6. Table 1: Frequency Table of Grouped Data – Ages of Respondents POLI 399/691 - Fall 2008 Topic 6 Source: Hypothetical Data, 2005. Age Group Frequency Percentage Cumulative Percentage 18-24 36 15.0 15.0 25-34 44 18.3 33.3 35-44 43 17.9 51.2 45-54 46 19.2 70.4 55-64 34 14.2 84.6 65 and over 37 15.4 100.0 Total 240 100.0% 100.0%
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8. Figure 1: Federal Expenditures by Sector POLI 399/691 - Fall 2008 Topic 6 Source: Hypothetical Data, 2006
9. Figure 2: Federal Expenditures by Sector POLI 399/691 - Fall 2008 Topic 6 Source: Hypothetical Data, 2006
10. POLI 399/691 - Fall 2008 Topic 6 Source: O’Neill and Stewart, “ Gender and Political Party Leadership in Canada,” Party Politics , forthcoming.
11. POLI 399/691 - Fall 2008 Topic 6 Table 8: Political Participation Note: Entries are percentage of respondents who reported engaging in said activity. All differences across the three groups are statistically significant (p<.01). Differences between religious and other volunteers in reported municipal voting statistically significant (p< .05). Table 8: Political Participation by Volunteer Type Source: Brenda O’Neill, “Canadian Women’s Religious Volunteerism: Compassion, Connections and Comparisons” in B. O’Neill and E. Gidengil, Gender and Social Capital, New York: Routledge, 2006. Religious Volunteers All Other Volunteers Non-Volunteers Voted in last federal election 83.7 80.8 71.6 Voted in last provincial election 82.6 79.2 70.6 Voted in last municipal election 72.8 67.4 58.0 Follow news or current affairs daily 70.2 66.8 65.7 N (over 18 only) (509) 537 (1603) 1745 (5346)
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15. Figure 1: Federal Expenditures by Sector POLI 399/691 - Fall 2008 Topic 6 Source: Hypothetical Data, 2006 ← Mode is Social Expenditures
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21. Formula for standard deviation POLI 399/691 - Fall 2008 Topic 6 Note: N-1 is employed for a sample
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23. Table 8.10 Computation of Standard Deviation, Beth’s Grades POLI 399/691 - Fall 2008 Topic 6 Note: The “N – 1” term is used when sampling procedures have been used. When population values are used the denominator is “N.” SPSS uses N – 1 in calculating the standard deviation in the DESCRIPTIVES procedure. SUBJECT GRADE Sociology 66 66 – 82 = –16 256 Psychology 72 72 – 82 = –10 100 Political science 88 88 – 82 = 6 36 Anthropology 90 90 – 82 = 8 64 Philosophy 94 94 – 82 = 12 144 MEAN 82.0 TOTAL 600
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26. Statistics and SPSS POLI 399/691 - Fall 2008 Topic 6 Source: Jackson and Verberg, p.222. Statistic Nominal Ordinal Interval Central Tendency Mode Mode Median Mode Median Mean Dispersion -- Range Range Standard Deviation Variance SPSS Commands (options) Frequencies (mode) Frequencies (range, median) Descriptives (all)
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Editor's Notes
If you gave only the mean income value for these case you give the impression that there is a very high income when really there isn’t – only one person has a really high income while everybody else has a relatively low income. When you have a skewed distribution it is better to use the median. Find this out by looking at a frequency distribution. The greater the “skew” the greater the difference between the median and the mean
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