The Challenges to Sustainable Tourism in the Philippines
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Presentation on a paper entitled, "Is it more fun in the Philippines? : Challenges to sustainable tourism development in the Philippines" at the International Interdisciplinary Conference on the Environment (IICE) in Portland, Oregon (June, 2013)
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The Challenges to Sustainable Tourism in the Philippines
- 2. Presentation Outline • Introduction • Positioning in Butler’s Curve • Challenges to Sustainable Tourism • Recommendations & Conclusion
- 3. Data Sources • Academic Journal Articles from 2002-2013 on Philippine Tourism • National Statistics Coordination Board (NSCB) • National Economic Development Authority (NEDA) • Department of Tourism (DOT) • World Travel and Tourism Council (WTTC) • United Nations World Tourism Organisation (UNWTO)
- 4. International Tourist Arrivals, 2010 (Asia Pacific Region ) 27.3 12.1 1.7 4.5 Sources: UNWTO & Ehrlich 2.5 2.7 7.8 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 China Malaysia Philippines Singapore Vietnam Taiwan Thailand
- 5. The problem is ignorance. - Sec. Ramon Jimenez
- 6. Long-term Goal ”To develop an environmentally and socially responsible tourism that delivers larger and more widely distributed income and employment opportunities.” DOT National Tourism Development Plan
- 7. Sustainable Tourism - Appropriate balance between environmental, economic, and socio-cultural aspects - Ensuring meaningful & satisfactory tourist experience - Effective political leadership and stakeholder engagement
- 9. Butler’s Tourism Area Life Cycle (1980) • Theoretical model that proposes sequential phases that tourism destinations undergo • Each stage: characterised by several indicators • Purpose of Butler: To remind planners that destinations are finite
- 10. Butler’s Curve
- 11. Can we delay stagnation and avoid unsustainable tourism?
- 13. 0 500,000 1,000,000 1,500,000 2,000,000 2,500,000 3,000,000 3,500,000 4,000,000 4,500,000 1960 1962 1964 1966 1968 1970 1972 1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 International Visitor Arrivals to the Philippines (1960- 2012) Sources: NSCB and UNWTO
- 14. Annual Growth Rates of International Visitor Arrivals (1960- 80.0% 70.0% 60.0% 50.0% 40.0% 30.0% 20.0% 10.0% 0.0% -10.0% -20.0% 2012) Coup d’Etat on Cory Aquino 1960 1962 1964 1966 1968 1970 1972 1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 Martial Law AFC, 9/11, SARS, Coliform GFC Sources: NSCB and UNWTO
- 16. Presence of Travel Season • Occupancy Surveys • Tourist information guide warnings about prices tripling during “peak periods”
- 17. Monthly Occupancy Rate in Accredited and Non-Accredited Accommodation Establishments in Metro Manila 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 2011 2010 2009 Source: DOT
- 18. Proportion of International Tourists according to Type of Travel Arrangements 18.30% 4.65% 77.05% Independent Packaged Not Stated Source: DOT
- 20. 2012 Economic Contribution • 7% contribution to Gross Domestic Product • 2.9 million jobs (7.7% of total employment) Source: World Travel & Tourism Council
- 21. Grassroots Level People value tourism as it provides income and employment.
- 22. Government Tourism is considered a strategy for Inclusive Growth and Poverty Reduction in the Philippine Development Plan.
- 25. New York Source: DOT
- 27. Social Media & Publicity
- 32. Indicators Data (1973-2012) Stage Visitor Arrivals 410,000 - 3,917,000 (1% to 3.8% of the population) Before development (equal or exceed local population) Travel Patterns & Arrangement s Presence of tourist season Involvement More independent travellers than packaged travellers Early phase of the TALC
- 33. Indicators Data (1973-2012) Stage Economic Contribution 7% GDP contribution 7.7% employment contribution Employment and livelihood opportunities for locals Between exploration (no significance) and consolidation (major contribution) Promotions • Advertisements • Social media • Features in international television programs Between involvement (some advertising) and development (prolific)
- 34. TALC
- 35. What now?
- 37. CHALLENGE 1: DECLINING LOCAL PARTICIPATION
- 38. • Local and foreign accommodations • Locals as employees or suppliers only – Involvement versus Control: Participation?
- 39. CHALLENGE 2: NATURAL ENVIRONMENT CHANGES
- 40. Positive Changes • Conservation & protection of the environment • Higher fish production • Reforestation
- 41. Examples • Dive sites & marine-protected areas (Palawan, Cebu) • Forest reserves & national parks
- 42. Negative Changes • Pollution & waste (ex: Boracay coliform) • Beach erosion • Degradation & depletion
- 43. Conservation versus Traditional Livelihood?
- 44. Built Environment Changes • Emergence of establishments specifically designed for Korean and Taiwanese tourists
- 45. CHALLENGE 3: SOCIAL IMPACTS
- 46. Positive Impacts • Empowered communities (in community-based and volunteer tourism) • Employment opportunities for women • Cultural Pride
- 47. Negative Impacts • Locals versus migrants • Altering livelihoods to accommodate tourism • Prostitution
- 48. CHALLENGE 4: MANAGING ATTRACTIONS
- 49. Natural attractions • Beaches, Reef, Forests: Philippines’ key asset • National Ecotourism Strategy • How should the Philippines respond to Climate Change?
- 50. Cultural/heritage attractions • Festivals, Old Churches • Lack of research on cultural tourism
- 51. Man-made attractions • Level has not been determined
- 53. TALC
- 54. Challenges to Sustainable Tourism • Declining local ownership • Impacts on natural & built environment, society & culture • Managing attractions – Climate Change
- 55. Is it more fun?
- 56. Involve Government As the development phase unfolds, regional and national government involvement in the planning process becomes imperative. -Butler (1980)
- 57. Involve Government Tourism must be understood in the context of the political environment, which immensely influences destination development. - Henderson (2011)
- 58. Educate Locals - Relevance of resources to tourism & development - Provide skills
- 59. Involve Locals - Consider local opinion & knowledge - Address conflict between migrants & locals
- 60. Support small-scale businesses - Improve resource access - Reduce costs & risks
- 61. Establish Quality Control - Protect natural resources - Adapt to Climate Change - Address issue on GHG emissions from air travel
- 62. Environmental sustainability is often linked to economic & social sustainability, especially in nature-based tourism sites.
- 63. Learn from previous expenses to avoid similar problems and to develop a more sustainable tourism industry.
- 65. Photo Sources • http://www.tallandtheshortofit.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/tarsier2.jpg • http://travelanyways.com/wp-content/ uploads/2012/05/canstockphoto0704076.jpg • http://files.fbstatic.com/PostImages/1909742/0/7a962755-5299-4c73-815c-d2960e4acbad. jpg • http://pod.neshtoto.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/23.05.12-Palawan- Island.jpg • http://www.bataneswakay.com/wp-content/ themes/batanes_wakay/images/background.JPG • http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_1M5M_9DacVQ/TTcAczjNfeI/AAAAAAAAAWM/A_5O Mfq57Rs/s1600/affordablevacationsinasia.blogspot.com_philippines_cebu+sinul og+2011_street+dancing_street+parade18.jpg • http://farm9.staticflickr.com/8236/8520867785_46b911b582_h.jpg • http://biagkensiak.files.wordpress.com/2012/01/sinulog-2012-photo.jpg • http://api.ning.com/files/cp3BhX07peoXmMknNXnUpGLtPCfUq8bI3eGwPTGi2P soQTbJdD*E2cMB1HCAOQxNMimiQwK494IZujE6ssWhAeh5vGBG6DHH/DSC _1760_1_2.jpg • http://api.ning.com/files/cp3BhX07peoXmMknNXnUpGLtPCfUq8bI3eGwPTGi2P soQTbJdD*E2cMB1HCAOQxNMimiQwK494IZujE6ssWhAeh5vGBG6DHH/DSC _1760_1_2.jpg
- 66. • http://i28.tinypic.com/fw6fsy.jpg • http://25.media.tumblr.com/tumblr_m7m2jh98ja1qa6zn2o1_1280.jpg • http://3.bp.blogspot.com/- _EfloI6TQMw/T4EWm5lAFCI/AAAAAAAAAOA/c1H0Byx1gJU/s1600/DSC_0659 .JPG • http://1.bp.blogspot.com/- _1K_cl7bxBA/TbeapF4BJoI/AAAAAAAADLI/yQroVq3qfvM/s1600/IMG_6191.JP G • http://lamlifew.weebly.com/uploads/1/2/9/4/12944061/8184967_orig.jpg?261 • http://www.google.com.au/url?sa=i&source=images&cd=&docid=G64Oqw2HCH gR-M& tbnid=aY9jNhsUT9FffM:&ved=0CAUQjBwwADgy&url=http%3A%2F%2Fww w.ugnayan.com%2Fphoto.ashx%3Fid%3D13RQ%26size%3D1400%26h%3D90 0&ei=wvq3UaCFGPej4APph4HoDg&psig=AFQjCNHB1zbTkpkTozn-t6eBXUI076SJFQ& ust=1371098178441021 • http://farm6.staticflickr.com/5200/7220924814_c8d0e80a75_o.jpg • http://backpackingwithabook.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/11/sdc12848.jpg • http://ultigifts.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/11/El-Nido-Resorts-Lagen-water-cottages- at-dusk.jpg • http://image.vigattin.com/box/optimize/80/304_17384251671090703546.jpg • http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-QE0EC1fe- 7w/TimTge2dw5I/AAAAAAAAAow/ou6nNsQ095U/s1600/P4210213.JPG • http://www.brianenglish.net/coron.jpg
- 67. • http://filipinoscribbles.files.wordpress.com/2010/04/dsc04352.jpg • http://farm5.staticflickr.com/4128/5050410756_b657ac0e76_o.jpg • http://mapanuri.files.wordpress.com/2011/01/dsc_5134.jpg
Editor's Notes
- http://www.tallandtheshortofit.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/tarsier2.jpg
- Source: UNWTO & Ehrlich
- Photo:
- TALC:http://biology.duke.edu/bio217/2005/cmp8/graph.gif
- Photo:
- Although declines exist, these do not signify a transition to the consolidation phase and are temporary obstacles that had delayed the earlier phases of the cycle. These were caused by the chaotic period during Ferdinand Marcos' martial law (1980-1987) and uprisings against his successor Cory Aquino (1990-1991), the Asian Financial Crisis (1997-2000), the September 11 and two local terrorist attacks in tourism destinations (2000-2001), the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) outbreak (2003), and the Global Financial Crisis (2008-2009).
- such as Holy Week and the months of January to March. Source:
- A tourist season in the Philippines: February, May, October, November
- more independent than packaged-tour travellers (DOT, 2011d) Source of Data: DOT
- The current economic contribution of tourism to the Philippines indicates that it is between exploration and consolidation, the former marked by no significance from tourism and the latter marked by tourism's major influence.
- Optimisim created shifts in livelihoods
- by empowering the poor and vulnerable, enabling participatory governance and ensuring rapid, inclusive, and sustained economic growth
- FB, Twitter, Instagram
- http://www.abs-cbnnews.com/entertainment/05/27/13/revenge-star-tweets-about-palawan-vacation
- Photo:
- Vanuatu: more than 50% of GDP depends on tourism
- The implications of which, particularly those that hinder the destination from achieving a sustainable development of tourism, are analysed in this section. AS THE DESTINATION IS IN THE INVOLVEMENT TO DEVELOPMENT STAGE
- available accommodations have been plummeting, concurring with the shortages identified by the Economist Intelligence Unit (2008, as cited in Henderson, 2011), though recent data reveals that as of 2012, there are already 187,951 rooms, an increase by more than 1,400 per cent (DOT, 2012). Furthermore, the DOT (2011e) expects an additional of at least 7,350 rooms from 2012 to 2015 through local and foreign investments (DOT, 2011). The presence of both locally and externally invested accommodations indicate that the Philippines is transitioning between involvement, where only locals own facilities, and development, where larger external facilities supplant local facilities.
- Although tourism yields environmental advantages, locals might not perceive this enthusiastically particularly if these restrict them from traditional livelihood sources, a deprivation that is actually part of the TALC's consolidation stage. Locals’ perception: not enthusiastic when protection restricts traditional livelihood sources
- establishing recreational zones within protected forests; using different native fruit-bearing trees in reforestation to attract diverse wildlife, which is a drawcard in tourism; prohibiting illegal collections of threatened forest species for souvenirs; enhancing the tourism and conservation values of botanic gardens within forest reserves; providing supplementary livelihoods to upland dwellers via agroforestry projects; and respecting the culture and practices of indigenous upland people while supporting their economic and traditional subsistence.
- Although tourism yields environmental advantages, locals might not perceive this enthusiastically particularly if these restrict them from traditional livelihood sources, a deprivation that is actually part of the TALC's consolidation stage. Locals’ perception: not enthusiastic when protection restricts traditional livelihood sources Degradation: of reef, resources, etc
- Although tourism yields environmental advantages, locals might not perceive this enthusiastically particularly if these restrict them from traditional livelihood sources, a deprivation that is actually part of the TALC's consolidation stage. Locals’ perception: not enthusiastic when protection restricts traditional livelihood sources
- Although tourism yields environmental advantages, locals might not perceive this enthusiastically particularly if these restrict them from traditional livelihood sources, a deprivation that is actually part of the TALC's consolidation stage.
- Butler (1980) contends that in the development stage, marketing natural and cultural attractions supplemented by man-made facilities can be anticipated. In the Philippines, a large part of the attractions are still nature-based such that in 2002, the National Ecotourism Strategy was created by virtue of Executive Order 111 (1999). However, destinations that are predominantly nature-based face challenges related to climate change and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. In 2011, Philippines was named as one of the countries most affected by climate change as a result of numerous disasters, one of which caused the most number of human casualties for that year (Harmeling & Eckstein, 2012). "Under a ‘no limits to growth for aviation’ scenario, aviation would, as the only sector with continued strong growth in emissions, account for 40% of global total emissions by 2050 (calculation based on Akerman, 2005). The contribution of air travel to climate change is thus relevant both in relative and in absolute terms." (Gossling & Peeters, 2007; It does not harm the environment" Nevertheless, current attractions in the Philippines are more diverse as evident in the country's official website, www.itsmorefuninthephilippines.com (DOT, n.d.), and in various international travel information guide articles (Bloom, 2012; Lonely Planet, n.d.a, 2012; Lopez-Quimpo, 2012). Furthermore, in contrast to earlier arrivals that were concentrated on Boracay, tourist arrivals are more dispersed to other provinces in the Philippines (see Table 2).
- Butler (1980) contends that in the development stage, marketing natural and cultural attractions supplemented by man-made facilities can be anticipated. In the Philippines, a large part of the attractions are still nature-based such that in 2002, the National Ecotourism Strategy was created by virtue of Executive Order 111 (1999). However, destinations that are predominantly nature-based face challenges related to climate change and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. In 2011, Philippines was named as one of the countries most affected by climate change as a result of numerous disasters, one of which caused the most number of human casualties for that year (Harmeling & Eckstein, 2012). "Under a ‘no limits to growth for aviation’ scenario, aviation would, as the only sector with continued strong growth in emissions, account for 40% of global total emissions by 2050 (calculation based on Akerman, 2005). The contribution of air travel to climate change is thus relevant both in relative and in absolute terms." (Gossling & Peeters, 2007; It does not harm the environment" Nevertheless, current attractions in the Philippines are more diverse as evident in the country's official website, www.itsmorefuninthephilippines.com (DOT, n.d.), and in various international travel information guide articles (Bloom, 2012; Lonely Planet, n.d.a, 2012; Lopez-Quimpo, 2012). Furthermore, in contrast to earlier arrivals that were concentrated on Boracay, tourist arrivals are more dispersed to other provinces in the Philippines (see Table 2).
- Butler (1980) contends that in the development stage, marketing natural and cultural attractions supplemented by man-made facilities can be anticipated. In the Philippines, a large part of the attractions are still nature-based such that in 2002, the National Ecotourism Strategy was created by virtue of Executive Order 111 (1999). However, destinations that are predominantly nature-based face challenges related to climate change and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. In 2011, Philippines was named as one of the countries most affected by climate change as a result of numerous disasters, one of which caused the most number of human casualties for that year (Harmeling & Eckstein, 2012). "Under a ‘no limits to growth for aviation’ scenario, aviation would, as the only sector with continued strong growth in emissions, account for 40% of global total emissions by 2050 (calculation based on Akerman, 2005). The contribution of air travel to climate change is thus relevant both in relative and in absolute terms." (Gossling & Peeters, 2007; It does not harm the environment" Nevertheless, current attractions in the Philippines are more diverse as evident in the country's official website, www.itsmorefuninthephilippines.com (DOT, n.d.), and in various international travel information guide articles (Bloom, 2012; Lonely Planet, n.d.a, 2012; Lopez-Quimpo, 2012). Furthermore, in contrast to earlier arrivals that were concentrated on Boracay, tourist arrivals are more dispersed to other provinces in the Philippines (see Table 2).
- http://amazingplacesonplanet.com/photos/server2/chocolate_hills_philippines.jpg
- Given that the country is still at an early stage of the cycle: it is crucial to learn from previous experiences, especially from Boracay, in order to prevent or reduce the occurrence of similar problems and develop a more sustainable tourism industry that delivers inclusive growth and alleviates poverty. More often, environmental sustainability is linked to economic & social sustainability, especially for nature-based tourism. The successful management of growth to avoid the pitfalls experienced by other destinations depends largely on government efforts to manage and protect resources, tourism business sector improvement, and active local community involvement in asserting the changes acceptable to them in the process of developing this sector.
- According to Swarbrooke (1999, as cited in Weaver, 2006), apathy and lack of technical knowledge impede most residents to participate in development, which contradicts the sustainable tourism premise of an empowered community. Engage locals by educating them about the relevance of their resources to tourism and economic development and by providing them with skills to enable participation in planned strategies.
- considering local knowledge and opinion can also reduce potential tensions between residents and tourists (Weaver, 2006). The conflict between locals and migrants with regards vying for employment positions must also be addressed to encourage harmonious cooperation among stakeholders towards equitable and inclusive development.
- Another recommendation to prevent the decline of locally owned businesses is to provide adequate support to tourism businesses, particularly small local enterprises that are present at the early stage of Butler's TALC. Currently, relevant business support programs for the tourism sector seem to be insufficient (Roxas & Chadee 2013). Such programs are expected to facilitate resource access for businesses to improve entrepreneurial activities, as well as to reduce costs and risks (Busenitz et al., 2000; Jackson, 1999; McIntyre, 2002, as cited in Roxas & Chadee, 2013).
- Recognising that nature-based tourism leads to more benefits (DOT, 2011a), it is crucial to maintain quality control mechanisms that will protect natural resources and delay the eventual necessity to market man-made attractions that Butler has predicted in the development stage. Quality control mechanisms, such as codes of conducts and eco-labels (Weaver, 2006), assist in regulating the exploitation of resources for tourism.
- Recognising that nature-based tourism leads to more benefits (DOT, 2011a), it is crucial to maintain quality control mechanisms that will protect natural resources and delay the eventual necessity to market man-made attractions that Butler has predicted in the development stage. Quality control mechanisms, such as codes of conducts and eco-labels (Weaver, 2006), assist in regulating the exploitation of resources for tourism.
- Given that the country is still at an early stage of the cycle: it is crucial to learn from previous experiences, especially from Boracay, in order to prevent or reduce the occurrence of similar problems and develop a more sustainable tourism industry that delivers inclusive growth and alleviates poverty. More often, environmental sustainability is linked to economic & social sustainability, especially for nature-based tourism. The successful management of growth to avoid the pitfalls experienced by other destinations depends largely on government efforts to manage and protect resources, tourism business sector improvement, and active local community involvement in asserting the changes acceptable to them in the process of developing this sector.
- Given that the country is still at an early stage of the cycle: it is crucial to learn from previous experiences, especially from Boracay, in order to prevent or reduce the occurrence of similar problems and develop a more sustainable tourism industry that delivers inclusive growth and alleviates poverty. More often, environmental sustainability is linked to economic & social sustainability, especially for nature-based tourism. The successful management of growth to avoid the pitfalls experienced by other destinations depends largely on government efforts to manage and protect resources, tourism business sector improvement, and active local community involvement in asserting the changes acceptable to them in the process of developing this sector.
- TALC:http://biology.duke.edu/bio217/2005/cmp8/graph.gif