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Acute hematogenous osteomyelitis
1. Dr chiranjeevi ortho pg
RMC , KAKINADA
ACUTE HEMATOGENOUS
OSTEOMYELITIS IN CHILDREN
2. ACUTE OSTEOMYELITIS
INTRODUCTION
Coined by Nelaton
Greek word – osteon:- bone
myelo:-marrow
itis :- inflammation
primarily marrow spaces, haversion
canals, sub periosteal spaces are involved
Auguste Nélaton was a French
physician and surgeon
4. Predisposing factors
Common in active bone growth
M:F – 1:4
Site; metaphysis
Poor nutrition
Trauma
Infections: skin, dental, resp, GIT, UTI
Burns
Iv drug abusers
Scar
Immuno compromised state
Old age
5. Host susceptability
Local factors systemic factors
• trauma,
• scar tissue,
• poor circulation,
• diminished sensibility,
• chronic bone or joint
disease
• presence of foreign
bodies
• malnutrition,
• general illness,
• debility,
• diabetes,
• rheumatoid disease,
• corticosteroid
• all forms of
immunosuppression
7. Microbial pattern in AHO
M/C organism– staph. Aureus
Vertebrae– GNB
IV drug abusers– pseudomonas
SCA– salmonella
Chronic ill pt on IV drugs – fungal
Infants– staph.aureus
LBW infants– S.A, GNB
Children 6m to 4yrs – H. influenza
8. Classification
1) The duration - acute, subacute and
chronic
2) Mechanism of infection –
exogenous or hematogenous
3) The type of host response -
pyogenic or non pyogenic
9. Route of transfer
Hematogenous( metaphyses of long bone)
Direct innoculation
Bone penetrating injury
Surgical contamonation
Contaguos focus(vascular dx)
microbe osteomyelit
is
10. AHO
M/Cly Seen in children
Bimodal age distribution < 2yrs, 8 – 12 yrs
M> F
WHAT IS M/C SITE INVOLVED…….?
Metaphysis…?
11.
12.
13. Pathophysiology
a/c inflammation of marrow
Spread of exudates in marrow space
Thrombosis of vessels due to compression
Lack of blood supply-- necrosis of bone
Liquifarction of necrotic tissue
Lifting of periosteum-- further necrosis
Abscess formation (increased)
Rise in intramedullary pressure
Cortical ischemia
Purulent material escapes from cortex into
subperiosteal space
Subperiosteal abscess develops
14.
15.
16. IN CHILDREN < 2 YRS
blood vessels cross the physis, thus epiphysis
may be involved
Limb shortening or angular deformity may
occur
Joint may be involved in some cases- hip joint
most common,
Especially for intraarticular physes- proximal
humerus,radial neck, distal fibula
Metaphysis has relatively fewer phagocytic
cells than the physis or diaphysis, hence more
infection here.
18. In children >2 years
The physis effectively acts as a barrier to the
spread of a metaphyseal abscess
Metaphyseal cortex thicker, hence diaphysis
more at risk
After physes are closed acute hematogenous
osteomyelitis is much less common
19. After the physes are closed,
infection can extend directly from the
metaphysis into the epiphysis and involve the
joint
Septic arthritis resulting from acute
hematogenous osteomyelitis generally is seen
only in infants and adults.
20. Clinical features
History and physical examination
Fever and malaise
Pain and local tenderness
Sweliing
Compartment syndrome in children
m/c in lower extremiteis
Femur>tibia>humerus
21. Investigations
Elevated acute phase reactants
WBC: >11000cell/mm3
ESR : rise slowly, peaks 3-4 days, decline over
3wks
helps in standard appropriate treatment
duration
CRP: rapidly rises, useful in monitoring dx
normalizes in 7days after initiation of
treatment
Aspiration of abscess: culture and Sn
Blood culture:+ve in 30% cases
22. BIOPSY:
NECROTIC BONE ;
Loss of osteocytes from
lacunae
Peripheral resorption
Bacterial colanisation
a/c inflammatory
infiltrates(
palymarphonuclear cells)
25. USG
may demonstrate deep soft tissue swelling earlier
Joint effusion
Abscess
DVT
26. CT
Sn 66%, Sp 97%
Limited role
Gave details about sequestrum and large
abscess
Useful in treatment monitoring
MRI
ioc
can identify marrow inflammation
great utility in initial screening test
27.
28. MANAGEMENT
ANTIBIOTICS:
Alone can cure
Based on highest bacteriological activity, least
toxicity,lowest cast
Initiate empherical treatment
Change after culture report
6wks of iv
29. Surgical treatment
INDICATION
Abscess drainage
Failure of medical management(48-72hrs)
OBJECTIVE
Removal of all dead tissue
Subperiosteal abscess ; small drill holes into
medullary canal
Intramedullary pus:window of bone removed
Splint the limb
Fallowup for 1 yr
30. NADE’S 5 PRINCIPLES OF
TREATMENT
1. An appropriate antibiotic is effective
before pus formation
2. Antibiotics do not sterilize avascular
tissues or abscesses and such areas
require surgical removal
3. If such removal is effective, antibiotics
should prevent their reformation and
primary wound closure should be safe
4. Surgery should not damage already
ischaemic bone and soft tissue
5. Antibiotics should be continued after
31. COMPLICATIONS
Epiphyseal damage and
altered bone growth --1.8%
Supparative arthritis
Metastatic infection-- rare
Pathological fracture--1.7%
Chronic osteomyelitis-- 1.7%
Reccurent infection-- 6.8%
DVT – 0.4 to 6%
32. Subacute osteomyelits
Described by Brodie
More difficult to diagnose bcz lock of
charecteristic signs and symptoms
Mild symptoms may be present for > 2wks before
medication
Lab findings are normal or mildly elevated
Radigraphic features often suggest benign /
malignant tumors
m/c/c staph.aureus
Diaphysis and epiphysis involve more than
metaphysis
Avg age is 7.5 yrs ( older than AHO)
33. Brodies abscess
Pathophysiology
Decresed bacterial
virulance/increased
host resistance
Secondary to
inadequate treatment
of AHO
Only local
inflammation
develops lead to local
bone destruction
34. Radiographic classification of SOM, based on
anatomic location,response of sorounding tissue
to infection, similarity to benign / mallignant tumor
GLEDHILL EXTENDED 6 PART CLASSIFICATION
35.
36. Biopsy and culture helps in differentiation from
bone tumors
6 wks course of antibiotics after biopsy report
COMPLICATION
Primary chronic sclerosic OM
Chronic reccurent multifocal OM