Apostila Comercio Inglês

Centro de Educação Profissional Hélio Augusto de Souza

Student’s name:
______________________

Teacher Érika Fernanda Figueiredo 2012

1
English for Specific Purpose – Foreign Trade
Teacher Erika Fernanda

INDEX

INCONTERMS, Logistics and Transportation……………………………………………………………………….…………… 0
3
Simple Future …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………….. 0
8
Immediate Future……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 0
9
Commercial letters – an introduction …………………………………………………………………………….…………………. 1
2
Present Perfect……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….……...…………. 1
5
Simple Past x Present Perfect…………………………………………………………………………………………….……….……….... 1
8
More commercial letters …………………………………………………………………………………………………..………………….. 2
0
Past Perfect…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……………….…………... 2
2
Important parts of a letter …………………………………………………………………………………………………….……………... 2
7
Passive Voice…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….……….…..…….…… 2
8
More information about letters …………………………………………………………………………………………….……….…… 3
3
Degrees of Adjectives………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…………... 3
4
Commercial Letters…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………... 3
7
Facsimile Language………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...……... 3
9
Résumé……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….………. 4
1
Bibliography……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 4
. 4

Our Father, who art in Heaven, hallowed be thy name;

thy kingdom come, thy will be done on Earth as it is in Heaven.

Give us this day our daily bread, and forgive our trespasses

as we forgive those who trespass against us;

and lead us not into temptation, but deliver us from evil. Amen.

2

UNIT 1 – INCONTERMS, LOGISTICS AND TRANSPORTATION
Competência Composta 1: Identificar os INCONTERMS e utilizar os mesmos na oralidade e na escrita
de documentos e em situações nos processos de compra e venda internacional

Indicador A: Conhece as siglas usadas como INCONTERMS
Indicador B: Lê documentos que contenhamos INCONTERMS
Indicador C: Identifica na fala os INCONTERMS

Competência Composta 2: Ler e produzir documentos específicos do processo de logística através da
utilização de termos próprios e de conhecimento dos meios de transportes aplicados à esta área para
realizar o processo compra e venda internacional.

Indicador A: Conhece termos da área da Logística, importação e exportação.
Indicador B: Conhece os nomes dos meios de transportes usados na área.

THE DOCUMENTS ARE REQUIRED FOR FOREIGN TRADE AS FOLLOWS:

CUSTOM DECLARATION
TRANSPORT DOCUMENTS: BILL OF LADING( MARINE/AIRWAY/ROADWAY BILL)
PROFORMA INVOICE
COMMERCIAL INVOICE
PACKING LIST AND WEIGHT LIST
INDEMNITY LETTER
CERTIFICATE OF ANALYSIS
HEALTH CERTIFICATE
CONSULAR INVOICE
MOVEMENT CERTIFICATE
CERTIFICATE OF ORIGIN
INGREDIENT CERTIFICATE
INSURANCE CERTIFICATE

Export documentation is a tedious but necessary process that all exporters must pay close attention to, as
documentation requirements vary considerably by country, commodity and situation. Shipping
documents are the key to international trade, and have been used for thousands of years. Documents

3

outline the sale, shipment, and responsibilities of each party so that the full transaction is understood and
complete without delay or additional costs. Documents also ensure compliance with applicable
regulations.
Documents required for an international sale can vary significantly from transaction to transaction,
depending on the destination and the product being shipped. At a minimum, there will be two
documents: the invoice and the transport document

***Countries that require a 'consular invoice' also require a 'commercial invoice' as proof of your export
shipment...

1) Take a look at the following instructions of a CERTIFICATE OF ORIGIN document and
fill the next sample:

INCLUDEPICTURE

"http://www.unzco.com/basicguide/images/origin.gif" * MERGEFORMAT
1. THE UNDERSIGNED - Name of the individual completing and signing the certificate (see Block 13);
may be the Exporter or Agent of the Exporter.

2. FOR - The Company name and address of the Exporter (Distributor or Manufacturer) effecting the
shipment of merchandise.

3. SHIPPED ON - Name of the vessel, aircraft, rail, or trucking company. May also include vessel number
and flag, flight number and flag, rail car number, and truck Pro number.

4. DATE - The date the carrier left the port/terminal for the destination.
4

5. CONSIGNED TO - The Consignee, as it appears on the Commercial Invoice; may be "To Order of
Shipper," or "To Order of (Customer's) Bank, or to any other entity, on the Conditions of Sale and/or the
letter of credit.

6. MARKS AND NUMBERS - The marks recorded on each package, including Shipper's Company
Name, Country of Origin (i.e. - Made in USA), Destination Port of Entry, and Customer's Company Name;
may also include a Shipper's Control Number (i.e. - C/I No.) and the Customer's Import license Number.
"Number" refers to the numbering of the packages in the shipment (i.e. - 1 of 30, 2 of 30, etc.).

7. NO. OF PACKAGES - The total number of packages, cartons, boxes, skids, etc. per description line,
including outer packaging, in kilograms.

8. GROSS WEIGHT - Total weight of packages per description line, including outer packaging, in
kilograms.

9. NET WEIGHT - Total weight of all packages per description line, excluding outer packaging, but
including inner packaging, in kilograms

10. DESCRIPTION - Full description of items being shipped, the type of containers, the gross weight per
container, and the quantity and unit of measure of the merchandise. May also include cross references to
Purchase Order or Commercial Invoice number.

11. SWORN BEFORE - Notary Republic seal/signature, and date notarized.

12. DATE - Date Certificate of Origin was prepared and signed.

13. SIGNATURE - The signature of the owner, employee, or agent appearing in Block 1 above.

14. CHAMBER OF COMMERCE - Name of local Chamber of Commerce (and State) certifying the origin
of the merchandise.

15. SECRETARY - Authorized signature of the local Chamber of Commerce Secretary and that
organization's seal.

CERTIFICATE OF ORIGIN

The undersigned ………………………………..…………………………………………………………….
…………………………

For ………………………………………………...………………………………….…. declares that the following
mentioned goods shipped on SS ………………………………..…………… on the date of
……………….……………….. Consigned to……………………………….
……………………………………………………………… are products of United States of America.

Marks No. of Weights of goods Description
and packages Gross
Number Net
s

5

Sworn to before me Dated at ……………..……… day of …………….……. 20……...

this ……………… day of ……………. 20….………………………
Signature ………………………………………….

The ………………………………………….…….. a recognized Chamber of Commerce under
the law of the State of …………………………………. has examined the merchandise’s
invoice or shipper’s affidavit concerning the origin of the merchandise and
according to the law of its belief and knowledge, finds the products named
originated in the United States of America.
Secretary……………………………………………………

2) Read the following instructions and answer the statements below:

Sample Commercial Invoice

1. EXPORTER - The name and address of the principal party responsible for effecting export from the
United States. The exporter as named on the Export License.

2. CONSIGNEE - The name and address of the person/company to whom the goods are shipped for
the designated end use, or the party so designated on the Export License.

3. INTERMEDIATE CONSIGNEE - The name and address of the part which effects delivery of the
merchandise to the ultimate consignee, or the part so named on the Export License.

4. FORWARDING AGENT - The name and address of the duly authorized forwarder acting as agent for
the exporter.

5. COMMERCIAL INVOICE NO. - Commercial Invoice number assigned by the exporter.

6. CUSTOMER PURCHASE ORDER NO. - Overseas customer's reference of order number.

6

7. B/L, AWB NO. - Bill of Lading,
or Air Waybill number, if known.

8. COUNTRY OF ORIGIN -
Country of origin of shipment.

9. DATE OF EXPORT - Actual
date of export of merchandise,
numbers, special handling
requirements, routing
requirements, etc.

10. TERMS OF PAYMENT -
Describe the terms, conditions, and
currency of settlement as agreed
upon by the vendor and purchaser
per the Pro Forma Invoice,
customer Purchase Order, and/or
Letter of Credit.

11. EXPORT REFERENCES - May
be used to record other useful
information, e.g. - other reference

12. AIR/OCEAN PORT OF
EMBARKATION - Ocean
port/pier, or airport to be used for
embarkation of merchandise.

13. EXPORTING
CARRIER/ROUTE - Record airline
carrier/flight number or vessel
name/shipping line to be used for
the shipment of merchandise.

14. PACKAGES - Record number of packages, cartons, or containers per description line.

15. QUANTITY - Record total number of units per description line.

16. NET WEIGHT/GROSS WEIGHT - Record total net weight and total gross weight (includes weight
of container) in kilograms per description line.

17. DESCRIPTION OF MERCHANDISE - Provide a full description of items shipped, the type of
container (carton, box, pack, etc.), the gross weight per container, and the quantity and unit of measure of
the merchandise.

18. UNIT PRICE/TOTAL VALUE - Record the unit price of the merchandise per the unit of measure,
compute the extended total value of the line.

19. PACKAGE MARKS - Record in this Field, as well as on each package, the package number (e.g. - 1 of
7, 3 of 7, etc.), shippers company name, country of origin (e.g. - made in USA), destination port of entry,
package weight in kilograms, package size (length x width x height), and shipper's control number (e.g. -
C/I number; optional).
7

20. MISC. CHARGES - Record any miscellaneous charges which are to be paid for by the customer -
export transportation, insurance, export packaging, inland freight to pier, etc.

21. CERTIFICATIONS - any certifications or declarations required of the shipper regarding any
information recorded on the commercial invoice.

a) Find all cognate words into the descriptions: (the cognates are words which can help you to
understand texts or documents without the dictionary help, they are similar to Portuguese language)
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
b) Now find words which are used in the International Trade area. i.e.: EXPORTER
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
c) What is the intermediate consignee’s purpose?
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
d) And what does the forwarding agent do?
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
e) What are the abbreviation forms for BILL OF LANDING and AIR WAYBILL?
________________________________________________________________________________
f) What are the terms of payment exposed into the instructions? Explain them:
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
g) Exemplify the items below:

AIR/OCEAN PORT OF EMBARKATION
……………………………………………………………………………………………….

8

EXPORTING CARRIER/ROUTE ………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………...

DESCRIPTION OF UNIT TOTAL PACKAGE MARKS
MERCHANDISE PRICE VALUE

3) Join the columns:

01) EXW ( ) Delivered Ex Ship
02) FCA ( ) Free Carrier
03) FAS ( ) Delivered Duty Paid
04) FOB ( ) Cost, Insurance and Freight
05) CFR ( ) Carriage and Insurance Paid To
06) CIF ( ) Delivered Ex Quay
07) CPT ( ) Delivered Duty Unpaid
08) CIP ( ) Cost and Freight
09) DAF ( ) Carriage Paid To
10) DES ( ) Delivered At Frontier
11) DEQ ( ) Free On Board
12) DDU ( ) EX Works
13) DDP ( ) Free Alongside Ship

UNIT 2 – SIMPLE FUTURE

Competência Composta 3: Usar a norma culta na linguagem escrita fazendo afirmações, negações e
interrogações na área comercial de maneira correta e formal respeitando as regras da gramática
normativa para escrever frases na área administrativa.

Indicador A: Constrói sentenças usando o futuro simples de maneira correta;
Indicador B: Diferencia o uso do futuro simples com WILL e BE GOING TO;

 Without You
David Guetta
I won't run, I won't fly
Without
You, you, you
I will never make it by Without you
Without you Can't erase, so I'll take blame
I can't win, I can't reign Without you But I can't accept that we're
I will never win this game I can't rest, I can't fight estranged
Without you All I need is you and I Without you
Without you Without you Without you
I am lost, I am vain Without you I can't quit now, this can't be
I will never be the same Oh, oh, oh right
Without you You, you, you I can't take one more sleepless
Without you night
9

Without you I can't look, I'm so blind You, you, you
Without you I lost my heart, I lost my mind Without you
I won't soar, I won't climb Without you I am lost, I am vain
If you're not here, I'm Without you I will never be the same
paralyzed Oh, oh, oh Without you
Without you You, you, you Without you
Without you Without Without you

Simple Future and Immediate Future

We generally use the simple future to refer to a time point in the future. You must use SIMPLE
FUTURE when you decide what you will do at the moment of speaking. When you have no certainty
about future time. Expressions like: I’m not sure... Probably... I think ... I guess... One day...etc. are used with
WILL.

We form the simple future with will + the infinitive form of the verb. When the subject is I or we,
the auxiliary shall is sometimes used:

I shall go to Britain with you.
We shall not/ shan’t invite Mary for the party!

later – soon – tonight – tomorrow – the day after tomorrow

week two hours
month a few days
Next winter In three weeks
year ten years
century 2010

Structures of Simple Future

AFFIRMATIVE FORM NEGATIVE FORM

I study later. I write the response letter.
He arrive soon. He be part of the conference.
She travel to Italy next week. She call to her boss.
It WILL work. It WILL NOT arrive on time.
You be part of the meeting. You (WON'T) pay for this.
We talk to our partners. We merge to that company.
They export those products. They buy this kind of goods.

INTERROGATIVE FORM

I travel on business with you?
he attend the costumers?
she answer the international phone calls?
WILL it work?
you fill in form?
we arrive on time?
they go to the president’s office?

 HOMEWORK ACTIVITIES:
10

Exercise 1) Correct the sentences below:

a) I will walking to the store with my wife. _______________________________________
b) Mr. Shin will talked with his son about the car. _______________________________________
c) She will bought a ticket tomorrow. _______________________________________
d) I will sent you the information. _______________________________________
e) Will you made dinner for the children? _______________________________________
f) Will you telling her I am here? _______________________________________
g) She will gave the children a surprise. _______________________________________
h) Will my mother liked the flowers? _______________________________________
i) The manager will giving his employees a raise. _______________________________________
j) Members of the club will voted for a president. _______________________________________
k) He will traveled to Japan. _______________________________________
l) The children will completing their homework. _______________________________________
m) Citizens will liked the new laws. _______________________________________
n) He will gave his children his wisdom. _______________________________________

Exercise 2) Rewrite these affirmative statements into the NEGATIVE SIMPLE FUTURE:

a) I will study English tonight. _______________________________________
b) The boss will shout at his secretary. _______________________________________
c) For this job, it will be necessary to know a foreign language. ______________________________
d) You will be responsible for filing the documents. _______________________________________
e) Mr. Simpson will merge his company to Mrs. Baldwin. ___________________________________

Exercise 3) Make interrogative statements for these sentences below:

a) The sun will shine tomorrow. ____________________________________________________

b) The train will leave soon. ________________________________________________________

c) Jeremy will travel to Italy next vacation. _____________________________________________

d) They will buy some flowers for their visit. ____________________________________________

e) She will answer you as soon as possible. ____________________________________________

UNIT 3 – IMMEDIATE FUTURE
Another way to express using the future time is with the IMMEDIATE FUTURE. We use the
immediate future to express future plans or intentions made in the past. And when the future is coming.
11

You must use the Immediate Future also when you have some present situation which allows you to
guess the future. For instance: “Look at the sky! It’s so gray. It is going to rain!”
Structures of Immediate Future

AFFIRMATIVE FORM NEGATIVE FORM

I am going to study later. I am not going to write the response letter.
He is going to arrive soon. He is not going to be part of the conference.
She is going to travel to Italy next week. She Is not going to call to her boss.
It is going to work. It is not going to arrive on time.
You are going to be part of the meeting. You are not going to pay for this.
We are going to talk to our partners. We are not going to merge to that company.
They are going to export those products. They are not going to buy this kind of goods.

INTERROGATIVE FORM

Am I going to travel on business with you?
Is he going to attend the costumers?
Is she going to answer the international phone calls?
Is it going to work?
Are you going to fill in form?
Are we going to arrive on time?
Are they going (to go) to the president’s office?

Exercise 1) Build sentences using IMMEDIATE FUTURE:

a) I (see) ______________________________________________ my sister in July.

b) Jack (star) __________________________________________ working for a big company.

c) We (learn) __________________________________________ a new language next class.

d) I (get) __________________________________________________ vacation next week.

e) They (call)______________________________________________________ us later.

f) Susan (enjoy)_____________________________________________________ the party.

Exercise 2) Build negative sentences using IMMEDIATE FUTURE:

a) He is not going to cook dinner tonight. He is going to play soccer.

b) We ___________________ wine. We _____________________ beer. (to drink)

c) They ____________________ later (to dance). They _____________ a

meeting. (to have)

12

d) It _____________________ today (to rain). It __________________ sunny. (to be)

e) I ______________________ tonight. (to run) I ___________________ . (to

dance)

Exercise 3) Make some questions using IMMEDIATE FUTURE:

a) to buy a new car - Are your going to buy a new car next year?
b) to sell your house - ________________________________________________
c) to offer some help - ________________________________________________
d) to study Math - ________________________________________________
e) to avoid confront - ________________________________________________
f) to drink alcoholic drinking - ________________________________________________

Exercise 4) Choose the best answer: WILL or GOING TO:

a) I feel really tired. I think I ______ go to bed. ( )'ll ( ) 'm going to

b) Where are you going?
I ______ visit a customer. ( ) 'll ( ) 'm going to

c) Do you want me to help you?
No thanks. John ______ help me. ( ) 'll ( ) 's going to

d) Would you prefer tea or coffee?
I ______ have some coffee, please. ( ) 'll ( ) 'm going to

e) Would you like to come to my house for dinner and talk about this?
Good idea. I ______ bring some wine. ( ) 'll ( ) 'm going to

f) I've already decided. I ______ buy a new car ( ) 'll ( ) 'm going to

g) What are your plans for next week?
I ______ to fly to New York on business. Probably on Tuesday but I haven't bought my ticket yet.
( ) 'll ( ) 'm going to

h) What are your plans for the holidays?
I ______ visit my parents for a few days and then go walking in Scotland. ( ) 'll ( ) 'm going to

i) Why are you wearing your best suit?
I ______ have lunch with my biggest customer. ( ) 'll ( ) 'm going to

j) Do you want to have the chicken or the beef?
I think ______ have the beef. ( ) 'll ( ) 'm going to

k) My head hurts.
Sit down and I ______ get you an aspirin. ( ) 'll ( ) 'm going to

13

l) We need some more ink for the printer.
I ______ go to the shop and get some. ( ) 'll ( ) 'm going to

m) Look! There's smoke coming out of the photocopier.
You turn it off and I ______ phone the safety officer ( ) 'll ( ) 'm going to

n) I cannot see how to use this machine.
Don't worry. I ______ help you. ( ) 'll ( ) 'm going to

o) I need to speak to you today.
I'm going out now but I ______ be back later. ( ) 'll ( ) 'm going to

p) Did you phone Michael?
I'm sorry. I completely forgot. I ______ do it now. ( ) 'll ( ) 'm going to

q) Can you help me with this? I don't understand.
I ______ give you a hand as soon as I've finished this. ( ) 'll ( ) 'm going to

r) That's much too heavy for one person. I ______ give you a hand. ( ) 'll ( ) 'm going to

s) Could somebody answer the phone?
I ______ get it. ( ) 'll ( ) 'm going to

t) It's really hot in here.I ______ put on the air-conditioning. ( ) 'll ( ) 'm going to

 Exercise 5) Make an interview with a partner. Ask him/her what he/she is going
to do in his/her future. Make 10 sentences before asking him/her: The first one is
done to help you.

Student’s name:
Questions Answers:
1) Are you going to travel on your next vacation?
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
9)
10)

UNIT 4 – COMMERCIAL LETTERS – AN INTRODUCTION

14

Competência Composta 4: Escrever documentos comerciais utilizando a gramática normativa e a
linguagem empresarial em textos de cartas de agradecimento, convite, reclamação, cancelamento e
confirmação, fax,e-mails e currículos para eficácia na comunicação escrita empresarial.

Indicador A: Escreve cartas na área administrativa de maneira correta respeitando as regras da
gramática normativa;

Watch the following video about “How to write a formal letter”.

Now, in groups read the next explanations and present them to your classmates and
teacher:

Common Phrases for Business Letters

Request for information Response to request Sample Sentences: Requests

I am writing to inquire about . . . Thank you for your Could you please send me your
I am writing in reference to . . . interest/inquiry most recent brochure?
I read/heard . . . and would like Enclosed is the information you Could you fax me the results of
to know . . . requested. the market survey?
You can learn more about this I would like to order ten copies of
Could you please send me . . . at . . the book, Touchy Situations.
at the address below/above I would be very grateful if you
If you have further questions, could send me this information.
Thank you for your assistance. If you require assistance, please
I look forward to hearing from contact: Please return the enclosed
you. envelope with your payment.
If I can be of more help, please
feel free to contact me at . . .

Sample Sentences: Goodwill Sample Sentences: Sample Sentences:
Introduction of Reference
Thank you for your hospitality. Product/Service.
I enjoyed having lunch with you I am writing in regard to . . .
last week while I was in New I am writing to tell you about . . . I am writing in reference to . . .
York. (Our new product) is coming out Please refer to the enclosed
Congratulations on your next month. invoice/brochure.
promotion to General Manager. This product/service is designed I hope you have had a chance to
I want(ed) to congratulate you to (help you) . . . look over the materials we sent.
15

on your new position.

I was happy to hear that contract
negotiations went well.

Sample Sentences: Sample Sentences: Sample Sentences: Offering
Confirmation Notification Assistance
I am writing to confirm . . . I am writing to let you know We would be happy to . . .
I would like to confirm what we that . . . If we can be of assistance, please
discussed last Friday. Please be aware/informed that . . don't hesitate to ask.
I would just like to confirm the .
main points we discussed . . . I would like to inform you of a
recent policy change. I am happy
to inform
you that . . .
Your request for funding has
been approved.

Sample Sentences:
Collection
According to our records . . .
Our records show that . . .
Your monthly installment is past
due.
Please send payment as soon as
possible.

The Start

Dear Personnel Director,

Dear Sir or Madam: (use if you don't know who you are writing to)

Dear Dr, Mr, Mrs, Miss or Ms Smith: (use if you know who you are writing to, and have a formal
relationship with - VERY IMPORTANT use Ms for women unless asked to use Mrs. or Miss)

Dear Frank: (use if the person is a close business contact or friend)

Look this sample of letter:

INVITING LETTER
February 24th, 2012

Dear Mr. Oliver Schmitz,

I am pleased to be able to invite you to the Annual Conference of Packagers, which will take place in Los
Angeles 4-7 July.

16

I have enclosed a program with details of the speakers and the various topics that have been proposed,
together with a registration form. On receipt of your form we will send you details of accommodation in
Los Angeles, together with a booking form. Any further inquiries should be sent to me at the above
address.

I look forward seeing you in Los Angeles in July.

Sincerely, Sheila Legl
Marketing Manager

Now it’s your turn. You are a business person and have to invite a team work from
another important company to participate of your enterprise’s Inauguration. Do not
forget to offer them the details of the event like the date, schedule and address:

Date: ______________________________

Salutation: ______________________________

Body of the letter
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________

Closing:
_________________________________________________________________________

Signature: ____________________________________
In charge of: ____________________________________

UNIT 5 – PRESENT PERFECT

Indicador C: Usa o presente perfeito e suas estruturas de maneira correta;

Have You Ever Seen The Rain? – by Creedence

Someone told me long ago I wannna know
There's calm before the storm Have you ever seen the rain?
I know I wanna know
It's been comin' for some time Have you ever seen the rain?
Comin' down on a sunny day?
When it's over, so they say
It'll rain a sunny day Yesterday, and days before
I know Sun is cold and rain is hard
Shinin' down like water I know

17

Been that way for all my time It can't stop, I wonder
Til forever, on it goes
Through the circle, fast and slow I wanna know
Have you ever seen the rain?
I know

Present Perfect Tense can be used in three situations:

1. To indicate something that has happened at an indefinite time in the past.

I have seen that movie already.
She has left for California.
They have not eaten their dinner yet.

2. To indicate something which started in the past and continues until now.

I have lived in New York for nine years.
We have been here since Friday.
He has played football since he was a child.

3. To indicate something which occurred recently.

I have been sick lately.
She hasn't slept much recently.

4. The present perfect has several uses, but it always shows a connection between the past and
the present:

Mary was sad yesterday. Mary is sad now.
Mary has been sad lately.

Words and expression generally used with the present perfect:

Has Mary ever been sad?

many times
lately
Mary has been sad recently Mary has never been sad.
up to now
until now

Notes: When speaking about a specific time, use past tense.

A: I have seen that movie already. (Non-specific time)
B: Oh really? When did you see it?
A: I saw it last week with Bob. (Specific time)

We form the present perfect tense with the auxiliary verb to have/has + the past participle of
the main verb.

I have known Mary since 2002.
He has worked for this company since he was 18.

18

To form negative and interrogative sentences:

I have not seen Jack for a long time.
haven’t

Susan has not appeared since yesterday morning.
hasn’t

Have you seen him?
Yes, I’ve.

Has Susan appeared around here?
Yes, she’s.

NOTE: Sometimes the use of ‘s can be misunderstood. Pay attention on the statements below:

She’s very smart. She’s been smart lately.
is (adverb or adjective) has (past participle verb)

 HOMEWORK ACTIVITY
1- Complete the sentences using the present perfect structures:

a) The manager _____________________________________ another meeting for next month. (to

arrange)

b) Our company _______________________________________ many advertisements for the

international marketing. (to produce)

c) The suppliers ____________________________________________ us every month. (to contact)

d) The employees ___________________________________ about the new products. (to complain)

e) We _____________________________________________ for this company. (to make an effort)

f) _______________ they ______________________ to arrange a meeting? (to call)

g) _______________ my secretary _______________________ you well? (to attend)

h) ________________ the president _______________________ ? (to arrive)

i) ________________ you _____________________ the visit into our company? (to enjoy)

j) I _________________________________________ the documents yet. (not/to analyze)

k) She ____________________________________________ for the reunion. (not/to appear)

l) The sales team ____________________________________ products enough. (not/to buy)

2- Rewrite these sentences in the interrogative form:
19

a) I have studied English since last July.
_______________________________________________________________________________
b) The exportation team has tried to be in contact with them.
_______________________________________________________________________________
c) My workmates have produced many products for that International enterprise.
_______________________________________________________________________________
d) They have called to book the next appointment for the day after tomorrow.
_______________________________________________________________________________
e) Sarah has been my secretary for almost five years.
_______________________________________________________________________________

3- Rewrite these sentences in the negative form:

a) I have already seen the clauses of this new contract.
_______________________________________________________________________________
b) The company has been interested in contracting new employees.
_______________________________________________________________________________
c) The managers have talked about this for all day long.
_______________________________________________________________________________
d) We have made contact with the employees of the new subsidiary.
_______________________________________________________________________________
e) The boss has become late many time this month.
_______________________________________________________________________________

THE PRESENT PERFECT USED WITH SINCE AND FOR

Observe these sentences:

I have been in this group since Monday.
(I entered in this group on Monday. I’m still in the group)
We use since to indicate a starting point.

I have been in this group for three days.
(I entered in this group on Monday, today is Wednesday)
We use for to indicate a period of time.

4- Complete with since or for:

a) His voice has changed _______________________________________ his birthday.
b) Beth hasn’t seen her cousin ___________________________________ a long time.
c) My mom hasn’t drunk coffee ________________________________________ three days.
20

d) I haven’t written to my friends in Lima ________________________________ August.
e) The new secretary has typed _______________________________ the beginning of this morning.
f) We have bought products from that company ____________________________ almost one year.
g) I have learnt English ___________________________ last July.

5 – Rewrite the statements using the adverbs into parentheses:

a) I have visited London once a year. (always)
________________________________________________________________________________
b) The secretary has typed the document. (never)
________________________________________________________________________________
c) We have met our partners. (ever)
________________________________________________________________________________
d) Mr. Timpson has left the office. (just)
________________________________________________________________________________
e) We have not finished the contract. (yet)
________________________________________________________________________________
f) We have bought some products from them. (already)
________________________________________________________________________________

UNIT 6 – THE SIMPLE PAST X THE PRESENT PERFECT
Indicador D: Diferencia o uso do presente perfeito e do passado simples;

This section will help you to understand the differences between the Present Perfect Tense and the Simple
Past Tense.

THE PRESENT PERFECT THE SIMPLE PAST
 when the time period has NOT finished:  when the time period HAS finished:
I have seen three movies this week. I saw three movies last week.
(This week has not finished yet.) (Last week has finished.)
 when giving recent news:  when giving older information:
Martin has crashed his car again. Martin crashed his car last year.
(This is new information.) (This is old information.)
 when the time is not specific:  when the time is clear:
I have seen that movie already. I saw that movie on Thursday.
(We don't know when.) (We know exactly when.)
 with for and since, when the actions have not  with for and since, when the actions have
finished yet: already finished:
I have lived in Victoria for five years. I lived in Victoria for five years.
(I still live in Victoria.) (I don't live in Victoria now.)

 HOMEWORK ACTIVITY

21

1 – Choose the right alternative:

a) Joji ________ in Tokyo for five years, but he left in 1993. ( ) lived ( ) has lived

b) The Titanic ________ in 1912. ( ) sank ( ) has sunk

c) Somebody ________ my bicycle! Now I'll have to walk home. ( ) stole ( ) has stolen

d) Gerry ________ off his bike three times this month. ( ) fell ( ) has fallen

e) Chika ________ from university last July. ( ) graduated ( ) has graduated

f) I ________ the movie Titanic three times. I'm going to see it again tonight. ( ) saw ( ) have seen

g) I ________ to work every day for the last six weeks! ( ) walked ( ) have walked

h) When Young Hee was a child, she ________ in Seoul. ( ) lived ( ) has lived

i) Ouch! ________ my finger! ( ) I cut ( ) I've cut

j) I ________ my key yesterday, so I couldn't get into the house. Eventually, I found it in my jacket pocket.
( ) lost ( ) have lost

l) His brother __________ London last year. ( ) has visited ( ) visited

m) __________ my car in 1991. ( ) I've bought ( ) I bought

n) __________ my car for five years. ( ) I've had ( ) I had

o) When __________? ( ) have you born ( ) were you born

p) __________ to Singapore? ( ) Have you ever went ( ) Have you ever gone

q) No, Bob isn't at home. __________. ( ) He has just left. ( ) He is just left.

2 - Complete with the SIMPLE PAST or THE PRESENT PERFECT:

1. A: Did you like the movie "Star Wars"?
B: I don't know. I _____________________________________________________ (see, never) that
movie.

2. Sam _________________________________________________ (arrive) in San Diego a week ago.

3. My best friend and I ______________________________________________ (know) each other for
over fifteen years. We still get together once a week.

4. Stinson is a fantastic writer. He _____________________________________ (write) ten very creative
short stories in the last year. One day, he'll be as famous as Hemingway.

5. I ___________________________ (have, not) this much fun since I _______________________ (be) a
kid.

6. Things ____________________________________ (change) a great deal at Coltech, Inc. When we first
________________________________ (start) working here three years ago, the company
22

_______________________________________ (have, only) six employees. Since then, we
____________________________________(expand) to include more than 2000 full-time workers.

7. Listen Donna, I don't care if you ____________________________________ (miss) the bus this
morning. You _____________________________ (be) late to work too many times. You are fired!

8. Sam is from Colorado, which is hundreds of miles from the coast, so he
______________________________ (see, never) the ocean. He should come with us to Miami.

9. How sad! George _____________________________________ (dream) of going to California before
died, but he didn't make it. He _____________________________________ (see, never) the ocean.

10. In the last hundred years, traveling ______________________________________ (become) much
easier and very comfortable. In the 19th century, it ______________________________________ (take)
two or three months to cross North America by covered wagon. The trip
____________________________________ (be) very rough and often dangerous. Things
____________________________________ (change) a great deal in the last hundred and fifty years. Now
you can fly from New York to Los Angeles in a matter of hours.

11. Johnny, I can't believe how much you _______________________________________ (change) since
the last time I ___________________________________ (see) you. You
____________________________________ (grow) at least 10 centimeters!

12. This tree ________________________________________ (be) planted by the settlers who
___________________________________ (find) our city over four hundred years ago.

13. I __________________________________________ (visit, never) Africa, but I
_________________________________________ (travel) to South America several times. The last time I
_______________________________________ (go) to South America, I
__________________________________ (visit) Brazil and Peru. I
_________________________________________ (spend) two weeks in the Amazon,
____________________ (hike) for a week near Machu Picchu, and
____________________________________ (fly) over the Nazca Lines.

UNIT 7 – MORE COMMERCIAL LETTERS

HOW TO END A BUSINESS LETTER

Yours faithfully, (If you don't know the name of the person you're writing to)

Yours sincerely, (If you know the name of the person you're writing to)

Best wishes,

Best regards, (If the person is a close business contact or friend)

THANKING LETTER

May 3rd, 2012

Dear Oliver,

Thank you very much for your hospitality while I was in Portland.
23

It was very useful to see the new warehouse and I hope to be able to implement some of your
suggestions here in Germany.

I look forward seeing you when you come to Frankfurt in the fall.

Best regards, Frank Dieter
Sales Manager

Write a letter to a person who is not a close business contact and thank him or her for
some suggestions that have been sent you by e-mail.

______________________________

___________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_____

_________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________

UNIT 8 – THE PAST PERFECT
Indicador E: Constrói sentenças usando o passado perfeito;

Past perfect tense is used to indicate that one action occurred before another action in the past. In
other words, past perfect tense indicates the first of the two actions.

For example:

When I woke up this morning, my roommate had left already.
After I had eaten my dinner, I went to see a movie.
Before I arrived at the theater, the movie had already begun.

Sometimes, when the meaning is clear from context, the simple past tense can be used.

After I had gone shopping, I stopped at the health spa.
After I went shopping, I stopped at the health spa.

The most common error with the past perfect is using it where it does not belong.

When I was young, I had been a cowboy. (Incorrect: no reference to other events)
24

When I was young, I was a cowboy. (Correct)
Yesterday the Johnsons had opened their new business. (Incorrect)
Yesterday the Johnsons opened their new business. (Correct)

In some very unusual cases, the past perfect tense can refer to the second past action.

Before I had finished my homework, the telephone rang.
(The telephone interrupted me before I finished my homework.)

We use the past perfect when we wish to stress that one action or situation in the past occurred
before another action or situation in the past.

Ex: It was obvious that something had happened to them. (It had happened before it became
obvious)

The past perfect can serve the same purpose as conjunctions of time such as when, after and
before:

Ex: When she had finished her work she left the office.
After Jimmy had arrived, the party became really good.
Before he retired my father had worked in the post office.

Notice that it is not normally necessary to use the past perfect in these situations, but it is quite
common to do so, especially with the conjunction when, which has several different meanings and may
need to be clarified. By using a combination of these conjunctions and different tenses we can not only
explain ourselves more precisely, but also be less repetitive. As with most verb tenses, the past perfect has
both a simple and a continuous form:

Ex: I had talked to all of the candidates by lunchtime.
I had been talking so much that I was starting to go hoarse.

While the simple form is used to stress the fact that the action was finished (i.e. there were no
more candidates to talk to), the continuous form stresses the continuation of the activity (i.e. I would
(probably) talk some more). Another difference is that we tend to use the past perfect simple to speak
about situations that lasted a long time, or were permanent, while the past perfect continuous is for more
temporary or short-term situations or actions:

Ex: By that time the Moors had lived in southern Spain for over 700 years.
I had only been living in London for a week when I found a job.

There are also some verbs (called stative verbs) that are not usually used in the continuous form,
even though that tense would seem to be more appropriate. We also use the past perfect tense with
verbs like want, plan, intend, hope, etc. to speak about things that we planned to do but could not for
some reason:

Ex: We had wanted to see Susie run, but got caught up in the traffic.
I had planned to read the report but just didn't have time.

25

 HOMEWORK ACTIVITIES

1) Make affirmative sentences in Past Perfect Simple:

a) The pupils talked about the film they (watch) _________________________________.
b) I was late for work because I (miss) _________________________________the bus.
c) We lived in the house that my father (build) _________________________________.
d) We admired the picture that Lucy (paint) _________________________________.
e) They watered the trees that they (plant) _________________________________.
26

f) The teacher corrected the tests that the pupils (write) _________________________________.
g) I received a good mark in my test because I (practice) _______________________________on ego4u.
h) The mail order house did not send me the shirt that I (order) _________________________________.
i) I had to clean the floor because my cats (knock) ___________________________over the flower pots.
j) My friend was in hospital because she (slip) _________________________________on a banana skin.

2) Make negative sentences in Past Perfect Simple:
a) In the shopping centre, I met a friend who I (see / not) _______________________________for
ages.
b) The thief could walk right into the house because you (lock / not) ______________________the
door.
c) We lost the match because we (practice / not) _________________________________the days
before.
d) At school, Jim quickly copied the homework that he (do / not) ___________________________.
e) We ate at a restaurant last night because I (buy / not) ________________________anything for
dinner.
f) When we came back, it was cold in the house because Alice (close / not)
_________________________________the windows.
g) All day long, Phil was angry with me just because I (greet / not) _______________________him
first.
h) When I met Jane at eleven o’clock, she (have / not) ______________________________breakfast
yet.
i) I couldn’t go to the cinema with my friends last night because I (finish / not)
________________________________my homework yet.
j) Fred answered my question although I (ask / not) _________________________________him.

3) Make questions in Past Perfect Simple:

a) (what / Bob / do) _________________________________________that he was kept in after
school?
b) (you / eat) _________________________________________anything before you went to the
theatre?
c) (he / live) _________________________________________in London before he moved to
Glasgow?

27

d) (she / find) ______________________________________________________a new job by that
time?
e) (they / book) __________________________________________a room before they went to
Dublin?
f) (how often / you / ring) _________________________________the bell before he answered the
door?
g) (why / they / have) ____________________________________dinner before they came to the
party?
h) (Carly / wash) _______________________________________the dishes when her mum came
home?
i) (you / read) _____________________________________________the contract before you signed
it?
j) (who / live) _____________________________________________in the house before we moved
in?

4) Put the verbs into the correct form (past perfect simple):

a) The storm destroyed the sandcastle that we (build) _________________________________.
b) He (not / be) _________________________________ to Cape Town before 1997.
c) When she went out to play, she (do / already) _________________________________her
homework.
d) My brother ate all of the cake that our mum (make) _________________________________.
e) The doctor took off the plaster that he (put on) _____________________________six weeks
before.
f) The waiter brought a drink that I (not / order) _________________________________.
g) I could not remember the poem we (learn) _________________________________the week
before.
h) The children collected the chestnuts that (fall) _________________________________from the
tree.
i) (he / phone) _________________________________Angie before he went to see her in London?
j) She (not / ride) _________________________________a horse before that day.

5) Choose the right alternative:

a) What is the correct past perfect form of "I do the laundry"?
( ) I have done the laundry.
( ) I did the laundry.
( ) I had did the laundry.

28

( ) I had done the laundry.

b) What is the correct past perfect form of "She makes some delicious cookies"?
( ) She had made some delicious cookies.
( ) She has made some delicious cookies.
( ) She made some delicious cookies.
( ) She had make some delicious cookies.

c) What is the correct past perfect form of "We visit Paris"?
( ) We'd visit Paris.
( ) We'd visiting Paris.
( ) We'd visited Paris.
( ) We've visited Paris.

d) What is the correct past perfect form of "We can rent a car"?
( ) We had rented a car.
( ) We had been able to rent a car.
( ) We could rent a car.
( ) We’d rent a car.

e) What is the correct past perfect form of "It is hot."?
( ) It was hot.
( ) It had hot.
( ) It had be hot.
( ) It had been hot.

UNIT 9 – IMPORTANT PARTS OF A LETTER
The Reference

With reference to your advertisement in the Times, your letter of 23 rd March,
your phone call today,
Thank you for your letter of March 5 th .

The Reason for Writing

I am writing to inquire about
apologize for
confirm
Requesting

Could you possibly…?
I would be grateful if you could…

Write a formal letter to a company requesting to rent a showroom to provide a lecture
about “Motivation into a company”. Do not forget to tell them the necessary details:

ARRANGING LETTER

July 28th, 2012
To whom it may concern,

Could you please to reserve a single room with bath for nights of August 22, 23, 24.

29

I would be grateful if you could confirm my reservation a.s.a.p.

Sincerely yours,
Oliver Schmutz
Secretary
______________________________

___________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______

_________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________

____________________________________

UNIT 10 – THE PASSIVE VOICE
Indicador F: Usa a voz passiva para estabelecer comunicação de ordem formal;

How to construct the passive.

1. Check to see if the active sentence contains an object.

John ate an apple. (S V O) Passive is possible.
John ate yesterday. (S V) Passive is not possible.

2. Move the object to the front of the sentence. Put the original subject in a "by" phrase.
An apple VERB by John.

3. Put the verb in the form be + past participle of the main verb
An apple "be" eaten by John.

4. Put the "be" in the same tense as the original active sentence.
An apple was/were eaten by John. (past tense)

30

5. Make the first verb agree with the new subject.
An apple was eaten by John.

Passive voice is used when the focus is on the action. It is not important or not known; however,
who or what is performing the action.

Ex: My bike was stolen.

In the example above, the focus is on the fact that my bike was stolen. I do not know, however,
who did it. Sometimes a statement in passive is more polite than active voice, as the following example
shows:

Ex: A mistake was made.

In this case, I focus on the fact that a mistake was made, but I do not blame anyone (e.g. You have
made a mistake.).

Form of Passive: Subject + finite form of to be + Past Participle (3rd column of irregular verbs)

Ex: A letter was written.

When rewriting active sentences in passive voice, note the following:

• the object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence
• the finite form of the verb is changed (to be + past participle)
• the subject of the active sentence becomes the object of the passive sentence (or is dropped)

NOTE: It is important to know that the verb “to be” change some how according to the tense of the
active voice. Look at these examples:

The man buys goods in a foreign market. (simple present)
Goods are bought in a foreign market (by him).

The man bought goods in a foreign market. (simple past)
Goods were bought in a foreign market (by him).

The man will buy goods in a foreign market. (simple future)
Goods will be bought in a foreign market (by him).

The man is going to buy goods in a foreign market. (immediate future)
Goods are going to be bought in a foreign market (by him).

 HOMEWORK ACTIVITY:
1 – Put these present sentences into the passive voice:

a) Mr. Jones watches the film.
________________________________________________________________________________
b) People speak English.
________________________________________________________________________________

31

c) He reads comics.
________________________________________________________________________________
d) We play volleyball.
________________________________________________________________________________
e) They sing the song.
________________________________________________________________________________
f) I take photos.
________________________________________________________________________________
g) She does the housework.
________________________________________________________________________________
h) The policemen help the children.
________________________________________________________________________________
i) He writes text messages.
________________________________________________________________________________
j) Mother waters the flowers.
________________________________________________________________________________

2 – Put these past sentences into the passive voice:

a) She bought four apples.
________________________________________________________________________________
b) We won the match.
________________________________________________________________________________
c) The man stole the blue car.
________________________________________________________________________________
d) The police arrested the thieves.
________________________________________________________________________________
e) Jack swam the 200 meters.
________________________________________________________________________________
f) The dog bit the old lady.
________________________________________________________________________________
g) Tom and Max ate five hamburgers.
________________________________________________________________________________
h) Oliver taught the children.
________________________________________________________________________________
i) Victoria rode the brown horse.
________________________________________________________________________________
32

j) Grandmother told good stories.
________________________________________________________________________________

3 – Put these future statements into the passive voice:

a) The doctor will give the prognostic.
________________________________________________________________________________
b) The company will send the documents.
________________________________________________________________________________
c) Sarah will visit our partners.
________________________________________________________________________________
d) Jim will wash the clothes.
________________________________________________________________________________
e) I will write the letter.
________________________________________________________________________________
f) He will mark the visit.
________________________________________________________________________________
g) Mr. Thompson will see the clients.
________________________________________________________________________________
h) Jane will buy a new type machine.
________________________________________________________________________________
i) The teacher will give the test tomorrow.
________________________________________________________________________________
j) Students will watch his lecture.
________________________________________________________________________________
4 - Change these miscellaneous sentences from active voice to passive voice:

a) I send the documents at 8 a.m. every day.
_______________________________________________________________________________
b) The supervisor will visit our company next month.
_______________________________________________________________________________
a) People speak English in the meeting.
_______________________________________________________________________________
b) We learnt Business English on our trip.
_______________________________________________________________________________
c) The secretary showed my way.
_______________________________________________________________________________

33

d) He took the message.
_______________________________________________________________________________
e) They exported goods to other cities.
_____________________________________________________________________________
f) Sarah will visit the new branch next weekend.
_______________________________________________________________________________

5 – Change these sentences using a more polite way:

a) Send me documents. Could you send me the documents, please?
b) Reserve me a double room.
_____________________________________________________________________________
c) Call me back later.
_____________________________________________________________________________
d) Show me my way.
_____________________________________________________________________________
e) Wait me in your office.
_____________________________________________________________________________
f) Tell I’ve called her.
_____________________________________________________________________________
g) Sit down.
_____________________________________________________________________________
h) Book an appointment.
_____________________________________________________________________________
i) Ask for another payment way.
_____________________________________________________________________________

UNIT 1 1 – MORE INFORMATION ABOUT LETTERS
Giving Bad News

Unfortunately
I am afraid that

Make a letter cancelling some important appointment that you have booked before.
Show the person your disappointment about the case.

CANCELLING LETTER
April 15th, 2012

Dear Mr. Baldwin,

34

Unfortunately Ms. Gilbertson is not able to keep the appointment with you on Wednesday, July 22nd at
2.30 p.m. as she had agreed. An urgent matter will prevent her from traveling to Portland.

Please accept her apologies. She will contact you as soon as she returns.

Jesse James
Executive Secretary

_____________________________
___________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
____

_________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________
____________________________________

UNIT 12 – COMPARATIVES

Indicador G: Faz comparação dos adjetivos corretamente

Comparatives

Use -er to compare one syllable adjectives and adverbs as well as two-syllable adjectives ending in -y.

A horse is bigger than a dog.
He is shorter than his brother.
I'm busier today than I was yesterday.
I can run faster than you can.
My house is smaller.
It's the lesser of two evils.

Use more or less to compare most other adjectives and adverbs.

She is more helpful than her sister.
Mr. Gallant is more courageous than his cousin.
Craig is less practical than Kay.
Celine sings more beautifully than Barbara.

For better or worse: Use better and worse for comparisons with good or well.

35

That's a good movie, but this one is better .
Actually, I think that one is worse.

Use as . . . as to show similarity

He's as quick as his brother.
This chair is not as comfortable as that one.

Comparative of superiority

short adjective + er than more + long adjective than
richer than more beautiful than
easier than more famous than
bigger than

Comparative of inferiority

short or long adjective: less + adjective + than

less rich than
less beautiful than

Comparative of equality: short or long adjective:

as adjective as
as rich as
as beautiful as

 HOMEWORK ACTIVITY:
1 - Make comparison showing equality:

a) Our products /good/theirs.
__________________________________________________________________________
b) My company/ efficient/ the American one.
__________________________________________________________________________
c) Nowadays English/ important/ mother language in our country.
__________________________________________________________________________
d) The managers/ important for the company/the president.
__________________________________________________________________________
e) Money/ important/ a good health.
__________________________________________________________________________

36

2 - Make comparison showing inferiority:

a) Some people are ______________________________________________ others. (responsible)
b) Is her secretary _________________________________________________ mine? (efficient)
c) Exporting bikes is usually ___________________________ exporting motorbike. (expensive)
d) Some products of theirs are __________________________________________ others. (interesting)
e) Jack is ____________________________________ Mary. (competent)

3 – Complete the following sentences using the superiority comparative degree of the
adjective in parentheses:

. He is _______________________________ than Peter. (old)
b. Lisa and Suzan are ___________________________ than Sheila and Jessica. (tall)
. John is _______________________________ than his brother. (smart)
d. Paul arrived at home after his father. Paul is always _______________________________ than him. (late)
. Suzan is ___________________________________than Joan. (beautiful)
Peter's car is ________________________________________ than Bob's. (fast)
. Laura's house is ___________________________________________ than his brother's.(expensive)
h. Myrna's friend was __________________________________________ than Julia. (sensitive)
That building is ______________________________________ than the other one. (dangerous)
Silvia is ________________________________________ than her sister. (lovely)

UNIT 1 3 – SUPERLATIVES
Superlatives

Use the -est to indicate the superlative of one-syllable adjectives and adverbs as well as two-syllable
adjectives ending in -y.

He's the fastest man alive.
That's the funniest clown I've ever seen.
Ben works the hardest of them all.

Use the best or the worst as the superlative of good or well.

This is the best deal I can offer you.
That was the best time I've ever had.
It was the worst dinner I've ever cooked.
I like this one the best.

Use the most + adjective/adverb to indicate the superlative of longer adjectives and adverbs.

He's the most wonderful man I've met.
That was the most difficult exam I've ever taken.
Chris sings the most beautifully of them all.

37

Use the least + adjective/adverb to indicate the superlative of inferiority

the least interesting
the least important

Superlative

Superlative the short adjective + est the most long adjective
the richest the most beautiful
the easiest the most famous
the biggest

Irregular forms

Positive form Comparative form Superlative form
good better best
bad / ill worse worst
little (amount) less least
little (size) smaller smallest
much / many more most
far (place + time) further furthest
far (place) farther farthest
late (time) later latest
late (order) latter last
near (place) nearer nearest
near (order) - next
old (people and things) older oldest
old (people) elder eldest

1 – Complete the following sentences using the superiority superlative degree of the

. Milton is the ________________________________________ of his class. (intelligent)
b. That horse is the ____________________________________ one of Peter's farm. (fast)
. Planes are the _______________________________ of the means of transportation. (secure)
d. Dorothy is the ___________________________________ secretary of my company. (smart)
. Magee traveled around Brazil last year. She is the _______________________ person of my family. (rich)
John was fired, but he is the ________________________________ engineer I have ever known. (good)
g. Mary bought a new car. It is the ______________________________ she has ever bought. (comfortable)
h. Uncle George is the _______________________________________ relative that I have. (happy)
Emily is one of the ________________________________________ women I know. (strong)
38

Jonathan is the _________________________________________ of my students. (educated)

2 – Complete the following sentences using the inferiority superlative degree of the

. Carl is the ______________________________________ of his class. (smart)
b. That dog is the _______________________________________ one of Peter's. (dangerous)
. Motorcycles are the _____________________________ of the means of transportation. (risky)
d. Daisy is the ____________________________________ manager of my company. (intelligent)
. Magee traveled around Brazil last year. She is the _______________________ person of my family. (rich)

3 – Complete the table with the comparative and superlative forms of the adjective:

Adjective Comparative (superiority) Superlative
hot hotter than the hottest
fat
thin
hard
small
clean
happy
dirty
good
bad
many
much
comic
interesting
pleasant
difficult

UNIT 1 4 – MORE LETTERS

CONFIRMING LETTERS
August 3rd, 2012
Dear Mr. Schmutz,

We are pleased to confirm your reservation for one single room with bath from 22 to 24 of this month.

Please let us know your time of arrival and departure.

Sincerely yours,

David MackGold
Paradise Hotel Manager

39

______________________________

__________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
____

_________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________

____________________________________

UNIT 15 – FACSMILE SHEET AND LANGUAGE

Indicador B: Escreve fax de maneira correta;

There are four basic points to keep in mind when writing a facsimile: They are:

 Write who the fax is addressed to - Attention of:
 Who the addressee is – From:
 The date and time;
 The number of pages you are sending.

We also can use abbreviations in our message like:
pls – please
dct – document
a.s.a.p. – as soon as possible
prc - price

Let’s take look at a sample of this:

__________________________________________________________________________
______

FAX TRANSMISION SHEET
__________________________________________________________________________
______

ATTENTION OF: FROM:
__________________________________________________________________________
______
40

Apostila Comercio Inglês

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

Similar to Apostila Comercio Inglês

Similar to Apostila Comercio Inglês (20)

More from Cleber Braga

More from Cleber Braga (7)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

Apostila Comercio Inglês