Urban open space

URBAN
PRESENTED BY
SAIF HASAN
M. ARCH. 1ST SEM
11510011
IIT ROORKEE

DEFINITIONS
1.DEFINITIONS • Open space can be defined as land and water in an urban area that is
not covered by cars or buildings, or as any undeveloped land in an
2.INTRODUCTION
urban area (Gold, 1980).
3.THE BENEFITS AND • Tankel (1963) has suggested that open space is not only the land, or
OPPORTUNITIES OF OPEN the water on the land in and around urban areas, which is not
SPACES
a. Social
covered by buildings, but is also the space and the light above the
b. Health land.
c. Environmental • Cranz (1982) argued that open spaces are wide-open areas that can
d. Economic
be fluid to the extent that the city can flow into the park and the park
4. URBAN OPEN SPACES- can flow into the city.
SPACES FOR ALL
a. Domestic
• Open space has also been described from a user’s point of view as
b. Neighborhood being an arena that allows for different types of activities
c. Civic encompassing necessary, optional and social activities (Gehl, 1987).
5.URBAN OPEN SPACES-
CASE STUDIES

INTRODUCTION
1.DEFINITIONS Urban open spaces are:
• invaluable assets in maintaining ecological health in a highly
2.INTRODUCTION
developed urban matrix.
3.THE BENEFITS AND • But habitat values and ecological quality of these areas are often
OPPORTUNITIES OF OPEN
SPACES
challenged by consecutive urbanization.
a. Social • Urban open spaces are vital part of urban landscape with its own
b. Health specific set of function.
c. Environmental
d. Economic • Open spaces (natural or man made) contribute to the quality of life in
many ways (Burke and Ewan, 1999).
4. URBAN OPEN SPACES-
SPACES FOR ALL • Besides important environmental benefits, these areas provide social
a. Domestic psychological services, which are critical for the livability of the city
b. Neighborhood and well being of urbanites (Chiesura, 2004).
c. Civic
5.URBAN OPEN SPACES- • (Thompson 2002) sees open spaces in cities as places to celebrate
CASE STUDIES cultural diversity, to engage with natural processes and to conserve
memories.

THE BENEFITS AND OPPORTUNITIES
1.DEFINITIONS OF OPEN SPACES
2.INTRODUCTION

3.THE BENEFITS AND • Open space is an essential part of the urban heritage, a strong
OPPORTUNITIES OF element in the architectural and aesthetic form of a city:
OPEN SPACES
a. Social 1. plays an important educational role,
b. Health 2. is ecologically significant,
c. Environmental 3. is important for social interaction
d. Economic
4. fostering community development and
4. URBAN OPEN SPACES- 5. is supportive of economic objectives and activities.
SPACES FOR ALL
a. Domestic In particular it helps reduce the inherent tension and conflict in deprived
b. Neighborhood
c. Civic parts of urban areas . It has an important role in providing for the
5.URBAN OPEN SPACES- recreational and leisure needs of a community and has an economic
CASE STUDIES value in that of environmental enhancement.
Driver and Rosenthal (1978) identified social benefits of green spaces,
including trees and other features, as:
• Developing, applying and testing skills and abilities for a better sense
of worth; Exercising to stay physically fit.
• Associating with close friends and other users to develop a sense of
social place.

• Gaining social recognition to enhance self-esteem
1.DEFINITIONS • Enhancing a feeling of family kinship or solidarity;
• Teaching and leading others, especially to help direct the
2.INTRODUCTION
growth, learning and development of community
3.THE BENEFITS AND • Reflecting on personal and social values
OPPORTUNITIES OF • Feeling free, independent and more in control than is possible in a
OPEN SPACES
a. Social
more structured home and work environment
b. Health • Growing spiritually;
c. Environmental • Applying and developing creative abilities;
d. Economic • Learning more about nature, especially natural processes, man’s
4. URBAN OPEN SPACES- dependence
SPACES FOR ALL • upon them and how to live in greater harmony with nature;
a. Domestic • Exploring and being stimulated, especially as a means of coping with
b. Neighborhood
c. Civic
boring,
5.URBAN OPEN SPACES- • undemanding jobs and to satisfy curiosity and the need for exploration;
CASE STUDIES • Replenishing adaptive energies and abilities by temporarily escaping
adverse social and physical conditions experienced in
home, neighborhood and work environments.

1.DEFINITIONS
social
Perhaps the most obvious benefits and opportunities that urban open
2.INTRODUCTION spaces provide for city living are social benefits—that is opportunities
3.THE BENEFITS AND for people to do things, take part in events and activities.
OPPORTUNITIES OF Active & Passive recreation
OPEN SPACES Open space for recreation and amenity accounts for 14 per cent of the
a. Social
b. Health
land take of the urban environment in Britain (Morgan, 199 1991).
c. Environmental Such open space is used for a range of recreational and amenity
d. Economic purposes which we will consider under the groupings of passive and
active recreation. Active recreation is usually taken to mean activities
SPACES FOR ALL such as football, cricket, hockey and other games, whereas passive
a. Domestic recreation is taken to mean activities such as watching—wildlife—
b. Neighborhood looking at views, reading, resting or meeting friends.
c. Civic
CASE STUDIES

Active & Passive recreation
1.DEFINITIONS An alternative form of active recreation,
which often makes use of open spaces,
2.INTRODUCTION
has developed in recent years and is
3.THE BENEFITS AND worthy of mention. ‘Urban outdoor
OPPORTUNITIES OF activities’ can provide opportunities
OPEN SPACES
a. Social
for young and old to develop feelings
b. Health of well-being, self-confidence, relaxation
c. Environmental and independence (Sainsbury, 1987).
d. Economic
Open spaces as educational resources
4. URBAN OPEN SPACES- The increasing use of open spaces as an opportunity for education
SPACES FOR ALL
a. Domestic
can be seen from many examples. When the project ‘Learning
b. Neighborhood through Landscapes’ was introduced one of its aims was to extend
c. Civic environmental education to use schools, grounds (Adams, 1989)
5.URBAN OPEN SPACES- rather than just relying on nature walks around the park, which many
CASE STUDIES
of us experienced as children. Research undertaken in twelve primary
schools with 216 pupils identified that the children found the tarmac
and concrete to be boring and that children wanted to have
trees, grass and opportunities to develop imaginative play
(Titman, 1994). A variety of projects affording educational benefits
and opportunities have been recorded in research undertaken for the
Department of Environment (Department of the Environment, 1996).

1.DEFINITIONS
Health
Health is not the mere absence of illness, but means physical, social and
2.INTRODUCTION mental wellbeing.(The World Health Organization)
3.THE BENEFITS AND
OPPORTUNITIES OF Contribution to physical & mental health-opportunities for exercise &
OPEN SPACES natural views
a. Social
b. Health
Open spaces can and should, play an important part in providing
c. Environmental Opportunities for the activities suggested by the above evidence.
d. Economic Children of both pre-school and school ages can benefit from a range of
open spaces, such as playgrounds, parks, school playgrounds and playing
SPACES FOR ALL fields that are designed and maintained in a suitable manner In addition
a. Domestic it would be beneficial to link the use of open spaces in with sports
b. Neighborhood Programmes.
c. Civic
CASE STUDIES Aesthetic appreciation
Aesthetic appreciation relates to the beauty, or ugliness, of the open
space.

1.DEFINITIONS
Environmental
• Urban open space is a key component to sustainable living in cities
2.INTRODUCTION because they provide environmental benefits.
In siting early settlements across the world mankind knew and
3.THE BENEFITS AND
OPPORTUNITIES OF understood the character of land, land cover and water surfaces.
OPEN SPACES However, built environments have had an impact on local
a. Social climates, with such intervention becoming greater with increased
b. Health
c. Environmental
urbanization
d. Economic (Morcos-Asaad, 1978).
• Urban open space provides a range of tangible environmental
4. URBAN OPEN SPACES- benefits, such as mitigating urban heat island (UHI) as well as air and
SPACES FOR ALL
a. Domestic water pollution (Yu and Hien 2006, Cavanagh et al. 2009), and
b. Neighborhood improving biodiversity (Tzoulas and James 2004).
c. Civic
CASE STUDIES

Measuring the economic benefits of open space
1.DEFINITIONS • From an economic perspective, the valuation of urban open space is
difficult to calculate because it is a classic public good, where there is
2.INTRODUCTION no market price. Its lack of value in monetary terms prevents urban
3.THE BENEFITS AND open space from being properly evaluated in cost-benefit analyses.
OPPORTUNITIES OF Neil Dunse and colleagues reviewed economic condition with reference
OPEN SPACES
a. Social
to four key categories:
b. Health 1 Proximity to open space-Being in close proximity to open spaces does
c. Environmental have positive impact on property values, but this is largely dependent on
d. Economic the type of open space and distance from the space.
4. URBAN OPEN SPACES- 2 Condition- The parks Were grouped into four categories: small and
SPACES FOR ALL attractive, small and basic, Medium and attractive, medium and basic. It
a. Domestic was found that small, attractive parks have a positive and statistically
b. Neighborhood
c. Civic
significant influence on neighboring property values and medium sized,
5.URBAN OPEN SPACES- attractive parks exhibited a positive, but not statistically significant,
CASE STUDIES effect. Basic parks, on the other hand, were found to have a negative
and statistically significant impact on neighboring property values.
3 Development potential-Neil Dunse suggests that any amenity
values associated with an open space are likely to vary, depending on its
development potential - permanently protected open space may be
valued more highly than open space that could be developed in the
future. This does seem to be the case.
4 Economic status of the area.

Employment opportunities- Green spaces in urban areas can provide
opportunities for community involvement that can in turn help to
1.DEFINITIONS
develop a sense of self-esteem and enable individuals and
2.INTRODUCTION communities to develop skills new to themselves.
Tourism- Some urban open spaces not only provide opportunities for
3.THE BENEFITS AND
OPPORTUNITIES OF
local people and their daily life but can also be used as regional or
OPEN SPACES national attractions for tourists.
a. Social
b. Health
c. Environmental
d. Economic

SPACES FOR ALL
a. Domestic
b. Neighborhood
c. Civic
CASE STUDIES

Open space typologies
1.DEFINITIONS There are various typologies given by researchers, organizations &
authorities to differentiate various types of open spaces .
2.INTRODUCTION
Like lynch (1981) developed a typology for open space that identified
3.THE BENEFITS AND Regional parks, squares, plazas, linear parks, adventure playgrounds,
OPPORTUNITIES OF wastelands, playgrounds and playing fields. This typology perhaps
OPEN SPACES
a. Social
focuses more on spaces that are dominated by hard landscape, rather
b. Health than later typologies that have included or focused on green open
c. Environmental spaces.
d. Economic
• Domestic urban open spaces
4. URBAN OPEN Domestic urban open spaces are those open spaces in the urban
SPACES-SPACES FOR ALL context that are physically closest to home. These include spaces that
a. Domestic
b. Neighborhood
are integral within a housing area, private gardens, community
c. Civic gardens and allotments. The first two are those most closely linked
5.URBAN OPEN SPACES- with the home because they are the physical setting within which the
CASE STUDIES home is placed. Community gardens may be associated with a small
group of family houses, a small block of flats for professional people
or perhaps a group of bungalows for the elderly. Community gardens
are thus shared physically but the use of them may not be a shared
experience—it may be that one might be the only user at a particular
time.

• Neighborhood urban open spaces
Neighborhood urban open spaces are those that are part of the
1.DEFINITIONS
neighborhood in two ways. First of all they are physically further from
2.INTRODUCTION home, except on rare occasions. than domestic urban open spaces.
This means that to use neighborhood urban open spaces one has to
3.THE BENEFITS AND
OPPORTUNITIES OF
make a very specific decision to do so. This may be different from
OPEN SPACES some domestic urban open spaces which one can almost treat as an
a. Social extension of the home. E.g. Parks, Playgrounds, Playing fields and
b. Health sports grounds, School playgrounds, Streets, City farms, Incidental
c. Environmental
d. Economic spaces and natural green space.

4. URBAN OPEN • Civic urban open spaces
SPACES-SPACES FOR ALL
a. Domestic
The largest number of urban open spaces discussed fall into the
b. Neighborhood category of civic urban open spaces.
c. Civic Commercial urban open spaces include squares & plazas.
5.URBAN OPEN SPACES- Ports & docks.
CASE STUDIES

Sherwood, Longsands and
1.DEFINITIONS
Cottam, PRESTON,LANCASHIRE
2.INTRODUCTION
Client - English Partnerships (formerly Commission for New Towns)
3.THE BENEFITS AND Landscape architect - Trevor Bridge Associates
OPPORTUNITIES OF Engineers - Howard Humphries and Company, Warrington
OPEN SPACES
a. Social
Work started - March 1994
b. Health Practical completion - December 1997
c. Environmental Project value - £900,000 (hard works: £650,000, soft works £250,000)
d. Economic
Capital funding sources - Commission for the New Towns (CNT)
SPACES FOR ALL
a. Domestic
b. Neighborhood
c. Civic
CASE STUDIES

Project aims
1.DEFINITIONS
To provide recreational facilities for residents and workers, a network
2.INTRODUCTION of footpaths and bridleways to link facilities, landscape buffers
between developments and to enhance existing wildlife habitats
3.THE BENEFITS AND
while creating new ones.
OPPORTUNITIES OF
OPEN SPACES A series of sites were identified as important locations such as
a. Social adjacent to communication routes, the canal or at urban focal points.
b. Health Landscape architect's role
c. Environmental
d. Economic The landscape architect was involved from the inception of the
work, through feasibility, design, production of contract
4. URBAN OPEN SPACES- documentation and tendering to monitoring the works on site up
SPACES FOR ALL
a. Domestic
until completion.
b. Neighborhood The unique opportunities of this project
c. Civic The comprehensive master plan and brief provided for the retention
CASE STUDIES
of specified areas of land for public open space in this predominantly
Greenfield development The series of linear open spaces within urban
areas, utilizing and improving existing landscape features, facilitated a
major contribution to this new urban environment In addition to
providing areas for recreation, important wildlife corridors were
retained and improved. Conservation and enhancement of
a range of habitats, together with improved access for people and the
provision of new recreational activities, resulted in the creation of an
important asset for the community.

Project design
1.DEFINITIONS
A series of linear open spaces and other publicly accessible
2.INTRODUCTION areas were developed as part of new residential and business
3.THE BENEFITS AND
areas across the north end of Preston. The sites tended to
OPPORTUNITIES OF follow streams, some of which were in steeply sided valleys
OPEN SPACES that had remained relatively undeveloped and
a. Social
b. Health uncultivated, and contained extensive mature woodlands.
c. Environmental Formal and informal paths, depending on their context, lead
d. Economic
into these areas. Bridges span streams etc.
SPACES FOR ALL
a. Domestic
b. Neighborhood
c. Civic
CASE STUDIES

Current site users
1.DEFINITIONS
The client was pleased that the briefs had been adhered to and
2.INTRODUCTION that a high-quality project was provided. Preston Borough
3.THE BENEFITS AND
Council have commented that the sports fields within the
OPPORTUNITIES OF project are the best drained ones within the town. The sites
OPEN SPACES are well used for a wide range of recreational activities. From
a. Social
b. Health comments that have been received it is apparent that the
c. Environmental series of open spaces are considered to be an important asset
d. Economic
to the housing development
SPACES FOR ALL
a. Domestic
b. Neighborhood
c. Civic
CASE STUDIES

Edinburgh Park, Edinburgh
1.DEFINITIONS
Client - New Edinburgh Limited
2.INTRODUCTION
Landscape architect Ian White Associates
3.THE BENEFITS AND Architect Richard Meier and Partners, New York
OPPORTUNITIES OF Engineers Halcrow, Edinburgh
OPEN SPACES
Initial involvement 1988
a. Social
b. Health Work started on site 1990
c. Environmental Practical completion In stages—to be completed about 2015
d. Economic Management started 1992
Project value £120 million:
SPACES FOR ALL
a. Domestic
b. Neighborhood
c. Civic
CASE STUDIES

Project aims
1.DEFINITIONS The aims of the landscape strategy were to create an
2.INTRODUCTION
ordered, high-quality environment as the setting for a business
park. To create a landscape setting in advance of development.
3.THE BENEFITS AND To create a landscape structure using a controlled range of
OPPORTUNITIES OF
OPEN SPACES materials. To control implementation and management
a. Social standards in order to achieve a high-quality environment
b. Health
c. Environmental
Landscape architect's role
d. Economic The landscape architect has been an integral pat of the
development process since 1988 through the master
SPACES FOR ALL planning, implementation and management stages of this
a. Domestic phased development. The landscape architect is responsible
b. Neighborhood
c. Civic for the design and co-ordination of all external
5.URBAN OPEN SPACES- spaces, implementation of hard and soft landscape works and
CASE STUDIES
continues to provide advice to Edinburgh Park Management
Limited. The landscape architect is also a member of the
design review committee, which controls all aspects of existing
and proposed developments.
Project constraints
There were no major constraints to the project, but there was
an increasing requirement to implement best practice in water
management for attenuation and treatment of the water.

The unique opportunities of this project
1.DEFINITIONS The developer’s decision to provide landscape infrastructure in
2.INTRODUCTION
advance of the building development as a means of
establishing development standards on a cost-effective basis
3.THE BENEFITS AND early in the development process and as a marketing aid. The
OPPORTUNITIES OF
OPEN SPACES site is a phased development over 20 years and therefore
a. Social consists of completed occupied sites, major construction sites
b. Health
c. Environmental
and sites awaiting development.
d. Economic Project design
Edinburgh Park, on the western edge of the city, is a 138 acre
SPACES FOR ALL business park adjacent to the Edinburgh city bypass. The site is
a. Domestic surrounded by a retail park, the
b. Neighborhood
c. Civic bypass with green belt on the
5.URBAN OPEN SPACES- opposite side, a shopping centre,
CASE STUDIES
private housing and finance offices.
It is planned on a strict Cartesian grid
of 8 meters, to create an ordered
environment, in accordance with
the modernist principles of
Richard Meier..

References
www.rics.org
Urban open spaces-by Helen Woolley- Spon Press
Complicated Simplicity: A Case Study on Urban Open Spaces in Phoenix Metropolitan Area
ISOLATION TRENDS OF URBAN OPEN SPACES-H. Esbah a, *, B. Deniz a, E. A. Cook
UrbanParksOpenSpaceandResidentialPropertyValues.pdf

Urban open space

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

What's hot

What's hot (20)

Viewers also liked

Viewers also liked (20)

Similar to Urban open space

Similar to Urban open space (20)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

Urban open space