Introduction to RF & Wireless - Part 2
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Part 2 covers RF system building blocks, RF system components and microwave circuits
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Introduction to RF & Wireless - Part 2
- 1. Introduction to RF & Wireless Two Day Seminar Module 2
- 2. Introduction to RF & Wireless Two Day Seminar Module 2
- 3. Course Agenda Day One • Morning (Module 1) – Introduction to RF • Afternoon (Module 2) – RF hardware Day Two • Morning (Module 3) – Older systems & mobile telephony • Afternoon (Module 4) – Newer systems & the future
- 4. Module 2 - RF Hardware 1. Basic Building Blocks 2. Other Components 3. Circuits
- 5. Module 2 - RF Hardware 1. Basic Building Blocks 2. Other Components 3. Circuits
- 6. 1. Basic Building Blocks Transmitter/Receiver Preview Antennas Amplifiers Filters Mixers Sources Transmitter/Receiver Review
- 7. 1. Basic Building Blocks Transmitter/Receiver Preview Antennas Amplifiers Filters Mixers Sources Transmitter/Receiver Review
- 8. Transmitters & Receivers Recall Basics Building Blocks - Transmitter/Receiver P
- 11. 1. Basic Building Blocks Transmitter/Receiver Preview Antennas Amplifiers Filters Mixers Sources Transmitter/Receiver Review
- 12. Antennas Basic Building Blocks - Antennas
- 13. Antennas Function ♦ Turn current on a wire into airborne waves ♦ Vice versa • Most antennas work in both directions Basic Building Blocks - Antennas
- 14. Antennas What ♦ Act as impedance matching circuits • From conductor (50 ohms) to free space (377 ohms) Antenna Free space Conductor 377 ohms 50 ohms
- 15. Antennas How ♦ Conductors that are about ½ wavelength long begin to radiate RF energy as waves ½ Wavelength
- 16. Wavelength (meters) Application Wavelengths 5,000,000 Electrical wall outlet 152,500 The human voice 566 AM radio 5 VHF television 3 FM radio 0.3 Cellular phones 0.1 PCS phones 0.02 DirectTV™
- 17. Antennas Characteristics ♦ Active: Requires a power supply ♦ Passive: Does not require a power supply ♦ Directional: Sends RF energy in one direction ♦ Omnidirctional: Sends RF energy in all directions ♦ Size: Depends on the wavelength ♦ Shape: Depends on the direction of the RF energy Basic Building Blocks - Antennas
- 18. Antenna Pattern What Is It? ♦ An engineering tool that shows a birds-eye view of the RF energy radiating out of an antenna Basic Building Blocks - Antennas
- 19. Antenna Pattern Omnidirectional Basic Building Blocks - Antennas
- 20. Antenna Pattern Directional Beamwidth 20° Azimuth Basic Building Blocks - Antennas
- 21. Gain Two Kinds ♦ Power gain • Comes from an amplifier • Increases the power ♦ Antenna gain • Directional gain • No increase in power Basic Building Blocks - Antennas
- 22. Isotropic Antenna What Is It? ♦ A mythical "point" antenna • Antenna pattern is a sphere • Minimum power density Basic Building Blocks - Antennas
- 23. Directional Antenna Visual Depiction ♦ Higher power density than isotropic Basic Building Blocks - Antennas
- 24. Antenna Gain Directional Gain ♦ A gain in power density NOT power • Relative to an isotropic antenna ♦ Measured in dBi Definition ♦ dBi = "dB greater than isotropic" Basic Building Blocks - Antennas
- 25. Antenna Gain For Example An directional antenna with 10 dBi of antenna gain produces an RF signal with TEN TIMES the power density compared to an isotropic antenna Basic Building Blocks - Antennas
- 26. Antenna Gain 10 dBi Output power = 30 dBm Input power = 30 dBm Effective Isotropic Radiated Power = 30 dBm + 10 dBi = 40 dBm Basic Building Blocks - Antennas
- 27. Output power 40 dBm Free space loss 120 dB -80 dBm Absorption 10 dB -90 dBm S/N 30 dB Noise floor -120 dBm
- 28. Effective isotropic radiated power 40 dBm Free space loss 120 dB -80 dBm Absorption 10 dB -90 dBm S/N 30 dB Noise floor -120 dBm
- 29. Effective isotropic radiated power 40 dBm Free space loss 120 dB -80 dBm Absorption 10 dB Ant gain S/N 40 dB Noise floor -120 dBm
- 30. Antenna Gain 30 dBm Antenna FSL Absorb Antenna -80 dBm 10 dBi -120 dB -10 dB 10 dBi S/N 40 dB Noise floor -120 dBm Basic Building Blocks - Antennas
- 31. Antenna Gain Even Omnidirectionals Have Gain ♦ 2 - 3 dBi Basic Building Blocks - Antennas
- 32. Antenna Types Omnidirectional ♦ Dipole: ½ wavelength long ♦ Monopole: ¼ wavelength long Directional ♦ Dish ♦ Horn ♦ Patch ♦ Array
- 33. Array Antenna
- 34. Polarization What Is It? ♦ The RF (sine) waves which emanate from an antenna have an orientation to them • Horizontal • Vertical
- 35. Polarization Horizontal Vertical Basic Building Blocks - Antennas
- 36. Polarization So What ♦ Otherwise identical RF signals can be made distinct by having different polarizations • Better use of scarce bandwidth • Polarization diversity Basic Building Blocks - Antennas
- 37. Smart Antennas What Are They? ♦ Directional antennas in which the antenna beam moves Basic Building Blocks - Antennas
- 38. Smart Antennas What Are They? ♦ Directional antennas in which the antenna beam moves Basic Building Blocks - Antennas
- 39. Smart Antennas What Are They? ♦ Directional antennas in which the antenna beam moves Basic Building Blocks - Antennas
- 40. Smart Antennas What Are They? ♦ Directional antennas in which the antenna beam moves Basic Building Blocks - Antennas
- 41. Smart Antennas How? ♦ Switched beam ♦ Electronically scanned Why? ♦ More users per area ♦ Spatial division multiple access Basic Building Blocks - Antennas
- 42. 1. Basic Building Blocks Transmitter/Receiver Preview Antennas Amplifiers Filters Mixers Sources Transmitter/Receiver Review
- 43. Amplifiers Basic Building Blocks - Amplifiers
- 44. Amplifiers Function ♦ Increase the power of RF signals • "Power gain" Basic Building Blocks - Amplifiers
- 45. Amplifiers Main Types ♦ Low noise amplifier (LNA) • First one in a receiver ♦ High power amplifier (HPA) • Last one in a transmitter ♦ Other • Many different kinds • "Gain blocks" Basic Building Blocks - Amplifiers
- 46. Amplifiers HPA LNA Other
- 47. Amplifier Properties LNA HPA ♦ Gain ♦ Gain ♦ Linearity ♦ Linearity ♦ Noise figure ♦ Output power Basic Building Blocks - Amplifiers
- 48. Gain Power Gain (Gp) ♦ Measured in dB 30 dB -90 dBm -60 dBm Basic Building Blocks - Amplifiers
- 49. Linearity Transfer Curve One dB compression point
- 50. Linearity Another Measure ♦ Third order intercept (Ip3) ♦ Intercept point • Measured in dB Basic Building Blocks - Amplifiers
- 51. Output Power Dictates Amplifier Performance ♦ Suppose Psat = 40 dBm HPA 30 dB 20 dBm 50 dBm Basic Building Blocks - Amplifiers
- 52. Output Power Dictates Amplifier Performance ♦ Suppose Psat = 40 dBm 30 dB 20 dBm 50 dBm Basic Building Blocks - Amplifiers
- 53. Output Power Dictates Amplifier Performance ♦ Suppose Psat = 40 dBm 30 dB 20 dBm 40 dBm Basic Building Blocks - Amplifiers
- 54. Output Power Dictates Amplifier Performance ♦ Suppose Psat = 40 dBm 30 dB 20 dB 20 dBm 40 dBm Basic Building Blocks - Amplifiers
- 55. Noise Figure Definition ♦ How much an amplifier decreases the S/N ratio • Measured in dB LNA S/N 40 dB S/N 37 dB NF=3dB Basic Building Blocks - Amplifiers
- 56. A Special Amplifier Variable Gain Amplifier (VGA) ♦ Gain can be made to vary 15 dB Basic Building Blocks - Amplifiers
- 57. A Special Amplifier Variable Gain Amplifier (VGA) ♦ Gain can be made to vary 30 dB Basic Building Blocks - Amplifiers
- 58. 1. Basic Building Blocks Transmitter/Receiver Preview Antennas Amplifiers Filters Mixers Sources Transmitter/Receiver Review
- 59. Filters Basic Building Blocks - Filters
- 60. Filters Function ♦ Eliminate signals at unwanted frequencies Basic Building Blocks - Filters
- 61. Filters Block Diagrams Basic Building Blocks - Filters
- 62. Filters Frequency Response ♦ Used to describe a filter's behavior ♦ A graph of attenuation vs frequency
- 63. Filters Types ♦ Low pass • Only signals below a certain frequency can pass ♦ High pass • Only signals above a certain frequency can pass ♦ Band pass • Only signals between two frequencies can pass ♦ Band reject ("Notch") • Only signals outside two frequencies can pass
- 64. Low Pass Filter Ideal Frequency Response Stop band Pass band
- 65. Low Pass Filter Real Frequency Response Stop band Pass band
- 66. Low Pass Filter Real Frequency Response Ideal Out of band signals pass band
- 67. High Pass Filter Frequency Response
- 68. Band Pass Filter Frequency Response
- 69. Band Reject Filter Frequency Response
- 70. Special Filters Duplexer ("Diplexer") ♦ Two band pass filters in one package
- 71. Special Filters Duplexer Frequency Response
- 72. Special Filters SAW (Surface Acoustic Wave) ♦ Converts RF signals into sound signals ♦ Used for low frequency applications • Typically less than 3 GHz ♦ Very small and low cost • Ideal for use in cell phones Basic Building Blocks - Filters
- 73. Special Filters Superconducting Filters ♦ Have zero insertion loss in the pass band ♦ Have a near-vertical frequency response ♦ Require cooling units • Used primarily in cellular base station receivers Basic Building Blocks - Filters
- 74. Filters Interesting Things To Know ♦ All devices have a 1 dB compression point -even passive ones like filters • A function of input power ♦ IL of a passive device is its noise figure Basics Building Blocks - Filters
- 75. 1. Basic Building Blocks Transmitter/Receiver Preview Antennas Amplifiers Filters Mixers Sources Transmitter/Receiver Review
- 76. Mixers Basics Building Blocks - Mixers
- 77. Mixers Function ♦ To change the frequency of the RF signal Basics Building Blocks - Mixers
- 78. Mixers How ♦ Mixers have two inputs and one output called ports Input 1 Output Input 2 Basics Building Blocks - Mixers
- 79. Mixers How ♦ One RF signal goes into Input 1 ♦ One RF signal goes into Input 2 ♦ TWO RF signals come out of the Output Basics Building Blocks - Mixers
- 80. Mixers How ♦ Output signal 1 • Frequency = sum of frequencies of input signals ♦ Output signal 2 • Frequency = difference of frequencies of input signals Basics Building Blocks - Mixers
- 81. Mixers Example One input signal to a mixer has a frequency of 400 MHz while the other has a frequency of 500 MHz. What is the frequency of the two output signals? Frequency (signal 1) = 400 MHz + 500 MHz = 900 MHz Frequency (signal 2) = 500 MHz - 400 MHz = 100 MHz Basics Building Blocks - Mixers
- 82. Mixers Example 100 MHz 500 MHz 900 MHz 400 MHz
- 83. Mixers What ♦ Mixers can be used to raise OR lower the frequency of an RF signal • Raise: upconverter and it's in a transmitter • Lower: downconverter and it's in a receiver ♦ Only one output signal is used ♦ The other is eliminated with a filter Basics Building Blocks - Mixers
- 84. Mixers Characteristics ♦ Noise figure ♦ Insertion loss called conversion loss (CL) ♦ One dB compression point ♦ Ports have designations Basics Building Blocks - Mixers
- 85. Mixers Port Designations RF IF LO Basics Building Blocks - Mixers
- 86. Mixers Port Designations ♦ LO is always one of the inputs • LO: Local Oscillator ♦ RF/IF can be input or output • IF: Intermediate Frequency • Upconverter (transmitter): RF is output • Downconverter (receiver): RF is input Basics Building Blocks - Mixers
- 87. Mixers How They're Actually Used ♦ Upconverters/Downconverters • Change the frequency ♦ Phase modulators/demodulators • Impart or detect a phase shift Basics Building Blocks - Mixers
- 88. Mixers Downconverter ♦ Superheterodyne From Antenna To Demod RF Signal Baseband Signal 900 MHz IF Signal 64 KHz 70 MHz Basics Building Blocks - Mixers
- 89. 1. Basic Building Blocks Transmitter/Receiver Preview Antennas Amplifiers Filters Mixers Sources Transmitter/Receiver Review
- 90. Sources Basics Building Blocks - Sources
- 91. Sources Function ♦ To generate a perfect sine wave at a specified frequency • It is the "source" of the RF • It is also called an oscillator • It feeds the LO port of a mixer
- 92. Sources How ♦ Many materials produce a sine wave when excited with electrical energy What ♦ The objective is to produce the most perfect sine wave possible Basics Building Blocks - Sources
- 93. Sources Examples Acronym Oscillator DRO Dielectric resonator XO Crystal YIG Yttrium Iron Garnet Basics Building Blocks - Sources
- 94. Special Sources Voltage Controlled Oscillator (VCO) ♦ The frequency of the sine wave can be made to vary by means of an external control Sine wave out Control voltage in Basics Building Blocks - Sources
- 95. Special Sources Synthesizer ♦ "Sophisticated" oscillator Frequency selector
- 96. Recap Antenna Airborne waves to current Amplifer Makes signals bigger Filter Elliminates unwanted frequencies Mixer Changes a signal’s frequency Source Produces a perfect sine wave
- 97. 1. Basic Building Blocks Transmitter/Receiver Preview Antennas Amplifiers Filters Mixers Sources Transmitter/Receiver Review
- 99. Transmitter Block Diagram 64 Kbps
- 100. Transmitter Block Diagram 64 KHz
- 101. Transmitter Block Diagram 64 KHz
- 102. Transmitter Block Diagram 70 MHz 900 MHz
- 103. Transmitter Block Diagram 900 MHz
- 104. Transmitter Block Diagram 900 MHz
- 105. Transmitter Block Diagram 900 MHz
- 108. Receiver Block Diagram Signals
- 109. Receiver Block Diagram Signals
- 110. Receiver Block Diagram 900 MHz
- 111. Receiver Block Diagram 70 MHz 64 KHz
- 112. Receiver Block Diagram 64 KHz
- 113. Receiver Block Diagram 64 KHz
- 114. Receiver Block Diagram 64 Kbps
- 115. Basic Building Blocks The end
- 116. Module 2 - RF Hardware 1. Basic Building Blocks 2. Other Components 3. Circuits
- 117. 2. Other Components Switches Attenuators Dividers/Combiners Couplers Circulators/Isolators Transformers Detectors Phase Shifters/Detectors
- 118. 2. Other Components Switches Attenuators Dividers/Combiners Couplers Circulators/Isolators Transformers Detectors Phase Shifters/Detectors
- 119. Switches Function ♦ Switch an RF signal's path Other Components - Switches
- 120. Switches Function ♦ Change an RF signal's path Other Components - Switches
- 121. Switches Where Cell phone Other Components - Switches
- 122. Switches Where Cell phone Other Components - Switches
- 123. Switch Types Switch Type Characterstics Solid state Fast Small Inexpensive Electromechanical Big Slow Low insertion loss Other Components - Switches
- 124. Insertion Loss vs Isolation Insertion Loss ♦ Loss in the closed path Insertion loss ≈ 1 dB Other Components - Switches
- 125. Insertion Loss vs Isolation Isolation ♦ Loss in the open path Isolation ≈ 30 dB Other Components - Switches
- 126. 2. Other Components Switches Attenuators Dividers/Combiners Couplers Circulators/Isolators Transformers Detectors Phase Shifters/Detectors
- 127. Attenuators Function ♦ To make an RF signal smaller Heat Other Components - Attenuators
- 128. Attenuators Block Diagrams Other Components - Attenuators
- 129. Attenuator Types Attenuator Type Characterstics Fixed Insertion loss has a single value Voltage Variable Insertion loss can take any value over a range Digital Insertion loss can only take certain values over a range Other Components - Attenuators
- 130. Digital Attenuator Other Components - Attenuators
- 131. Recall Saturated Power ♦ Suppose Psat = 40 dBm 30 dB 20 dBm 50 dBm Basic Building Blocks - Amplifiers
- 132. Attenuators Where ♦ To prevent saturation Other Components - Attenuators
- 133. 2. Other Components Switches Attenuators Dividers/Combiners Couplers Circulators/Isolators Transformers Detectors Phase Shifters/Detectors
- 134. Dividers Function ♦ Break up an RF signal into 2 or more signals Other Components - Dividers
- 135. Dividers Function ♦ Break up an RF signal into 2 or more signals ? dBm 1 dB 30 dBm ? dBm Other Components - Dividers
- 136. Dividers Function ♦ Break up an RF signal into 2 or more signals 26 dBm 1 dB 30 dBm 26 dBm Other Components - Dividers
- 137. Combiners Function ♦ Combine 2 or more RF signals into one Other Components - Combiners
- 138. 2. Other Components Switches Attenuators Dividers/Combiners Couplers Circulators/Isolators Transformers Detectors Phase Shifters/Detectors
- 139. Couplers Coupler Types Also Called Directional coupler Coupler Bi-directional coupler Dual directional coupler Quad coupler Quadrature coupler Quadrature (Quad) hybrid Hybrid Lange coupler
- 140. Directional Couplers Function ♦ To "sample" an RF signal Other Components - Couplers
- 141. Bi-Directional Couplers Function ♦ To sample reflected power also
- 142. Quad Couplers Function ♦ Splits a signal into 2 with a phase shift 90° Other Components - Couplers
- 143. Quad Couplers Where ♦ Balanced amplifier Other Components - Couplers
- 144. 2. Other Components Switches Attenuators Dividers/Combiners Couplers Circulators/Isolators Transformers Detectors Phase Shifters/Detectors
- 145. Circulators Function ♦ Reroutes RF signals Other Components - Circulators
- 146. Circulators Function ♦ Reroutes RF signals Other Components - Circulators
- 147. Circulators Function ♦ Reroutes RF signals Other Components - Circulators
- 148. Circulators Where Cell phone Other Components - Circulators
- 149. Isolators Function ♦ To protect something from reflected power Load Other Components - Isolators
- 150. Isolators Where Base station Load Other Components - Isolators
- 151. 2. Other Components Switches Attenuators Dividers/Combiners Couplers Circulators/Isolators Transformers Detectors Phase Shifters/Detectors
- 152. Transformers Function ♦ Impedance matching, coupling, and others RF in RF out Other Components - Transformers
- 153. Impedance matching circuit 75 ohms 50 ohms Other Components - Transformers
- 154. 2. Other Components Switches Attenuators Dividers/Combiners Couplers Circulators/Isolators Transformers Detectors Phase Shifters/Detectors
- 155. Detectors Function ♦ To convert RF power to voltage RF in Voltage out Other Components - Detectors
- 156. 2. Other Components Switches Attenuators Dividers/Combiners Couplers Circulators/Isolators Transformers Detectors Phase Shifters/Detectors
- 157. Phase Shifters Function ♦ To phase shift the output relative to the input Phase shifted Input signal Φ output signal Other Components - Phase Shifters
- 158. BPSK Other Components - Phase Shifters
- 159. Phase Shifters Where ♦ In modulators Φ 180° Other Components - Phase Shifters
- 160. Phase Detectors Function ♦ To convert a phase difference to a voltage Where ♦ In demodulators RF Input 1 Phase Voltage Output RF Input 2 Detector Other Components - Phase Detectors
- 161. Recap Switch Change an RF signals’ path Antennuator Makes signals smaller Divider/ Splits a signal evenly Combiner Coupler Samples a signal Quad Coupler Splits a signal with phase shift
- 162. Recap Circulator/ Reroutes a signal Isolator Transformer Impedance matching, coupling, etc Detector Converts an RF signal to a voltage Phase Shifter Imparts a phase shift on a signal Φ Phase Converts a phase diff to a voltage Phase Detector Detector
- 163. Other Components The end
- 166. Semiconductor Materials Material Comments Silicon Low cost (Si) Low frequency Gallium Aresenide Higher cost (GaAs) Higher frequency Silicon Germanium Low cost (SiGe) High effeciency Indium Phosphide Highest cost (InP) Highest frequency Circuits - Seminconductors
- 167. Semiconductor Building Blocks Component Usage Diode Switches, Attenuators Mixers, Detectors Transistor Amplifers, Switches Oscillators, Mixers Integrated Circuit Combine multiple components
- 168. Diodes Main Structures ♦ PIN • Power ♦ Schottky • Speed Circuits - Seminconductors
- 170. Transistors Main Structures ♦ Bipolar Junction (BJT) • Low frequency • High power ♦ Field Effect (FET) • High frequency • Low noise Circuits - Seminconductors
- 171. Bipolar Junction Transistors Materials ♦ Silicon • "Bipolar" ♦ Gallium Arsenide • Heterojunction Bipolar Transistor (HBT) Circuits - Seminconductors
- 172. Field Effect Transistors Materials ♦ Silicon • MOSFET • LDMOS ♦ Gallium Arsenide • MESFET • HEMT • PHEMT Circuits - Seminconductors
- 174. Integrated Circuits MMIC ♦ Microwave Monolithic Integrated Circuit • Si, SiGe or GaAs • Transistors + other components – Amplifiers – Switches – Digital attenuators – Mixers Circuits - Seminconductors
- 175. Integrated Circuits Circuits - Seminconductors
- 176. Recap Materials ♦ Silicon - Low frequency ♦ Gallium Arsenide - Higher frequency ♦ Silicon Germanium - High efficiency ♦ Indium Phosphide - Highest frequency Building Blocks ♦ Diodes - PIN, Schottky ♦ Transistors - BJT, FET ♦ Integrated circuits - Combination
- 178. Circuit Designs Two Types ♦ Lumped element ♦ Distributed Dictated By ♦ Frequency Circuits - Circuit Technologies
- 179. Circuit Designs Lumped Element ♦ Uses discrete ("real") passive components • Inductors • Capacitors • Couplers • Transformers Circuits - Circuit Technologies
- 180. Circuit Designs Distributed ♦ Uses metal traces as passive components • Inductors • Capacitors • Couplers • Transformers Circuits - Circuit Technologies
- 181. Circuit Construction Four Ways ♦ Discrete ♦ Hybrid ♦ MMIC ♦ Cavity Dictated By ♦ Cost ♦ Size ♦ Performance Circuits - Circuit Technologies
- 182. Circuit Construction Discrete ♦ Packaged semiconductors ♦ Lumped passives ♦ Printed circuit board Circuits - Circuit Technologies
- 183. Circuit Construction Hybrid ♦ Packaged or bare chip semiconductors ♦ Lumped or distributed passives ♦ Ceramic substrate Circuits - Circuit Technologies
- 184. Circuit Construction MMIC ♦ Semiconductors devices ♦ Distributed passives ♦ On a single piece of semiconductor Circuits - Circuit Technologies
- 185. Circuit Construction Cavity ♦ A hollow container ♦ Signals move as waves inside ♦ Used for high power Circuits - Circuit Technologies
- 186. Recap Circuit Design ♦ Lumped - Low frequency ♦ Distributed - High frequency Circuit Construction ♦ Discrete - High power, quick design time ♦ Hybrid - High frequency, best performance ♦ MMIC - Small size, high volume ♦ Cavity - Very high power Circuits - Circuit Technologies
- 189. Interconnection Transmission Lines ♦ Should be 50 ohms (i.e. good match) ♦ Have insertion loss ♦ Effect system performance ♦ Can be made several different ways Circuits - Interconnection
- 190. Transmission Lines Can Be Made Using 1) Cables - box to box 2) Waveguides - high power box to box 3) Metal traces - low power, inside a box Circuits - Interconnection
- 191. Cables Coaxial Cables Insulator Inner conductor Outer shield Circuits - Interconnection
- 192. Cable Assemblies Consist Of ♦ Coaxial cable ♦ Connectors Circuits - Interconnection
- 193. Cables Connectors ♦ Many families • Price • Performance • Evolution ♦ Many types • Usage dependent Circuits - Interconnection
- 194. Cables How To Interconnect Different Families ♦ Adapters Circuits - Interconnection
- 195. Waveguides What ♦ Rectangular metal tubing How ♦ Signals travel as waves Why ♦ Zero insertion loss Circuits - Interconnection
- 196. Traces Where ♦ On printed circuit boards Circuits - Interconnection
- 197. Traces Where ♦ In hybrids Circuits - Interconnection
- 198. Traces Where ♦ As part of MMICs Circuits - Interconnection
- 199. Traces Construction ♦ Stripline ♦ Microstrip ♦ Coplanar waveguide Metal Substrate Circuits - Interconnection
- 200. Recap Transmission Lines ♦ Coaxial cables ♦ Waveguide ♦ Traces Circuits - Circuit Technologies
- 201. Circuits The end
- 202. Module 2 -RF Hardware The end Dinner