2. 2.1 CELL STRUCTURE
& FUNCTION
Learning Outcomes :
2. Draw & label an animal cell and a plant cell
3. Identify the cellular components of an animal
cell & a plant cell
4. State the functions of the cellular components
in an animal and a plant cell
5. Compare & contrast an animal cell with a plant
cell
6. Relate the density of certain organelles with
the functions of specific cells.
3.
4. HISTORY
Robert Hooke (1665) was first
discovered the cell structure of
plant
He examined fine slices of cork
with a primitive microscope
He saw many ‘box-like’ structures ,
then he called ‘cells’, from Latin for
‘little rooms’.
5. THE CELL THEORY
(Schleiden M & Schwann T)
All living organisms are made up of one or
more cells
New cells are formed by the division of
pre-existing cells
Cells contain genetic material of an
organism which is passed from the parent
cells to daughter cells
Cells are the basic unit of structure &
function in living things
6.
7.
8. ORGANELLES specialised
structures which are each
surrounded by its own membrane &
perform specific function
9. PLASMA
MEMBRANE
Thin, semi-permeable
Made of protein, lipid
Controls the
movement of
substances in and out
of the cell
Non-organelle
10. CYTOPLASM
Jelly-like substance
that contains water &
mineral salts
Contains organelles
and food such as
carbohydrates
(glucose)
Medium for metabolic
reactions
Supplies the
substances required
by organelles
Non-organelle
11. CELL WALL
Thick layer outside
the plasma
membrane
Made up of cellulose,
fully permeable
Maintains the shape
of the plant cells
Provides mechanical
support
Non-organelle
12. NUCLEUS
Spherical shape with
double membrane
Contains nucleolus,
chromosomes,
nucleoplasm & nuclear
membrane
Controls & regulates
all the activities of cell
Contain the heredity
factors responsible for
the traits
13. RIBOSOME
Small particles
consisting of RNA
Exists freely in the
cytoplasm or on the
surface of the
endoplasmic
reticulum
Synthesis of protein
14. ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
A system of membrane-
enclosed tubules closely
packed together and
continuous with the nuclear
membrane
RER has ribosome, SER
does not have
Transport system for
protein & lipids within the
cell
RER transport protein to
other part of cell
SER stimulates the
synthesis of lipids &
cholesterol & transport
within the cell
15.
16. GOLGI APPARATUS
Vacuolar region surrounded
by a complex meshwork of
vesicles budding off at its end
Received protein & lipids from
ER & modify them to form
specific secretion such as
enzymes & hormones
Pack the secretions formed
into secreting vesicles &
transport them to plasma
membrane to be secreted
Controls the secretory activity
of cells
Formation of lysosomes
17.
18. VACUOLE
Filled with cell sap,
surrounded by semi-
permeable
membrane called the
tonoplast
Contain water, sugar
& dissolved minerals
Maintain turgidity of
cells in plants
19. MITOCHONDR
IA
Rod-shape with a
double membrane
Outer membrane is
smooth, inner
membrane is folded to
form cristae
Known as ‘power-
house’ of the cell
Releases energy as it
is the site for aerobic
respiration
20.
21. CHLOROPLAST
Disc-shape organelle
with a double
membrane
Consist of an orderly
arrangement of grana
within the stroma.
Granum contains
chlorophyll
Site of photosynthesis
Trapped light energy
and change it into
chemical energy
22. LYSOSOMES
Membrane-bound
vesicles found in animal
cells
Contain enzymes which
control breakdown of
protein & lipids
Contain enzymes that
digest aged or defective
cell components or
materials taken in by the
cell from its
environments such as
food particles or
bacteria.
23. CENTRIOLES
A pair of
small
cylindrical
structures
(microtubules
)
Form spindle
fibre for cell
24. COMPARE & CONTRAST
ANIMAL CELL SIMILARITIES PLANT CELL
A plasma membrane surrounding the
cytoplasm
Both contain nucleus & cytoplasm
Both contain organelles such as mitochondria,
ER, Golgi apparatus & ribosomes
25. ANIMAL CELL DIFFERENCES PLANT CELL
Smaller than plant cell SIZE Larger than animal cell
Irregular shape SHAPE Often regular in shape
Absent CELL WALL Present
Absent CHLOROPLAST Present
No large vacuoles. If VACUOLES Large central vacuole
present, small & filled with cell sap
numerous.
In a form of glycogen in FOOD STORAGE In a form of starch
liver & muscle tissues
Present CENTRIOLES Absent
Some animal cell have CILIA & FLAGELLA Absent
cilia or flagella
27. The number of specific organelles in a cell
varies on the type of cell and its function.
Active cell many mitochondria to provide
enough energy for its activities. Eg. : sperm
cells, flight muscle cell (insects & birds)
Cell in meristems of plant shoot & root
Green plants more chloroplasts to carry out
photosynthesis such as palisade mesophyll cells
and spongy mesophyll cells, also guard cells.
28. EXERCISE 2.1
1. What are the organelle structures of a
cell?
2. What are the functions of each structure
describe above?