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High Rate Anaerobic Digester (HRAD)
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With
Polishing “+” factor
Introducing

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Contents
1. Concept
2. process Flow
3. how it can optimize AD+
4. design principals
5. treatment efficiency
6. operation and maintenance
7. Applicability
8. advantages and disadvantages
9. site photos, client list & References
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3.
Background and working principal (adapted from U.S. EPA 2006, SASSE 1998)
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1. Concept & Process Overview
Cut-away view and longitudinal section of an ABR
Source: SANIMAS (2005), MOREL & DIENER (2006)
• physical and biological (anaerobic) treatment
of wastewater
• integrated sedimentation chamber for
pre-treatment of wastewater
• alternating standing and hanging baffles
• wastewater passes through the sludge to move
to the next compartment
• solid retention time (SRT) separated from hydraulic
retention time (HRT)
• high treatment rates due to enhanced contact of
incoming wastewater with residual sludge and high
solid retention
• low sludge production

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construction
industrial
use
production
process
cooling
tower
flushing
irrigation
processoverview

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2. How it can optimize AD+
• treatment of all wastewater (grey, black and/or industrial
sewage waste water) that it is fit (after secondary & tertiary
treatment) for reuse and/or safe disposal
• advance tertiary & water treatment makes this treated sewage
water suitable for potable & non-potable industrial use,
construction, irrigation, cooling tower, flushing etc.
• allows for recovery of biogas, which can be used as a
substitute to e.g. LPG or fuel wood in cooking

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3. Design principals – Core Primary & Secondary
Treatment
AD+ start with oil & grease trap & settling chamber for larger solids
and impurities (SASSE 1998) followed by series of at least 2 (MOREL & DIENER
2006), sometimes up to 5 (SASSE 1998) up-flow chambers & anaerobic
filter.
Hydraulic Retention Time (HRT) is relatively short and varies from
only a few hours up to two or three days (FOXON et al. 2004; MOREL & DIENER 2006;
TILLEY et al. 2008)
up-flow velocity is the most crucial parameter for dimensioning,
especially with high hydraulic loading. It should not exceed 2.0 m/h
(SASSE 1998; MOREL & DIENER 2006).
organic load <3 kg COD/m3/day. Higher loading-rates are possible
with higher temperature and for easily degradable substrates (SASSE
1998)

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3. Design principals – Polishing Basic & Advance
Tertiary Treatment
polishing basic tertiary treatment uses disinfection & sediment
filtration.
advance tertiary treatment like ozonation, ultra filtration, ultra-
violet & reverse osmosis is used independently or in
combination to treat post AD water to suite reclaimed water
parameters.

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4. Treatment efficiency
Treatment performance of AD+ is in the range of
• Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) removal : 65% to 90%
• Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) removal : 70% to 97%
• Total Suspended Solids (TSS) removal : 70 % to 90%
• Pathogen reduction : 100 %
Superior to BOD-removal efficiency of conventional septic tank (30% to 50%)

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5. Operation and maintenance
• inoculate („seed“) AD with active anaerobic sludge from e.g. septic
tank to speed up start-phase
• allow bacteria to multiply, by starting with 1/4 of daily flow, and then
increasing loading rates over 3 months
• long start-up time  do not use AD when need for treatment is
immediate
• check for water-tightness regularly and monitor scum and sludge
levels
• remove sludge every 1 to 3 years (preferably by vacuum truck or
gulper to avoid that humans get in direct contact with sludge)
• leave some active sludge in each compartment to maintain stable
treatment process
• take care of advanced treatment and/or safe disposal of sludge
Source: adapted from SASSE 1998, TILLEY et al. 2008, EAWAG/SANDEC 2008

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Examples 1
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Use of “straight handle” (left) and “Z-handle” (right) brushes for cleaning of down-ward pipes
Source: K.P. Pravinjith
5. Operation and maintenance

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Examples 2
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Measuring sludge levels
Source: K.P. Pravinjith
5. Operation and maintenance

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6. Applicability
• be installed in every type of climate, although efficiency is affected in colder
climates(TILLEY et al. 2008)
• suited for household level or for small neighbourhood as DEWATS (Decentralized
Wastewater Treatment System)(EAWAG/SANDEC 2008)
• suited for industrial wastewaters
• be designed for daily inflows in a range of some m3/day up to several hundreds of
m3/day(FOXON et al. 2004; TILLEY et al. 2008)
• in general, installed underground and therefore appropriate for areas where land is
limited
• been pre-fabricated from e.g. fibreglass and used as final step for emergency
sanitations(BORDA 2009)

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Cont.
• Long life – at least 100 years
• needs expert design
• Biogas can be recoverd
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Advantages:
• extremely stable to hydraulic shock
loads
• high treatment performance
• simple to construct
• low operating cost
• low space required – being subsoil
• 60%-90% low electrical requirements
• low sludge generation
• No foul odour
7. Advantages :

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Example 1
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Biogas settler as settlement compartment (near completion) at Pestalozzi School, Zambia
Source: http://www.germantoilet.org/
8. Concept

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Example 2
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The AD under construction, down pipes and perforated slabs to support filter media in the Anaerobic Filter (AF)
sections, pouring AD’s concrete slab at Pestalozzi School, Zambia
Source: http://www.germantoilet.org/
8. Concept

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Example 3
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AD (part of DEWATS) at Adarsh Vidyaprasarak Sanstha’s College of Arts & Commerce, India
Source: N. Zimmermann
8. Concept

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Example 4
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AD (part of DEWATS) at Sunga Wastewater Treatment Plant, Kathmandu, Nepal
Source: N. Zimmermann
8. Concept

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Example 5
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AD Tank at Vascon Engg Ltd for Labour Camp 45 CMD Sewage Treatment Plant, Mumbai, India
Source: Chemtronics
8. Concept

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Example 6
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Ozonator & Polishing Equipments at Vascon Engg Ltd for Labour Camp
45 CMD Sewage Treatment Plant; reclaimed water used for construction & concrete curing,
Mumbai, India
Source: Chemtronics
8. Concept

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Example 7
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AD+ Tank with pipe grid & Advance tertiary plant , reclaimed water of potable quality, used in
industrial production -12 CMD Sewage Treatment Plant, Craftmann Automation , Indor, India
Source: Chemtronics
8. Concept

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Example 8
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8. Concept
Manipal Hospital - Bangalore
Volume: 600m3/day
In use since: June 2008
Discharge standard: BOD <10mg/l
Reuse: Toilet flushing

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Model no. Capacity AD Tank Area Plant Room Power
AD+/STP-20 20CMD 50 m2 x 3.0 m (D) 6.0 m2 x 3.0 m (H) 1.0 kW
AD+/STP-35 35 CMD 90 m2 x 3.0 m (D) 7.0 m2 x 3.0 m (H) 1.0 kW
AD+/STP-50 50 CMD 150 m2 x 3.0 m (D) 8.0 m2 x 3.0 m (H) 1.0 kW
AD+/STP-75 75 CMD 180 m2 x 3.0 m (D) 10.0 m2 x 3.0 m (H) 1.0 kW
AD+/STP-100 100 CMD 230 m2 x 3.0 m (D) 15.0 m2 x 3.0 m (H) 2.0 kW
AD+/STP-140 140 CMD 310 m2 x 3.0 m (D) 18.0 m2 x 3.0 m (H) 2.0 kW
AD+/STP-200 200 CMD 450 m2 x 3.0 m (D) 20.0 m2 x 3.0 m (H) 2.0 kW
AD+/STP-250 250 CMD 550 m2 x 3.0 m (D) 22.0 m2 x 3.0 m (H) 2.0 kW
AD+/STP-300 300 CMD 660 m2 x 3.0 m (D) 25.0 m2 x 3.0 m (H) 2.5 kW
AD+/STP-375 375 CMD 830 m2 x 3.0 m (D) 27.0 m2 x 3.0 m (H) 2.5 kW
8. Available Models [with tertiary treatment]

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Cairn India Limited D G Infrastructure Vascon Engineers Essar Limited
Akash Developer Craftsman Automation Rhythm Realty
Lotus IT Park Yekshashree Beverages Hospital
10. Reference Sites

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11. References
BORDA (2009): EmSan - Emergency Sanitation. An innovative & rapidly installable solution to improve hygiene and health in emergency situations
(Concept Note). Bremen: Bremen Overseas Research and Development Association (BORDA)
EAWAG/SANDEC (2008): Sanitation Systems and Technologies. Lecture Notes. (=Sandec Training Tool 1.0, Module 4). Duebendorf: Swiss Federal
Institute of Aquatic Science (EAWAG), Department of Water and Sanitation in Developing Countries (SANDEC)
FOXON, K.M., PILLAY, S., LALBAHADUR, T., RODDA, N., HOLDER, F., BUCKLEY, C.A. (2004): The anaerobic baffled reactor (ABR)- An appropriate
technology for on-site sanitation. In=Water SA Vol. 30 No. 5 (Special edition)
MOREL A., DIENER S. 2006. Greywater Management in Low and Middle-Income Countries. Review of different treatment systems for households or
neighbourhoods. Duebendorf: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag).
SANIMAS (2005): Informed Choice Catalogue. PPT-Presentation. BORDA and USAID
SASSE, L. (1998): DEWATS Decentralised Wastewater Treatment in Developing Countries. Bremen: Bremen Overseas Research and Development
Association (BORDA)
SINGH, S., HABERLA, R., MOOG, O., SHRESTA, R.R., SHRESTA, P., SHRESTA, R. (2009): Performance of an anaerobic baffled reactor and hybrid
constructed wetland treating high-strength wastewater in Nepal- A model for DEWATS. In: Ecological Engineering 35. 654-660
TILLEY, E., LUETHI, C., MOREL, A., ZURBRUEGG, C., SCHERTENLEIB, R. (2008): Compendium of Sanitation Systems and Technologies. Duebendorf
and Geneva: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science (EAWAG) & Water Supply and Sanitation Collaborative Council (WSSCC)
U.S. EPA (2006): Emerging Technologies for Biosolids Management. (=EPA 832-R-06-005). United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of
Wastewater Management

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