs and outputs are seen but what
happens in between is a mystery even when there is a reason
for every action.
3
4. FACTORS EFFECTING HUMAN DECISION
PROCESS
• Economic Factors: Man as a rational economic decision-maker who
computes the marginal utility of each rupee and spends on products
that maximise marginal utility. However we don't know how the
consumer determines the marginal utilities.Yet most marketing
phenomena can be explained by effect of prices, supply and demand.
• Personality Factors: Most products have a personality profile and
appeal to persons having / wanting that profile (e.g. Red and White).
MR studies personality dimensions to profile products / persons to
which the product appeals. This is also known as psychographics.
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5. FACTORS EFFECTING HUMAN DECISION
PROCESS
• External Factors:
i) Non - Marketing ControlledVariables:
Economic, Social, cultural forces beyond control of the
individual firms.
ii) Marketing ControlledVariables:
Consumers decision affected by combination of prices,
products, promotion, service, distribution.
Factors in market place. Companies test product versions,
packages, prices etc. to attain profits.
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6. Why study Consumer Behaviour??
To find out:
Which things appeal to which people.
Why consumers react to same stimuli differently.
Image vis a vis competitors.
To model an appropriate mix for the target market
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7. MOTIVATIONAL RESEARCH TECHNIQUES: ATTITUDE
MEASUREMENT
"Attitude is defined as the predisposition to respond to an
idea or object, and in marketing it relates to the consumer's
predisposition to respond to a particular product or
service".
Attitudes are composed of
1) Beliefs about the subject
2)Emotional feeling (like-dislike)
3) Readiness to respond behaviourally - i.e. buy
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8. More about Attitudes
Attitudes are complex and not fully understood.
Attitudes can be changed but they tend to persist.
Attitude measurement tends to focus on beliefs and
emotional feelings.
None of existing devices is very accurate.
General methods of attitude measurement include :
Questionnaire methods (i.e. self-reports, verbal reactions to
situations),
Observation methods (actions or physiological reaction like
sweating, pupils dilation etc).
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9. Specific Methods of Attitude Measurement:
Non - structured methods:
a) Disguised
b) Non – disguised
Structured methods:
a) Disguised
b) Non-disguised
A method is structured when there is a formal structure or
procedure for the questioning.
It is disguised when the respondent does not know the
purpose of the interview.
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10. Word Association Interviews:
Sentence Completion Focus Group
Pictorial Techniques In – Depth
Guessing errors reveal Scales:
attitudes Ordinal
Interval
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11. 1) Non-structured - Non-Disguised
Methods:
Good for exploratory studies:
Depth Interviews:
Conducted by psychologists - in-depth discussion
around the subject and each aspect introduced.
Respondent is encouraged to open up and depends on
interviewer ‘s skill and imagination. It is costly and also
gives errors due to small sample
Focus Group Interviews:
Here groups are interviewed and it reduces costs and stimulates
respondents by group interaction. However, domination by one
or more individuals is possible.
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12. 2) Non Structured - Disguised Methods:
These help to get responses in some cases where respondents would not open
up. Projective techniques are used to see conscious / unconscious attitudes.
These are vague / incomplete stimuli and it is believed respondents respond to
reveal their attitudes:
a) Word associations: First reaction to words related to the subject.
Responses are timed so as to take in to account answers which are
'reasoned out'. It's like a game but requires skill to interpret results.
b) Sentence Completion: Respondent asked to complete incomplete
sentences with first thought and timed. Here some respondents may
be able to see thru the disguises: "A person who reads India today
is……."
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13. 2) Non Structured - Disguised Methods:
c) Story completion: give ending to a story
d) Pictorial Techniques:
Here pictures are used as stimuli :
• Thematic Apperception Test: TAT shows series of
ambiguous pictures and respondents are asked to tell a story.
It is held that in describing the characters / actions the
respondent indirectly tells about himself.
• Cartoon Tests: Modification of TAT & simpler to show,
Cartoons pertinent to the problem are shown one / more
balloons is left open for the respondent to fill. Cartoons
should be carefully chosen to reflect situations in which
respondent can project themselves easily.
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14. 3)Structured Non - Disguised Techniques :
[Scaling]
Since disguise makes measurement indirect and comparisons
become difficult hence development of standardised attitude
measuring instruments is necessary.
Scaling is used to measure attitudes objectively.
Basically there are two types of scales:
• Ordinal Scales: Rank respondent according to some
characteristics or ranks items / brands in order of preference.
These do not measure degree of like / dislike rankings or distance
between rankings.
• Interval Scales: Give items / individuals rank order plus
measure distance between rank positions in equal units.
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16. Structured Non - Disguised Techniques
a) Self-Rating Scales: Respondents classify themselves in one
or two categories (or do not know) categories. Further
refined to give additional alternatives in degrees of like or
dislike. Two variations of self-rating scale are:
i) Graphic Rating Scales:
Widely used, Respondents asked to rate himself by checking a
point on a scale between two extremes. There are different types
of such scales in use. They can vary from a 3 point scale or 11 pt. It
can be odd/even, measured numerically / verbally or by both.
Such ordinal scales rank points and say nothing about relative
distance between points.
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17. ii) Semantic Differential Scales:
Respondents are asked to rank brands (or other subject) according to attitude being
studied.
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18. ii.) Semantic Differential Scales:
Popular and main use in brand and company image studies as
it permits development of descriptive profiles that facilitate
comparisons. Bipolar scales are used to rate any product,
moving to / from bipolar adjectives. Researchers can develop
scales as per antonyms or opposite.
It gives a good basis of comparisons of image profiles. It is
simple to use, easy and fast to administer and sensitive to
small differences to attitude, highly versatile, reliable and
generally valid.
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19. b) Ranking
Respondents can be asked to rank brands or other subjects of
interest according to attitude being studied. Such rankings do
not give absolute ratings. For example :
For each of the products listed in the next slide four different
brands and generic categories are listed. For each product
rank the brands 1,2,3 or 4 according to how likely you would
be to purchase the brand when you next buy that product.
Put #1 by the brand you would be most likely to buy; #4 by
the brand you would be least likely to buy.
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21. c) Multiple Item Scales:
To facilitate summarising all elements in to one measure. Two most
popular multiple item scales are:
i) Thrustone Scale: Method of equal appearing intervals based on
the concept that people can tell difference between the attitude
represented by 2 different statements and can identify items
approximately half way in between. Here we
(a) Collect large number of statements related to the attitude in
question.
(b) Over 20 judges put them in to 11 piles negative in pile one;
neutral in 6 and positive in 11 piles.
(c) Drop statements that different judges have given scattered
ratings.
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22. Thrustone Scale
(d) Select one statement from each pile for final scale.
Following statements show how to measure attitudeto Tv
commercials on a 11pt scale :
1. All TV commercials should be prohibited by law.
2. Watching TV commercials is a complete waste of time.
3. Most TV commercials are pretty bad.
4. TV commercials are monotonous.
5. TV commercials do not interfere too much with
enjoying TV.
6. I have no feeling one way or the other about mostTV
commercials.
7. I like TV commercials at times.
8. Most TV commercials are fairly interesting.
9. I like to buy products advertised on TV whenever
possible.
10. Most TV commercials help people select the best
products available.
11.TV commercials are more fun to watch than the
regular programs.
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23. Thrustone Scale
Respondent's indicate agree/disagree with each statement and generally they
will agree with only one / few statements (take median) indicating direction
of attitude.
Disadvantage:
1) Not very popular due to time consuming task of preparing.
2) Judges attitude may influence their ratings.
3) Resp. can get same score even while agreeing with different
with different statement items (as median is taken).
4) It does not get information on degree of intensity of
agreement with different items (an medians is taken).
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24. ii) Likert Scale
Here Respondents are asked to indicate the degree of agreement or
disagreement with each statement and each degree of agreement
disagreement is given a numerical score and total score is computed
by summing these scores from all statements.
Here we :
(a) Get large number of statements relevant to the attitude in
question which are clearly identifiable as favourable or
unfavourable.
(b) Select a series of responses that represent various degrees of
agreement / disagreement. (five, 7 or 9 variation).
(c) Administer statements to a rep. group.
(d) Compute each individual score by summing scores of the
response to each question.
(e) Drop those statements that do not discriminate between the
high and low scorers on the total test
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25. Disadvantages of Likert Scale
1) Likert scales are of ordinal type and don't
measure difference between attitudes.
2) Same problems as preparing Thurstone scales.
3) Similar scores can be achieved through varying
combination of responses.
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26. 4) Structured - Disguised Methods:
Since non - structured techniques are (i) slow, costly (ii) data
collection / interpretation is subjective / open to bias,
structured methods overcome the problem.
It is held that people tend to know more about things they
favour / like and if asked to guess factual information they
will guess in a direction favourable to their ideas. Respondent
given questionnaire that they are not likely to answer
correctly and so forced to guess.
The extent and direction of these guessing errors is assumed
to reveal their attitudes as the subject.
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27. Multidimensional Scaling [MDS]:
In earlier scales researchers knew in advance what attitude
dimensions are relevant. In MDS computer based techniques
are used to present an object in multidimensional space
based on one or more respondent's perceptions towards the
object.
Here neither the respondent nor researcher can accurately
identify the number or nature of dimensions a respondent
utilises in the evaluation. MDS uses simple data - similarly or
preference for brands, Companies etc and attempts to
disclose dimensions that underlie these judgements.
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28. Multidimensional Scaling [MDS]:
MDS helps to answer following questions:
1. What are major attributes of a product class (e.g. soft
drinks) which consumers perceive viewing the product
and by which they compare different brands.
2. Which brands compete most / least with each other.
3. Would consumers accept a new brand with a
combination of characteristic not found in the market.
4. What is consumers ideal (point) combination of
attributes
5. What sales / advertising messages are compatible with
brand perceptions.
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30. Multidimensional Scaling [MDS]:
In MDS since a no. of attributes are being analysed simultaneously
it is difficult to diagram the relationships but we can understand
the concept from a 2-D comparison of 11 cars based on two
attributes.
Note: MDS techniques do not provide names of dimensions. The
Researcher has to identify them using experience, nature of data,
additional information etc. Data from many consumers in sample
are collected and efforts are made to find groupings that tend to
give similar configurations suggesting market segments that
deserve attention.
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31. Multidimensional Scaling [MDS]:
Other Uses:
(1) Market segmentation.
(2) Perception at different stages of product life cycle.
(3) Advertisement media selection.
(4) Supplier evaluation of purchase managers.
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32. Multidimensional Scaling [MDS]:
Limitations:
(1) Definition of 'similarity and preference' imperfect -
conceptual problems.
(2) Empirical problems in subjective identification of
relevant dimensions or bias in data collection
(3) Computational problems - Most Computational
programs assume linear distance because what is the
best distance function is not known.
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![Contents
About Consumer Behaviour
Factors effecting Human Decision Process
Attitude Measurement
About Attitudes
Methods of Attitude Measurement
Non-structured - Non-Disguised Methods
Non Structured - Disguised Methods
Structured Non - Disguised Techniques[scaling]
Structured - Disguised Methods
Multidimensional Scaling[MDS]
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