3. • It describes the trend in the data rather than offer
rigorous explanations.
• it is used to collect the data and facts about some
certain situation or issue from the target population
existing in surroundings.
• a survey is given to describe the attitudes, opinions,
behaviors or characteristics of the population.
SURVEY DESIGN
5. •provide someone with information
•to explain the situations
•Identify and solve a problem
•measure the change
•study attitudes, behavior and habits
It is used to
7. compared
• It provides information in a short amount of time such as
the time required for administering the survey and
collecting the information.
Cross-sectional Study
Group A ( 20-year-old)
Group B ( 50-year-old)
Group C ( 80-year-old)
8. Advantages
-Quicker to see changes
across different time
stages
-Larger sample size,
therefore outcomes are
easier to generalize
-inexpensive
Disadvantages
-cannot establish effects
-data collected relevant to
conditions when
researched.
-data provides "what" but
not "why"
Cross-sectional Study
9. Group A
at the age 20
Longitudinal Study
• A research technique that studies the same group of
individuals over a long period of time.
Group A
at the age 80
Group A
at the age 50
10. Advantages
- examines changes within
individual over time
- provides a developmental
analysis
Disadvantages
- expensive
- takes a long time
- very time consuming
- usually a small sample,
- therefore outcomes are
- difficult to generalize
Longitudinal Study
11. Trend Studies
• focus on the same population of people use
opinion poll surveys to look at their attitudes
over time. While the population is always the
same, trend studies usually select different
market research survey samples from that
population.
12. Cohort Studies
• is a method in which a specific population is
studied repeatedly as well, but these studies
center around how given groups with a
common characteristic view social phenomena
over time.
13. Panel Studies
• utilize the same sample from the same
population over time. While more complicated and
difficult to carry out, this is the best design to truly
find out changes over time, because you are tracking
opinions of the exact same respondents repeatedly.
16. •Sampling from a population
•Collecting data
•Designing instruments for data collection
•Obtaining a high response rate
Key Characteristics of Survey Research
17.
18. Questionnaires are printed forms that ask the same
questions of all individuals in the sample and for
which respondents record their answers in verbal
form.
Interviews consist of oral questions asked by the
interviewer and oral responses by the research
participants.
Methods of Collecting Data
19.
20. 1. Make all directions clear and unequivocal.
Guidelines in Constructing a Questionnaire
Example : Poor direction for a multiple response question:
Answer the following questions.
Better: Choose the items or options that would best answer
the question and write a check mark on the space before
each option . You may have more than one choice.
21. 2. Use correct grammar.
Guidelines in Constructing a Questionnaire
Example : Please accomplish the questionnaire as soon as
possible return it.
Better: Please accomplish the questionnaire and return it as
soon as possible.
22. 3. Make all questions unequivocal.
Guidelines in Constructing a Questionnaire
Example : Are you graduate?
Better: Are you a high school graduate?
23. 4. Avoid asking biased question.
.
Guidelines in Constructing a Questionnaire
Example : Do you use Colgate toothpaste? If not,
what brand do you use?
Better: Which brand of toothpaste do you use?
24. 5. Objectify the responses.
.
Guidelines in Constructing a Questionnaire
Example : Why do you use Camay soap?
____ It is fragrant.
____ It makes my skin smoother.
___ It is cheap.
___ It is available all the time.
25. 6. Relate all questions to the topic under study.
Guidelines in Constructing a Questionnaire
If the study is about teaching Science, all
questions should gather data that has something
to do with Science.
26. 7. Create categories or classes for approximate answers.
Guidelines in Constructing a Questionnaire
QUALITATIVE QUANTITATIVE
How efficient is your teacher? How many sticks of cigarettes do
you consume a day?
____ Very efficient
____ Efficient
____ Fairly Efficient
____ 0-4
____ 5-9
____ 10-14
27. 8. Create sufficient number of response categories.
Guidelines in Constructing a Questionnaire
Example : Do you agree that the presidential form of government is better
than parliamentary?
____ Agree _____ Disagree
Better: ___ Strongly Agree
___ Agree
___ Uncertain of No Comment
___ Disagree
___ Strongly Disagree
28. 9. State all questions affirmatively.
Guidelines in Constructing a Questionnaire
Example : Poor: Are you not studying?
Better: Are you studying?
29. 10. Word carefully or avoid questions that deal with
confidential or embarrassing information.
Guidelines in Constructing a Questionnaire
Poor question: Why did you become unfaithful?
Better: What in your own opinion, are those reasons
why wives sometimes fall in love with men other than
their own husbands?
30. 11. Add a catch-all word or phrase to options of multiple
response questions.
Guidelines in Constructing a Questionnaire
Example : Why did you stop your studies?
___ I am too poor. I cannot afford?
___ I married early.
___ I lost interest.
___ My family moved to a place too far from a school.
___ Others, please specify.
31. 12. Make the respondents
anonymous.
Guidelines in Constructing a Questionnaire
32. Guidelines in making the Cover Letter
•The purpose of the questionnaire or study;
• Who is sanctioning , endorsing, or sponsoring the
study;
•What will be done with the information gathered
by the questionnaire;
• The reason why the respondent should answer the
questionnaire and giving importance to the
respondent;
33. Guidelines in making the Cover Letter
• A guarantee of the anonymity and confidentiality of the
respondent.
• An expression of gratitude for the respondent’s participation in
the study; and
• An offer to inform the respondent of the results of the study if
he is interested.
34. Overall Questionnaire Construction
•It must be short to encourage the bust professionals to
return it
•It must begin with a demographic or personal questions
that respondents can easily answer
•It should also contain open-ended items to encourage
participants to elaborate on their experiences
35. Overall Questionnaire Construction
•It must also contain “white space” between the
questions
•It must also include closing instructions thanking
the respondent for participating in the study.
36. Data Analysis of Research Questionnaire
• Typically , researchers are using mailed questionnaires also
correlate all of the questions and attempt to build scales that
reflect multiple questions.
• The researcher tests hypotheses or research questions using
inferential statistics.
37.
38. Designing and Conducting an Interview
Survey
•Stance of the Interviewer
• Interview procedures often involve the need for the
researcher to establish rapport with and gain the
cooperation of the interviewee.
• Rapport builds through requests for an interview in the
cover letter.
39. Designing and Conducting an Interview
Survey continuation….
•Stance of the Interviewer
• During an interview, the researcher should remain
neutral and should not share opinions.
• It is also important to use a positive tone of questioning
and to have a neutral appearance.
40. Designing and Conducting an Interview
Survey continuation…
•Training of Interviews
• If more than one interviewer is involved in a research
project, each person needs training.
• The training might consist of a role-playing demonstration
by an experienced researcher.
41. Designing and Conducting an Interview
Survey continuation…
•Training of Interviews
•It is important during this training to become familiar
with the questions .
•Training also covers potential interruptions during an
interview or questions interview or questions
interviewees might have about the interview.
42. Problems arise during the interview
•Does not ask the question in order
•Brings certain expectations to the interview about how
the individuals will answer
•Dresses or appears inappropriately for the interview
•Is disrespectful by not using the interviewee wants to
be called
43. Steps in Interviewing
1.It involves obtaining an interview survey to use and training
individual interviewers.
2.Then the researcher gains access to the participants through a
formal invitation such as cover letter, and the time and place to
conduct the interview.
44. Steps in Interviewing continuation…
3. During the interview , the survey researcher asks
questions, indicates the response options to questions ,
and records participants answers.
4. The pace of the interview is set to be comfortable for
the interviewee.
45. Steps in Interviewing continuation…
5. When asking open-ended questions , the interviewer
writes down answers to the questions or tape records
them.
6. The interview ends with the researcher thanking the
individual for the interview and telling the participant
what the next step will be in the study.
46. 7.After the interview, the researcher may want to
write down comments that help explain the data,
such as the demeanor of the interviewee or
specifics about the situation
8. The interviewer might also record any personal
feelings about the interview
Steps in Interviewing continuation…
47. Steps in Interviewing continuation….
9. The interview ends with the researcher thanking the
individual for the interview and telling the participant what the
next step will be in the study.
10. After the interview, the researcher may want to write down
comments that help explain the data, such as the demeanor of
the interviewee or specifics about the situation
48. 11. The interviewer might also record any personal
feelings about the interview
12. The interview ends with the researcher
thanking the individual for the interview and telling
the participant what the next step will be in the
study.
Steps in Interviewing continuation….
49. 13. After the interview, the researcher may want
to write down comments that help explain the
data, such as the demeanor of the interviewee or
specifics about the situation
14. The interviewer might also record any
personal feelings about the interview
Steps in Interviewing continuation….
50.
51. 1. Identify the research and the
hypotheses
2. Identify population sample
3. Survey Design and Data Collection
Procedures
Steps in Conducting Research Survey
52. 4. Develop Survey Instrument
5. Administer the Instrument
6. Analyze the Data
7. Write the Report
Steps in Conducting Research Survey
53.
54. • Describes and specifies the target population and the sample.
• Identifies how the sample was derived (ex. Random sampling,
nonrandom sampling)
• Discusses the size of the sample and the means for deriving the
sample size.
• Uses a type of survey (ex. Longitudinal or cross-sectional) that
matches the research questions or hypotheses.
Evaluating Survey Research
55. •Clearly identifies the instruments used in data
collection and how they were selected.
•Reports information on the reliability and validity of
scores from past uses of the questionnaire or
interview.
•Discusses the procedures for administering the
instruments
Evaluating Survey Research
56. • Mentions appropriate follow-up procedures to ensure a large
return rate and lack of response bias.
• Provides an example of the questions on the questionnaire or
interview.
• Uses data analysis procedures to answer the research questions or
hypotheses.
• Writes the study in a scholarly way (ex. Follows a standard
structure) and identifies potential ethical issues.
Evaluating Survey Research continuation…..
57. • Was the target population or sampling frame clearly
specified?
• Was the sampling procedure specified? If a random sample
was not used, were modifications from it explained?
• Was the sample clearly identified and the basis on which it
was chosen specified?
Evaluating Survey Research continuation…..
58. • Did the type of survey match the questions or
hypotheses advanced by the author?
• Was it clear whether a questionnaire or an interview
survey comprised the form of data collection? Did
the researcher identify the basis for selecting or
developing the instrument?
Evaluating Survey Research continuation…..
