14. THE STEPS TO PPH: P OST P ARTUM H EMORRHAGE: P REDICT H ANDLE P REPARE
15. THE STEPS TO PPH: P OST P ARTUM H EMORRHAGE: P REDICT H ANDLE P REPARE Identify patients at risk Use a multi-disciplinary Approach Optimize clinical management
21. Risk Factors for Postpartum Hemorrhage What Should we do with a list like this? Prior postpartum hemorrhage Advanced maternal age Multifetal gestations Prolonged labor Polyhydramnios Instrumental delivery Fetal demise Placental abruption Anticoagulation therapy Multiparity Fibroids Prolonged use of oxytocin Macrosomia Cesarean delivery Placenta previa and accreta Chorioamnionitis General anesthesia
22. Clinically Important Risk Factors for Postpartum Hemorrhage Prior postpartum hemorrhage Abnormal placentation Operative delivery
23. Risk Factors for Postpartum Hemorrhage under Clinical Control Prolonged labor Instrumental delivery Anticoagulation therapy Prolonged use of oxytocin Cesarean delivery General anesthesia
25. 80% OF CASES OF POSTPARTUM HEMORRHAGE ARE DUE TO UTERINE ATONY (a less busy slide)
26. What about DIC? Coagulopathy is a relatively uncommon cause of primary PPH Coagulopathy most commonly occurs when another cause of PPH already has produced significant blood loss.
27. RDFS RDFS is retained dead fetus syndrome Well described in most obstetrics texts Clinically manifested at about 6 weeks after fetal death Rarely seen in modern obstetrics.
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29. 80% OF CASES OF POSTPARTUM HEMORRHAGE ARE DUE TO UTERINE ATONY (Did I mention that…)
30. Question: What causes uterine atony and is there anything we can do to prevent uterine atony induced postpartum hemorrhage?
33. Upper Genital Tract Trauma Most often is the result of uterine rupture Bleeding from direct uterine injury during cesarean Injury of associated vascular structures (uterine, artery or broad ligament varicosities) during cesarean
34. Lower Genital Tract Trauma May occur spontaneously or result from episiotomy, obstetric maneuvers, or operative instrumented deliveries. Involve perineum, cervix and vagina.
39. “ Perhaps the most important aspect in the management of PPH is the attitude of the attendant in charge. It is critical to maintain equanimity in what can be a chaotic and stressful environment ” . Yinka Oyelese, MD, Obstet Gynecol Clin N Am 34 (2007) 421–441
40. Analysis Paralysis An excessive number of well-meaning individuals increases the ambient noise, adds to confusion, and opens the door to communication errors. Yinka Oyelese, MD, Obstet Gynecol Clin N Am 34 (2007) 421–441
46. Identify possible post partum hemorrhage. Simultaneous evaluation and treatment. Remember ABCs. Use O2 4L/min. If bleeding does not readily resolve, call for help. Start two 16g or 18g IVs. Initial Assessment
47. Initial Steps for PPH Bimanual compression Manual exploration of the uterus Empty the bladder Administer uterotonic agents Examine lower genital tract for lacerations.
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52. Medical Treatment of Postpartum Hemorrhage Medications that cause uterine contractions Medications that promote coagulation
53. METHERGINE “ Speedy” OXYTOCIN “ The Champ” Cytotec Inexpensive (?) Effective Medications for Uterine Atony
59. - Balanced * ( 0.9% NaCl, lactated Ringers -Hypertonic (3.5,5, 7.5% NaCl) -Hypotonic (0.45% NaCl) * Same electrolyte concentration as the extracellular compartnt -Albumin (5%, 25%) -Dextran, glucose polymers (40, 70) -Hydroxyethyl starch (Hespan ) Crystalloid Colloid Blood/Blood Products Fluid Management of Postpartum Hemorrhage
60. Acute Postpartum Blood Loss PROBLEMS : Loss of circulatory Volume Loss of O 2 carrying capacity Restore volume 1 - Crystalloid 2 - Colloid SaO 2 O 2 carrying capacity Supplemental O 2 Transfusion
62. Managing blood loss by hemorrhage classification Class Blood Loss Volume Deficit Spx Rx I < 1000 cc 15% Orthostatic tachycardia Crystalloid II 1001-1500 15-25% Incr. HR, orthostasis, mental Decr cap refill Crystalloid, III 1501-2500 25-40% Incr HR, RR Decr BP, Oliguria Crystalloid Colloid, RBCs IV > 2500 > 40% Obtunded Oliguria/anuria CV collapse RBC, Crystalloid, Colloid
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64. Acute isovolemic hemodilution Withdraw 2-4 u. of Blood Replace the volume with crystalloid Lower the pre-op Hct Replace the blood at end of surgery Acute hypervolemic hemodilution Admin 1500-2000cc Crystalloid Hemodilution (Lowers pre-op Hct) Ways to optimize hemodynamic status
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67. Oxytocin 10U in 20cc of NS placed in clamped umbilical vein. If this fails, get OB assistance. Check Hct, type & cross 2-4 u. Two large bore IVs. Anesthesia and OR support. Removal of Abnormal Placenta
79. Sometimes found incidentally. During routine exam of uterus. Small dehiscence, less than 2cm. Not bleeding. Not painful. Can be followed expectantly. Uterine Rupture
80. Vaginal bleeding. Abdominal tenderness. Maternal tachycardia. Abnormal fetal heart rate tracing. Cessation of uterine contractions. Uterine Rupture before delivery
81. May be found on routine exam. Hypotension more than expected with apparent blood loss. Increased abdominal girth. Uterine Rupture after delivery
86. The 4 “Ts” Recalled “ THROMBIN” Check labs if suspicious.
Editor's Notes
Annual rates of postpartum hemorrhage caused by atony, by mode of delivery, and by induction status (United States, 1994–2006)Callaghan. Trends in postpartum hemorrhage. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2010.