HRTM 121 First Chapter

1. The
Nature of
Tourism
as an
Industry
Cris Edren L. dela Peña

2. Concepts of “Travel” and “Tourism”
TRAVEL comprises all journeys from one
place to another. It includes all journeys
made by people:
• who enter a country for leisure,
• to work,
• reside,
• study or
• who just pass through a country without
stopping.

3. Concepts of “Travel” and “Tourism”
TOURISM comprises the activities of
persons travelling to `
and staying in places
outside their usual environment for not
more than one consecutive year for
leisure, business, and other purposes.
Source: UNWTO

4. Categories of tourism based on UNWTO definition
Domestic Tourism
Trips made by local residents within their
own countries.
`

5. Categories of tourism based on UNWTO definition
International Tourism
`
Trips between two countries.

6. The tourist leaves Country A (which is a tourist
generating country) to Country B (which is a tourist
receiving country). From the point of view of Country
A, this person is an outbound tourist; but from the
point of view of Country B, he or she is an inbound
tourist.

7. International Tourism in 2013 - Key Trends And Outlook
• International tourist arrivals (overnight visitors) grew by
5% worldwide in 2013, reaching a record 1087 million
arrivals, after topping the 1 billion mark in 2012.
• Asia and the Pacific recorded the strongest growth with
a 6% increase in arrivals, followed by Europe and Africa
(both +5%).
• In the Americas, international arrivals grew by 3%, while
in the Middle East they were flat.

8. International Tourism in 2013 - Key Trends And Outlook
• International tourism receipts reached US$ 1159 billion
worldwide in 2013, up from US$ 1078 billion in 2012.
• With a 5% increase in real terms, the growth in
international tourism receipts equalled the growth in
arrivals.
• China has consolidated its position as the number one
tourism source market in the world, spending US$ 129
billion on international tourism.

9. TOP
TOURIST
DESTINATION
S
OF THE
WORLD
RANK
International Tourist Arrival
(million) 2013
1. France 83.0
2. United States 69.8
3. Spain 60.7
4. China 55.7
5. Italy 47.7
6. Turkey 37.8
7. Germany 31.5
8. United Kingdom 31.2
9. Russian Federation 28.4
10. Thailand 26.5
Source: UNWTO

10. INTERNATIONA
L
TOURISM
RECEIPTS
RANK
International Tourism
Receipts (billion) 2013
1. United States 139.6
2. Spain 60.4
3. France 56.1
4. China 51.7
5. Macau (China) 51.6
6. Italy 43.9
7. Thailand 42.9
8. Germany 41.2
9. United Kingdom 40.6
10. Hongkong (China) 38.9
Source: UNWTO

11. INTERNATIONA
L
TOURISM
EXPENDITURE
S
RANK
International Tourism
Expenditures (billion) 2013
1. China 128.6
2. United States 86.2
3. Germany 85.9
4. Russian Federation 53.5
5. United Kingdom 52.6
6. France 42.4
7. Canada 35.2
8. Australia 28.4
9. Italy 27.0
10. Brazil 25.1
Source: UNWTO

12. Travellers
Any person who is taking a trip within or outside
his/her own country of residence irrespective of
the purpose of travel, means of transport used,
even though he/she may be travelling on foot.

13. Tourist
A tourist is a person who travels to destinations
outside his/her residence and working place, and
stays for at least 24 hours, for the purpose of
leisure or business.

14. Excursionis
An etxcursionist is a person who temporarily visits
a destination and stays for less than 24 hours, for
the purpose of leisure or business, but not for
transit.

15. TOURISM
PRODUCTS
Travel products are a kind of
service, and tourism
consumers differentiate
between travel products
provided by different
providers on the basis of
their own feelings about
service quality when making
their purchasing decisions.

16. CHARACTERISTIC
S
OF TOURISM
PRODUCTS
Intangible nature
Tourists can never see, hear, taste
or touch travel products before they
buy them.
The inseparability of production
and consumption
When organizations in the tourism
industry provide services to tourists,
this is the exact moment that
tourists consume such services, and
the two cannot be separated in
terms of time.

17. CHARACTERISTIC
S
OF TOURISM
PRODUCTS
Differentiation
This means that the elements that
make up travel products and their
quality standards are difficult to
control in a unified manner.
Perishability
Travel products cannot be stored
like physical products and prepared
for sale in the future.

18. CHARACTERISTIC
S
OF TOURISM
PRODUCTS
Complementarity
Tourism is made up of activities
such as eating, accommodation,
travel, entertainment and touring.
Immobility of ownership
This refers to the fact that it is only
when services are purchased that
activities can be enjoyed or
equipment can be used.

19. TOURIST
DESTINATIO
N
A geographical unit which the
tourist visits and where he
stays. It must have attractions,
amenities or facilities and
accessibility.

20. TOURIST
ATTRACTION
Natural

21. TOURIST
ATTRACTION
Man-made

22. TOURIST
ATTRACTION

23. FACILITIES
and
SERVICES
Popular attractions will grow into
important tourist destinations. Services
and facilities such as hotels,
restaurants and shops would gather
around the attractions for serving the
tourists.

24. ACCESSIBILIT
Y
From a geographical point of view, a
tourist destination can be a resort, a
city, an area within a country, the whole
country or a larger area of the globe.
Therefore, the development and
maintenance of efficient transport is
important in stimulating tourist flows
between tourist generating areas and
tourist receiving areas.

25. NATURAL
RESOURCES
Different types of Natural
Resources:
• Climate
• Natural Features (which would be
classified as ‘scenery’ and
‘vegetation and wildlife’

26. HISTORICAL
ATTRACTION
Historic attractions include historic
relics, sites, history museums and
buildings. All of these have special
significance in relation to historical
events or people.

27. CULTURAL
ATTRACTION
Cultural attractions include the
cultural traditions and activities
originating from the history and
customs of a group of people.

28. RELIGIOUS
ATTRACTION
This type of tourism may include
pilgrimages, meetings or visits to
religious headquarters and historical
sites.

29. Architecture Theme and amusement parks
BUILT
ATTRACTIONS
or FACILITIES
Zoos
Aquariums

30. Sports Event
SPECIAL
EVENTS and
FESTIVALS
Arts and Culture
Commercial Events

31. CLASSIFICATIO
N OF TOURISTS
www.besttripchoices.com

32. CLASSIFICATIO
N OF TOURISTS
• COHEN’S classification
• PLOG’S classification

33. COHEN’S
CLASSIFICATION

34. COHEN’S
CLASSIFICATION
The Organized Mass Tourist
The organized mass tourists are the least
adventurous and spend most of their time in their
comfortable “environmental bubble” throughout their
trip.
“Environmental bubble” means the tourists surrounded
by his/her similar living environment while he/she is
abroad.

35. COHEN’S
CLASSIFICATION
Individual Mass Tourist
This type of tourists is similar to the organized mass
tourist, except that the tour is not entirely fixed. The
tourist has a certain amount of control over his/her time
and itinerary, and is not bound to a group.
However, all the major arrangements are still made
through a tour agency. They are still confined by their
“environmental bubble”.

36. COHEN’S
CLASSIFICATION
Explorer
This type of tourists arranges their trips alone. They try
to go somewhere unusual, but still look for comfortable
sleeping places and reliable means of transportation.
The explorers dare to leave their “environmental
bubble” more readily than the organized mass tourists
and individual mass tourists, but they are still careful
about their ventures.

37. COHEN’S
CLASSIFICATION
Drifter
This type of tourists goes further away from the
“environmental bubble” and from the accustomed
ways of life in their home countries. They keep away
from any kind of connection with the tourism
establishment, such as hotels and tour coaches.
They try to live the way the locals live, and to share their
houses, food, and habits.

38. PLOG’S
CLASSIFICATION

39. PLOG’S
CLASSIFICATION
Allocentric Type
An allocentric tourist is a person who seeks new
experiences and adventure in a variety of activities. This
person is outgoing and self-confident in behavior.
Prefers to fly and to explore new and unusual areas
before others do so. Enjoy meeting people from foreign
or different cultures.

40. PLOG’S
CLASSIFICATION
Psychocentric Type
Psychocentrics are more conservatively oriented. They
tend to be inhibited and non-adventuresome. They
prefer to return to familiar travel destinations where they
can relax and know what types of food and activity to
expect.

41. PLOG’S
CLASSIFICATION
Mid-centric Type
There is a large number of people falling between the
allocentric and the psychocentric types of tourists. This
type of tourists is called mid-centrics. Mid-centric tourists
are not particularly adventurous, but they are receptive to
new experience.

42. The
Nature of
Tourism
as an
Industry
Cris Edren L. dela Peña