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Yu Funakoshi
04/Nov/10
@Gunma University
 A 58-year-old woman consults her
general practitioner (GP) with a 2-
month history of intermittent dull
central epigastric pain.
 What do you want
to ask?
 It has no clear relationship to eating and
no radiation.
 Her appetite is normal, she has no nausea
or vomiting and she has not lost weight.
 Her bowl habit is normal and unchanged.
 There is no relevant past or family medical
history.
 She has never smoked, and drinks alcohol
very rarely.
 She has worked all her life as an infant
school teacher.
 Think
 Anatomy × Pathophysiology!
 This patients had an
epigastric pain, so
 Stomach
 Liver
 Gallbladder
 Pancreatis
 Colon
…
 VINDICATE-P
 Vasucular
 Infection
 Neoplasm
 Degenerative
 Idiopathic, Intoxication, Iatrogenic
 Congenital
 Allergy, Auto-immune
 Trauma
 Endocrinopathy
 Psychogenic, Pregnancy
 An H2 antagonist was prescribed and
follow-up advised if her symptoms did not
resolve.
 There was slight relief at first, but after 1
month the pain became more frequent and
severe, and the patient noticed that it was
relieved by sitting forward. It had also
begun to radiate through to the back.
 Despite the progressive symptoms she
and her husband went on a 2-week
holiday to Scandinavia which had been
booked long before.
 During the second week her husband
remarked that her eyes had become
slightly yellow, and a few days later she
noticed that her urine had become dark
and her stools pale.
 On return from holiday she was referred to
a gastroenterologist.
 She was found to have yellow sclerae with
a slight yellow tinge to the skin.
 There was no lymphadenopathy and her
back was normal. As before her heart,
chest, and abdomen were normal.
Actual Predicted
Total bilirubin 97 mmol/L 3-17 mmol/L
Alkaline phosphatase 1007 IU/L 30-300 IU/L
Alanine
aminotransferase
38 IU/L 5-35 IU/L
Gamma-glutamil
transpeptidase
499 IU/L 11-51 IU/L
 Carsinoma of the pancreas can present
with non-specific symptoms in its early
stages.
 It is an important cause of obstructive
jaundice.
 Patients who have had a partial removal of
the pancreas are at risk of diabetes.
 疼痛とは、
 痛覚神経終末板(いわゆる痛覚レセプター)が、
セロトニンやブラジキニンなどの疼痛物質により刺
激されて脳が認識する知覚。
1次痛(体性痛) 2次痛(内臓痛)
性質 鋭い 鈍い
局在 高い 低い
神経線維 Aδ C
神経経路 新脊髄視床路 旧脊髄視床路
修飾 なし
あり
(Aβ繊維と心理的
刺激)
 Chest pain radiating to left arm?
 Ischemic heart disease
 Upper abdominal pain radiating to left
shoulder?
 Acute pancreatitis
 Right upper abdominal pain radiating right
shoulder?
 Acute cholecystitis
 痛みを見たら
 解剖と病態を組み合わせて鑑別診断を考える!
 VINDICATE-Pのようなmnemonicsが便利!
 急性疼痛の分類を覚えよう!
 関連痛
 体性痛
 内臓痛
 100 Cases in Clinical Medicine, 2nd edition,
Rees, Hodder Arnold
 (Case69を引用しました)
 ハリソン内科学、第3版、福井次矢、黒川清監修、
メディカルサイエンスインターナショナル
 問題解決型 救急初期診療、第1版、田中和豊、
医学書院

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101104 abdominal pain

  • 2.  A 58-year-old woman consults her general practitioner (GP) with a 2- month history of intermittent dull central epigastric pain.
  • 3.  What do you want to ask?
  • 4.  It has no clear relationship to eating and no radiation.  Her appetite is normal, she has no nausea or vomiting and she has not lost weight.  Her bowl habit is normal and unchanged.
  • 5.  There is no relevant past or family medical history.  She has never smoked, and drinks alcohol very rarely.  She has worked all her life as an infant school teacher.
  • 6.  Think  Anatomy × Pathophysiology!
  • 7.
  • 8.  This patients had an epigastric pain, so  Stomach  Liver  Gallbladder  Pancreatis  Colon …
  • 9.  VINDICATE-P  Vasucular  Infection  Neoplasm  Degenerative  Idiopathic, Intoxication, Iatrogenic  Congenital  Allergy, Auto-immune  Trauma  Endocrinopathy  Psychogenic, Pregnancy
  • 10.  An H2 antagonist was prescribed and follow-up advised if her symptoms did not resolve.  There was slight relief at first, but after 1 month the pain became more frequent and severe, and the patient noticed that it was relieved by sitting forward. It had also begun to radiate through to the back.
  • 11.  Despite the progressive symptoms she and her husband went on a 2-week holiday to Scandinavia which had been booked long before.
  • 12.  During the second week her husband remarked that her eyes had become slightly yellow, and a few days later she noticed that her urine had become dark and her stools pale.  On return from holiday she was referred to a gastroenterologist.
  • 13.  She was found to have yellow sclerae with a slight yellow tinge to the skin.  There was no lymphadenopathy and her back was normal. As before her heart, chest, and abdomen were normal.
  • 14. Actual Predicted Total bilirubin 97 mmol/L 3-17 mmol/L Alkaline phosphatase 1007 IU/L 30-300 IU/L Alanine aminotransferase 38 IU/L 5-35 IU/L Gamma-glutamil transpeptidase 499 IU/L 11-51 IU/L
  • 15.
  • 16.
  • 17.  Carsinoma of the pancreas can present with non-specific symptoms in its early stages.  It is an important cause of obstructive jaundice.  Patients who have had a partial removal of the pancreas are at risk of diabetes.
  • 19. 1次痛(体性痛) 2次痛(内臓痛) 性質 鋭い 鈍い 局在 高い 低い 神経線維 Aδ C 神経経路 新脊髄視床路 旧脊髄視床路 修飾 なし あり (Aβ繊維と心理的 刺激)
  • 20.
  • 21.  Chest pain radiating to left arm?  Ischemic heart disease  Upper abdominal pain radiating to left shoulder?  Acute pancreatitis  Right upper abdominal pain radiating right shoulder?  Acute cholecystitis
  • 22.  痛みを見たら  解剖と病態を組み合わせて鑑別診断を考える!  VINDICATE-Pのようなmnemonicsが便利!  急性疼痛の分類を覚えよう!  関連痛  体性痛  内臓痛
  • 23.  100 Cases in Clinical Medicine, 2nd edition, Rees, Hodder Arnold  (Case69を引用しました)  ハリソン内科学、第3版、福井次矢、黒川清監修、 メディカルサイエンスインターナショナル  問題解決型 救急初期診療、第1版、田中和豊、 医学書院

Editor's Notes

  1. vindicate=立証する
  2. Obstructive Jaundice secondary to to the pancreatic carcinoma.
  3. プロスタグランジンはこれらの疼痛物質の作用を高める。 一方、特に表皮下神経叢に分布するC繊維の痛覚神経終末版が軽度、かつ持続的に刺激されると、それは「疼痛」ではなく「かゆみ」として脳に認識される。
  4. 1次痛first pain(somatic pain)= fast pain, 2次痛second pain(visceral pain)=slow pain, 関連痛 referred pain または放散痛 radiating pain
  5. Appendisitis の例 虫垂炎は腸管中の細菌が虫垂の管腔内で繁殖して起きる感染症。増悪すると管腔の内側から外側へ次第に波及していく。 まず細菌が繁殖し管腔内圧が上昇すると、「関連痛」である上腹部あるいは細部鈍痛として最初に認識される。 次に感染が成立して炎症が内膜に及ぶと、「内臓痛」である右下腹部の鈍痛として認識される。 内臓痛の段階であれば、抗生剤での治療も可能だが、体性痛となり、反跳圧痛が出現していれば手術による治療が適当である。 やがて感染が虫垂の外膜から壁側腹膜まで達すると、それが「体性痛」として右下腹部の鋭い疼痛として認識され、身体所見では反跳痛として観察される。