This presentation covers the Article 2 (28 Sections) of the Philippine Constitution.

1. PREAMBLE
We, the sovereign Filipino people, imploring
the aid of Almighty God, in order to build a
just and humane society and establish a
Government that shall embody our ideals and
aspirations, promote the common good,
conserve and develop our patrimony, and
secure to ourselves and our posterity the
blessings of independence and democracy
under the rule of law and a regime of truth,
justice, freedom, love, equality, and peace, do
ordain and promulgate this Constitution.

3. Principles

4. SECTION 1.
The Philippines is a
democratic and
republican State.
Sovereignty resides
in the people and all
government
authority emanates
from them.

5. Manifestations of a democratic and republican
state.
 The observance of the rule of the majority.
 The observance of the principle that ours is a government of laws,
and not of men.
 The presence of elections through popular will.
 The observance of the principle of separation of powers and the
system of checks and balances.
 The observance of the principle that the legislature cannot pass
irreparable laws.
 The observance of the law on public officers .
 The observance of the principle that the State cannot be sued
without its consents.
 The existence of a bill of rights.
Section 1

6. Sovereignty of the People
- Sovereignty
 is the supreme power to govern.
 It lies in the hands of the Filipino people who
have the right to choose the type of
government they want and to define the
powers it shall hold and exercise.
 It is their right to abolish their government
and form a new one and organize it in such
form as seems to them best for their welfare
and happiness.
Section 1

7. • Sovereignty is exercised indirectly
Through public officials elected by the people.
Officials appointed by the elected officials.
• Sovereignty is exercised directly
Suffrage.
People’s Participation
1. Multi-Party System
2. Party-list system
3. People’s Organization
4. System of Initiative and Referendum
5. Plebiscite
Section 1

8. SECTION 2.
The Philippines
renounces war as an
instrument of national
policy, adopts the
generally accepted
principles of international
law as part of the law of
the land and adheres to
the policy of peace,
equality, justice, freedom,
cooperation, and amity
with all nations.

9. Renunciation of war as instrument of
national policy.
Philippines cannot declare war on
another country
The country can only declare an
existing state of war.
Section 2

10. Adoption of the generally accepted
principles of international law as part of
the country’s own law.
When international usage to be applied
A treaty has force of a statute
Constitution prevails over a treaty
Section 2

11. Adherence to the policy of peace, equality,
justice, freedom, cooperation, and amity
with all nations.
Philippines seek peace and unity with the
neighboring countries all over the world
regardless of race, ideology, and political
system on the basis of mutual trust,
respect and cooperation.
Section 2

12. SECTION 3. Civilian
authority is at all
times, supreme over
the military. The
Armed Forces of the
Philippines is the
protector of the people
and the State. Its goal
is to secure the
sovereignty of the
State and the integrity
of the national
territory.

13. Supremacy of the Civilian Authority
 Inherent in a republican system
 Safeguard against military dictatorship
As commander-in-chief
• Issues orders to the armed forces
• Appoints high ranking officers
• Determines military budget
• Defines the national policy in
defense and security
Section 3

14. AFP: Protector of the people and the
State
1. Fearsome image acquired during
martial rule
2. Constitutional mandates
 shall be the protector of people
and State
 respect for people’s right
3. Support of the people
Section 3

15. SECTION 4. The prime
duty of the Government
is to serve and protect
the people. The
Government may call
upon the people to
defend the State and, in
the fulfillment thereof, all
citizens may be required,
under conditions
provided by law, to render
person military or civil
service.

16. Prime duty of the Government
“To serve and protect people”
“Government exist for the people
and not the people for the
government.
Section 4

17. Defense of the State by the people against
foreign aggression
“The defense of the state is one
of the duties of a citizen.”
Section 4

18. Military and civil service by the people
1. Defense of State performed through
an army
2. Compulsory
3. Meaning of civil service
4. Personal
5. By law
Section 4

19. Section 5. The
maintenance of
peace and order, the
protection of life,
liberty, and property,
and the promotion of
the general welfare
are essential for the
enjoyment by all the
people of the
blessings of
democracy.

20. Maintenance of Peace and Order, etc.
Art. XVI, Sec. 6
Art. III, Sec. 1
Sec. 11
PREAMBLE
Section 5

21. Section 6. The
separation of
Church and
State shall
be inviolable.

22. Principle of separation of the Church and
State
Art. III, Sec. 5 – “No law shall be made
respecting an establishment of religion.”
Art. VI, Sec. 29 – “No public money or
property shall ever be appropriated, applied,
paid or employed, directly or indirectly, for
the use, benefit, or support of any sect,
church, denomination, sectarian institution
or system of religion.”
Section 6

23. Meaning of “establishment of religion
clause”
“A wall of separation between the
church and the state”
- Thomas Jefferson
Section 6

24. 1. The State shall have no official religion.
2. The State cannot set up a church,
whether or not supported with public
funds; nor aid one religion, aid all
religions, or prefer one religion over
another.
3. Every person is free to profess belief or
disbelief in any religion.
4. Every religious minister is free to
practice his calling.
5. The State cannot punish a person for
entertaining or professing religious beliefs
or disbeliefs.
Section 6

25. No hostility towards religion
1. Constitution and laws exempt from taxation
properties devoted exclusively to religious
purposes.
2. The use of public money is not prohibited to
the armed forces, or to any penal institution.
3. Optional religious instruction in public
elementary and high schools is by
constitutional mandate allowed.
4. Thursday and Friday of Holy Week, Christmas
Day and Sundays are made legal holidays.
5. Crimes against religious worship are
considered crimes against law.
Section 6

26. State Policies

27. Section 7. The State
shall pursue an
independent foreign
policy. In its
relations with other
states the
paramount
consideration shall
be national
sovereignty,
territorial integrity,
national interest,
and the right to self-
determination.

28. Foreign policy of the Philippines
 An instrument of domestic policy
 Pursuit of an independent foreign
policy
 Paramount consideration
Section 7

29. SECTION 8.
The Philippines,
consistent with the
national interest,
adopts and pursues
a policy of freedom
from nuclear
weapons in its
territory.

30. Freedom from
Nuclear Weapons
 As subject to
exception
 As an absolute
ban
Section 8

31. Exceptions
• The use of nuclear for:
Medicine
Agriculture
And other beneficial purposes
• If the national interest so requires
The storing of nuclear weapons in our
territory
Section 8

32. SECTION 9. The State
shall promote a just and
dynamic social order that
will ensure the prosperity
and independence of the
nation and free the
people from poverty
through policies that
provide adequate social
services, promote full
employment, a rising
standard of living, and an
improved quality of life
for all.

33. Just and Dynamic Social Order
This is accomplished through policies that:
Provide sufficient social services (in
the field of health, education, housing,
etc).
Promote full employment.
A rising standard of living.
Improve quality of life for all.
Section 9

34. Solving the problem of mass poverty
Establishment of a just and humane
society
Reduce the political economic power of a
privileged
Equalizing widely standards and
opportunities for advancement
Eradicate poverty
Section 9

35. SECTION 10.
The State shall
promote social
justice in all
phases of
national
development.

36. The State must give preferential attention
to the welfare of the:
 less fortunate
 the poor
 uneducated
 underprivileged
 disabled
Section 10

37. SECTION 11.
The State
values the
dignity of every
human person
and guarantees
full respect for
human rights.

38. Human Rights
 Belief in inherent dignity of every
human person basis of human right
 A human person is a being not a thing.
 In a democratic state, the individual
enjoys certain rights which cannot be
modified or taken away by the lawmaking
body.
Section 11

39. SECTION 12. The State recognizes the
sanctity of family life and shall protect
and strengthen the family as a basic
autonomous social institution. It shall
equally protect the life of the mother and
the life of the unborn from conception.
The natural and primary right and duty
of parents in the rearing of the youth for
civic efficiency and the development of
moral character shall receive the support
of the Government.

40. Right of human life of the unborn from
conception and of the mother
 Once conceived, a child has the right to
be born and the right to live.
 Human life is commonly believed from
the moment of conception.
 Mandates the protection of the unborn
from the possibility of abortion.
 The health of mother shall also be
protected.
Section 12

41. Rearing of the youth for civic efficiency
and development of moral character
 A duty of both parents and government
 Right of the State to interfere with
education of children
 The State and parental obligations
 Duty of State to encourage educational
institutions
Section 12

42. SECTION 13. The State
recognizes the vital role
of the youth in nation-
building and shall
promote and protect
their physical, moral,
spiritual, intellectual,
and social well-being. It
shall inculcate in the
youth patriotism and
nationalism, and
encourage their
involvement in public
and civic affairs.

43. C
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Section 13

44. SECTION 14. The
State recognizes
the role of
women in
nation-building,
and shall ensure
the fundamental
equality before
the law of
women and men.

45. Role of women in nation-building
 Proven capabilities of Filipino women
 Expansion of women’s role
 Equality with men before the law
Section 14

46. Section 15.
The State shall
protect and
promote the
right to health of
the people and
instill health
consciousness
among them
health.

47. Right of people to Health
Health - is the state physical, social and
mental well-being rather than
merely than merely the absence
of physical diseases
These constitution gives the right to the
people to health
 Department of Health (Sec.Eric Tayag)
 Health Center
Section 15

48. SECTION 16.
The State shall
protect and
advance the right
of the people to a
balanced and
healthful ecology in
accord with the
rhythm and
harmony of nature.

49. Right to Balanced and Healthful Ecology
• The need for a program to address the
ecological problems of:
Pollution
Waste disposal
Forest denudation
Flood drought
Dying river beds
Destruction of waterways
Protect human life
Section 16

50. SECTION 17.
The State shall give
priority to education,
science and
technology, arts,
culture, and sports to
foster patriotism and
nationalism, accelerate
social progress, and
promote total human
liberation and
development.

51.  The States prioritizes the following
through their different programs like the:
DepEd
DOST
PSC
Section 17

52. SECTION 18.
The State affirms
labor as a primary
social economic
force. It shall
protect the rights
of workers and
promote their
welfare.

53.  Human labor is not only treated as land,
tools, or machinery. It mandates the
State to provide living wage and full
participation to workers in decision-
making processes which affect their
rights and benefits.
Section 18

54. SECTION 19.
The State shall develop a self-
reliant and independent national
economy effectively controlled
by Filipinos.

55. States the constitutional guidelines in the
development of the economy:
 Economic self-reliance
 Independent national economy
And effective Filipino control of the
economy
Section 19

56. FILIPINOPEOPLE
ECONOMY
PHILIPPINES

57. WE ARE GOING TO DANCE AGAIN
UNDER THE HANDS OF FOREIGN
COUNTRIES.

58. SECTION 20.
The State recognizes
the indispensable
role of the private
sector, encourages
private enterprise,
and provides
incentives to needed
investments.

59. Role of private sectors in the economy
• The Constitution does not favor an economy
where the State directly competes with
private business.
• The business of government is governance
and NOT money-making.
Section 20

60. SECTION 21.
The State shall
promote
comprehensive
rural
development
and agrarian
reform.

61. Section 21
Covers all phases of rural development:
Economic
Social
Political
Cultural
Industrial

62.  Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program, commonly
known as CARP, is an agrarian reform law of the
Philippines passed in 1988. It is part of the long history of
attempts at land reform in the Philippines. It is Republic
Act No. 6657.[1]
 The law was outlined by former President Corazon C.
Aquino through Presidential Proclamation 131 and
Executive Order 229 on June 22, 1987. The law was enacted
by the 8th Congress of the Philippines and signed by
Aquino on June 10, 1988.
 In this program, all lands exceeding seven hectares were
bought by the government and sold to the landless farmers.
Owners of lands were paid through installment basis for 15
years.

63. SECTION 22.
The State
recognizes and
promotes the rights
of indigenous
cultural
communities within
the framework of
national unity and
development.

64. • Recognizes the existence and the rights
of the indigenous cultural communities.
• Directs the State to promote the rights of
indigenous cultural communities by
considering their customs, traditions,
beliefs, and interests.
• Implementing state policies with full
respect to their culture, dignity,
uniqueness and human rights.
Section 22

65. SECTION 23.
The State shall
encourage non-
governmental,
community-
based, or sectoral
organizations
that promote the
welfare of the
nation.

66. • The state is required to encourage these
organizations because recent events
have shown that, under responsible
leadership, they can be active
contributors to the political, social, and
economic growth of the country –
promote the welfare of the nation.
Section 23

67. SECTION 24.
The State
recognizes the
vital role of
communication
and information
in nation-
building.

68. Means of communications such
as:
Motion pictures
Television
Radio
Newspapers
Magazines
Section 24

69. Nation-Building
• The people are enlightened on
certain public issues.
• They can also serve as useful tools
to promote unity among the
Filipinos.
Section 24

70. SECTION 25.
The State shall
ensure the
autonomy of
local
governments.

71. SECTION 26.
The State shall
guarantee equal
access to
opportunities for
public service, and
prohibit political
dynasties as may
be defined by law.

72. • This does not allow the existence of
political dynasties or the practice of
keeping political power within the
control of select families.
• Emphasizes the duty of the
government to uphold democratic
elections and appointments.
Section 26

73. SECTION 27.
The State shall
maintain honesty
and integrity in
the public service
and take positive
and effective
measures against
graft and
corruption.

74. Honesty and integrity in public service
 Undermines the quality of life for people
especially in poor qualities.
 The constitution seeks to minimize and
find completely to eliminate graft and
corruption, a way to attack problem.
Section 27

75. SECTION 28.
The Subject to
reasonable conditions
prescribed by law, the
State adopts and
implements a policy
of full public
disclosure of all its
transactions involving
public interests.

76. Section 7 of the Bill of Rights
Guarantees the people’s right to know
any transaction entered into by the
government.
 Limited to things which involves
public concerns.
The policy covers matters involving public
interest especially those concerning the
utilization of public funds and property.
Section 28