3. Objetivos del Capítulo
• Aprender sobre la industria del cableado y del
mercado de trabajo.
• Examinar los códigos y los estándares de
seguridad
• Discutir la seguridad alrededor de la electricidad
• Discutir las prácticas de la seguridad del
laboratorio y del lugar de trabajo
• Aprender sobre el equipo personal de seguridad
4. Cable para voz
• Típicamente, el cable del teléfono consiste en
dos alambres
• Estos dos alambres son trenzados uno con el
otro para prevenir perdida de señal. Este tipo
de cableado se llama par trenzado
5. Telefonía Análoga
• Una red telefónica necesita un cable en cada
residencia o negocio unido a una central
telefónica.
• Con la masificación de la telefonía, la calidad de
la conección llega a ser importante. De esta
forma es necesario estandarizar las practicas de
instalación, equipamiento e insumos utilizados.
6. Cableado Estructurado
• El concepto de usar un solo esquema de cableado
para manejar la voz, datos, y otros servicios como el
vídeo se llama cableado estructurado.
• El cableado estructurado también incluye todos los
dispositivos que están conectados a través del
cable, el equipo en el cual se termina el cable, y los
dispositivos electrónicos que conectan a usuarios y
los recursos.
7. Tecnologías Emergentes de cable
• Fibra óptica es un tipo de cable que usa pulsos de luz
para transmitir datos a través de tubos de vidrio
• Wireless usa señales de radio o microondas para
transmitir datos o voz
• Tecnologías de acceso de alta velocidad:
•TV Cable tiene gran potencial como mecanismo de entrega de la
ancho de banda
•Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) es un grupo de tecnologías que
utiliza el sistema telefónico para transmitir datos digitales a alta
velocidad
8. Costos de un Cableado Deficiente
• El tarea del instalador de cable es proporcionar
cable técnicamente apropiado para todos los
dispositivos de las comunicaciones que compongan
la red
• Es más económico que los clientes paguen poco
más para cerciorarse de que el trabajo está bien
hecho, conforme con los estándares, y que es
escalable
• Los administradores de la red les será más complejo
localizar problemas en la red ocasionando perdida
de tiempo inútil, causados por la instalación
deficientes.
9. Puestos de Trabajo en la Industria del
Cableado
• Instalador de nivel básico
• Supervisor de Instalación
• Adminstrador de Proyecto
• Ingeniero Diseñador de Cabledo
• Representante de Marketing
10. Electricista licenciado
• Unionized electricians en los Estados Unidos
son generalmente miembros de la
Confederación internacional de trabajadores
eléctricos (IBEW), una de las uniones más
antiguas de los Estados Unidos
• The Communications Workers of America (CWA)
establecen sociedades con los fabricantes y las
distribuidores de telecomunicaciones y de
equipamiento, para desarrollar planes de
estudios y para entregar el entrenamiento.
11. Educación
• Algunos empleadores pueden ofrecer un
programa del reembolso en cuotas, o puede
haber entrenamiento disponible con una
unión local o una organización de trabajo.
• La mayoría de las escuelas técnicas están
interesadas en personas experimentadas que
emplea de la industria para enseñar a sus
estudiantes
12. Códigos de Seguridad
• Seguridad de empleado - permanecer alertas,
usar los elementos de protección apropiados
para ayudar a permanecer seguro
• Seguridad del lugar de trabajo - trabajar con
las otras personas de una manera que no los
ponga en peligro
• Seguridad pública - tomar las precauciones
en todas las condiciones del trabajo.
13. Organizaciones encargadas de la
Seguridad
• National Institute for Occupational Safety and
Health (NIOSH) - Investiga las conductas y
hacen las recomendaciones para la
prevención de la enfermedad y de lesión
relacionadas con el trabajo.
• Occupational Safety and Health Administration
(OSHA) - protege a trabajadores haciendo
cumplir leyes de trabajo de los E.E.U.U.
14. Organizaciones públicas de seguridad
• Underwriters Laboratories (UL) organización
independientes, no lucrativas de certificación
que prueba la seguridad del producto
• National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) Otra
organización que protege a consumidores
publicando the National Electrical Code (NEC)
• National Electric Code (NEC) – Protege a las
personas y de los peligros que presentan el
uso de electricidad
15. Organizaciones públicas de seguridad
• Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) -
Agencia ambiental de seguridad responsable
de hacer cumplir las restricciones medio
ambientales
• Códigos Nacionales, Estatales y Locales -
Seguir todos los códigos de construcción de
edificios, si están nivel local, estatal, o
nacional
16. Seguridad Eléctrica
• Los Cable de red trabajan con baja tensión, pero
cerca de equipamiento que usa 110-240 volts, lo
cuál es peligroso
17. Voltajes Peligrosos
• Los voltajes peligrosos se pueden encontrar
en espacios y áreas de acceso tales techos,
en sala de equipamiento, o en sala de
telecomunicaciones
18. Seguridad Eléctrica
• Estar atentos a circunstancias anormales tales
como cajas de circuitos rotas, cables de cobre
descubiertos y equipamiento dañado.
• Prestar la atención a otros dispositivos y a
otros trabajadores en el área de trabajo
• Nunca tocar un cable que pude estar “vivo”
con ambas manos, porque un circuito
completo podría ser formado. Dejar siempre
una mano libre de cable.
19. Precauciones sobre relámpago
• Todo el equipo exterior debe ser conectado a
tierra correctamente
• Evitar usar cables dentro o cercar a las áreas
húmedas
• Nunca instalar o conectar cables de cobre
durante una tormenta eléctrica
20. Chequear seguridad del voltaje
• Antes de comenzar
cualquier trabajo, probar los
niveles de voltaje de cables
vecinos usando un
multímetro o un probador
del voltaje
21. Conexión a Tierra
• La conección a tierra apropiado proporciona:
• Protección contra altos voltajes
• Fallas de energía tales como cortocircuitos
eléctricos
• Una trayectoria apropiada para relámpagos
• Disipación de cargas electrostáticas
22. GFCIs
• Ground Fault Circuit Interrupters (GFCIs). Parar
el flujo de electrones y reducir el peligro del
choque eléctrico y del fuego. Estos
dispositivos de protección para personas,
edificios y laboratorio contra electricidad
dañina.
23. Empalmes
• Los empalmes proporciona los medios para
que varios accesorios del cableado a la
interconexión del sistema que pone a tierra
• En una red o un dispositivo electrónico puede
tener un empalme a un circuito de tierra para
asegurar una buena conexión
24. Propósito de conexión a tierra
• La conección a tierra permite:
• Reducir al mínimo los efectos de alzas
eléctricas
• Mantener la integridad eléctrica de la planta
que se pone a tierra
• Proporcionar una trayectoria más segura y
más eficaz
25. Estándares para poner a tierra
• La National Electric Code (NEC) tiene
estándares para poner a tierra que se debe
seguir por todos los instaladores y
electricistas que trabajan en los Estados
Unidos
• Los instaladores y los electricistas deben
comprobar con los gobiernos los estándares
en sus países para ponen a tierra
26. Seis pies regla de separación
• Permitir 6 pies, o 1.8 m, entre cableado de
voz y datos, y el cableado de alto voltaje
• El ruido de los circuitos o de los dispositivos
eléctricos, conocidos como interferencia
electromagnética (EMI), puede interferir con
las señales de los datos, interfiriéndola y
causando problemas de comunicaciones
generales
• Reducir al mínimo la posibilidad de contacto
accidental con voltajes peligrosos
27. Descarga electrostática
• Electrostatic discharge (ESD), conocida más
comúnmente como electricidad estática,
puede ser la forma más perjudicial y más
incontrolable de electricidad
• Los choques de la electricidad estática
pueden ser desastrosos para las
computadoras
• Una buen conección a tierra pueden prevenir
daño de electricidad estática, porque pasa la
estática a la tierra
28. Prevención ESD
• Usar siempre las pulseras de muñeca al
trabajar dentro del material informático
• Fijar el material informático en las cubiertas
protectoras de ESD al trabajar dentro de ellas
30. Seguridad del laboratorio y del lugar de
trabajo
• Apagar la energía antes de trabajar dentro de
las paredes, de los techos, o de los áticos
• Nunca tocar los cables de transmisión
• Estar enterado de objetos agudos, de
alambres expuestos, de suciedad, y de polvo
• Estar enterado de las otras personas que
trabajan en el área
31. Seguridad del área de trabajo
• Examinar el área de trabajo de antemano
• Preguntar al supervisor del edificio si es
posible entrar en contacto con materiales
peligrosos (productos químicos, asbesto, o el
plomo)
• Mantener el área limpia
• Localizar los extintores
32. Otros peligros del área de trabajo
• Agua
• Clima
• Ruido
• Fumar
• Alturas
• Roedores e insectos
33. Seguridad de la escala
• Seleccionar la escala
apropiada para el trabajo
• Examinar la escala
• Fijar la escala correctamente
con seguridad, y asegurar el
área alrededor de la escala
• Subir y descender
cuidadosamente
• Trabajar sobre la escala con
seguridad
34. Seguridad con Fibra optica
• Siempre usar gafas de seguridad con los protectores
laterales
• Trabajar en áreas con buena ventilación
• Colocar una estera en la tabla para recoger todos
los restos de cristal. Utilizar la cinta que enmascara
para quitar los cascos de cristal de las manos y de la
ropa
• No tocar los ojos mientras que trabaja con los
sistemas de fibra óptica
• Limpiar las áreas de trabajo a fondo, y disponer de
los restos de cristal en envases apropiados.
35. Kit de primeros auxilios
• Cada área de trabajo debe
tener un kit de primeros
auxilios disponible
• Comprobar
periódicamente que esté
almacenado
completamente
• Cerciorarte de que
contenga una taza de
lavado de ojos.
36. Seguridad contra incendios
• Llamar para conseguir ayuda inmediatamente si el
fuego no puede estar rápidamente apagado con
seguridad
• Notificar otros en el edificio que hay un fuego
activando la alarma de incendio o gritando “fuego!”
• Luchar solo con fuegos pequeños si estás seguro
que puede apagarlos
37. Tipos de extintores
• A – Materiales ordinarios (papel, madera
de construcción, cartulina, plásticos)
• B – Líquidos inflamables y combustibles
(gasolina, kerosenne, solventes )
• C – Equipamiento eléctrico tal como
aplicaciones, interruptores, cajas del
panel, y herramientas eléctricas
• D – Metales combustibles tales como
magnesio, titanio, potasio, y sodio
38. Prevención de lesión
• Seguir todas las reglas de la seguridad nacional,
industrial, y del lugar de trabajo
• El entrenamiento es esencial al trabajar con
electricidad, las herramientas eléctricas, o cualquier
otro equipo peligroso potencialmente
• Utilizar el equipo de seguridad
• Estar alerta y actuar profesionalmente
• Permanecer actualizado en las ediciones
relacionadas con la seguridad y la salud en el lugar
de trabajo
39. Equipo personal de seguridad
• La ropa protectora y el
engranaje que use pueden
prevenir lesión o hacerlas
menos severas
• Anteojos de seguridad
• Tapones de oído
• Respiradores y máscaras de
polvo
• Guantes protectores
• Casco
Editor's Notes
The quality of the service provided by the cabling is directly related to the quality of the installation. This course prepares the student for an entry-level position in the cabling industry and the BICSI Installer, Level 1 exam. The Installer, Level 1 exam is designed for individuals with little or no prior work experience in voice, data, or video telecommunications cabling installation. Starting with the first wired network, this chapter discusses the evolution of cabling to the present day and for the future. In addition, the skills and tasks associated with most positions in the cabling industry are discussed. Among the topics covered are the organizations responsible for establishing and maintaining safety codes and standards, safety around electricity, lab and workplace safety practice, and personal safety equipment. All installers are expected to follow the practices and guidelines outlined in this chapter.
When a person speaks into the phone, the vibrations are converted into an analog signal which is then sent down the telephone cable. When the signal reaches the local telephone office, it is strengthened and sent to another telephone office along the route to the destination. When it reaches the earpiece of the other person, the analog signal is translated into vibrations that replicate the caller's voice and words.
When a person speaks into the phone, the vibrations are converted into an analog signal which is then sent down the telephone cable. When the signal reaches the local telephone office, it is strengthened and sent to another telephone office along the route to the destination. When it reaches the earpiece of the other person, the analog signal is translated into vibrations that replicate the caller's voice and words.
Modern telcos use digital devices called switches to connect calls. When dialing a telephone number, a switch connects the caller to the cable of the destination phone or to another telco if the person is not local. The idea of grouping users and resources most likely to communicate with each other reduces traffic on the rest of the network. Computer networking owes a tremendous debt to the telephone pioneers who prepared the way for it. Those who design computer networks have recently faced the same problem, almost a hundred years after it was encountered in telephony. The idea of grouping users and resources most likely to communicate with each other reduces traffic on the rest of the network.
Another important trend to watch for is integrated wiring , that is, all signals traveling on the same type of cable. Installers who are aware of these advancing technologies will be likely to employ future technologies in their upgrades and expansion.
A network that cuts corners by using lower grade cabling, inexperienced installers, or does not conform to standards, will cost the customer more in the end when users complain about slow speed or connection problems.
A cable installer's job requires several skills. First the installer pulls cabling through buildings and homes. After the cables are in their proper place and secured, the installer terminates them with the appropriate connectors or secures them to a punch down block. The installer next tests the cables to see if they are wired correctly and are run to the correct workstations. The installer may also participate in certifying the cables. This involves generating performance documents based on test data. These documents can be used later if problems develop, and they can guide plans for network expansion and change. There are several options after working as a technician for a few years. Many technicians will work to become supervisors or project managers. Others may wish to learn more about networking and networking equipment, moving on to becoming a network designer or engineer. Others enjoy working with customers and go into sales of network installation services.
Electricians generally specialize in wiring alternating current (AC) power systems, but some may be found installing computer wiring and equipment, telephone wiring, or fiber-optic cables. Consult local and state offices to check these regulations. Most licensed electricians are authorized to install communications cables. Not all are trained to do so and not all are competent to do so. Communications cabling is a specialized field requiring extensive training to become a professional. This course provides the skills to install cables and their termination systems. Proficiency comes from experienced gained on the job.
The successful installer should plan on periodically updating their job skills and learning more about the industry or related industries through continuing education. Often, industry certification and time in the trade can waive certain higher-education requirements. Consult with a local school for more information about their requirements and opportunities.
All installers and companies must adhere to the safety standards and codes of conduct that apply to them. Consult local and state building codes that may require special installation techniques or safety equipment.
NIOSH is part of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). The Occupational Safety and Health Act legislation of 1971 led to the creation of this agency charged with job and worker safety. OSHA's mission is to ensure safe and healthful workplaces. OSHA inspectors have the power to impose heavy fines and/or shut down a jobsite should they find serious safety violations. Anyone who works on, or is responsible for, a construction site or business facility needs to be familiar with OSHA regulations. The organization offers safety information, statistics, and publications on its website.
The UL focuses on safety standards, but has expanded its certification program to evaluate twisted-pair LAN cables for performance. Listing by UL denotes initial testing and periodic retesting to assure continuing conformance to standards. UL tests and evaluates samples of cable, and then, after granting a UL listing, the organization conducts follow-up tests and inspections. This independent testing and follow-through make the UL markings valuable symbols to buyers. In general terms, the NEC concerns itself with how a cable burns-how hot it must get to catch fire, how long it will burn once it does catch fire, and what kinds of gasses it gives off as it burns. NEC type codes are listed in catalogs of cables and supplies. These codes classify specific categories of products for specific uses . The differences between these markings concern the amount of electrical power that could run through the cable in the worst case.
It is important for cable installers to be aware of these environmental safety agencies, because job sites are often sources of violations. Acts such as tossing out a jar half filled with cleaning solvent can be criminal and result in large fines. Be aware of the environmental protection laws that apply to any project. Local, state, or national codes are designed to protect individuals who will occupy the building after construction or cable installation. Cable installers who work in countries other than the United States must be knowledgeable of the local and international safety codes and standards, and follow them.
Since there are many hazards when installing cable, the installer should be prepared for all situations so that accidents or injuries can be prevented.
Do not become complacent to the hazards of high-voltage wiring nearby just because most of the work is dealing with low-voltage. Cable installers must learn how to detect unsafe voltages that appear where they should not be, and how to deal with them safely until a trained electrician arrives.
Electricity can cause serious injury and even death. Most of the cables installed by the cabling technician will carry only low, signaling voltages, but most of these cables travel near wires carrying much higher voltages. Similarly, the network devices that will be installed may not use high-voltage to process signals, but they are connected to power mains all the same, and failures can happen. Hazardous voltages are more likely to exist in the buildings and businesses where the cabling installer works, because these work areas are often in unfinished spaces and access areas.
Lightning protectors must be installed in compliance with local telephone company requirements and applicable codes. Telephone wire pairs should not be used without authorization. If authorization is obtained, do not remove or modify telephone circuit protectors or grounding wires.
Using a known reliable voltage measurement device such as a multimeter or voltage detector, take measurements immediately before starting work. Measure again whenever work is resumed the following day or after a break on any job (because someone may have made changes), and then check again when finishe d
Grounding works by providing a direct path to the earth for any voltages that come in contact with it. Grounding equipment conducts any stray voltage to the earth without hurting that equipment. Without a proper path to ground, stray voltages may use another path to the ground, such as a person's body. Be aware of the grounding system in the lab and on each job site. It should be verified that the grounding system actually works. It is not uncommon to find that grounding was improperly done or was never installed in the first place
By connecting the third wire in the electric outlet to ground, any voltages that develop should pass to ground. Whenever an electrical current takes this path, it causes protective devices such as circuit breakers and GFCIs to activate, or trip. By interrupting the circuit, circuit breakers and GFCIs stop the flow of electrons, and reduce the hazard of electrical shock and fire A breaker works by sampling the current that is traveling in the circuit, and trips when the current exceeds a certain value. GFCIs are used in areas that could be exposed to moisture and humidity. A GFCI works by comparing the amount of electrical current coming into a circuit (on the black wire) with the amount leaving (on the neutral or red wire). if more current enters the circuit through phase wire than leaves through neutral wire, there is a current leak or ground fault.
The terms bonding and grounding are often erroneously used interchangeably. Grounding is providing the actual connection to the building ground or the electric company neutral conductor. Bonding is interconnecting various devices that may require grounding and providing the connection to the grounding conductor.
Bonding involves providing a means for various wiring fixtures to interconnect with the grounding system. It may be thought of as an extension of ground wiring. A device like a switch or router may have a bonding strap between its case and a ground circuit to ensure a good connection. It makes good sense to install grounding straps and devices when supplied with equipment. The few minutes it takes to install them can prevent a serious injury or the loss of valuable equipment.
In order that there may be some commonality in grounding systems, several national standards have been formulated. The National Electrical Code (NEC) written by the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) sets the minimum safety requirements for any electrical wiring and grounding. "Commercial Building Grounding and Bonding Requirements for Telecommunications", also known as TIA/EIA-607 (Telecommunications Industry Association/ Electronics Industry Alliance), supports a multi-vendor, multi-product environment, as well as the grounding practices for various systems that may be installed on customer premises. TIA/EIA-607 specifies the exact interface points between a building's grounding system and the telecommunication/equipment grounding configuration. It also specifies that the building's grounding configurations needed to support this equipment. After the network is properly bonded and grounded, pay particular attention to how close telephone and network wiring is laid from high-voltage wiring, lightning grounding wire, and grounding rods. Separation of these types of wires is important.
Another reason for the separation of wires is to minimize the possibility of accidental contact with the hazardous voltages. Never install cabling near bare power wires, lightning rods, antennas, transformers, hot water pipes, or heating ducts. Never place data or telephone wire in any conduit, box, channel, duct, or other enclosure containing power or lighting circuits, unless the duct or channel has special dividers to prevent these wires from coming together and to provide electromagnetic shielding. Furthermore, never bundle or tie data cables with power cables or extension cords. Not only should wires be separated when working near electricity but care must be taken not to damage electrical wires when cutting or drilling holes in walls or floors.
If the spark of an ESD discharge can be felt, it is already many times greater than that required to destroy some electronic components.
Steps must be taken to deal with ESD in order to protect sensitive electronic equipment. It is far better to prevent static than to cope with it. Personal grounding devices like wrist straps are not required while cabling and terminating circuits. However, they should be worn any time when installing, inspecting, upgrading, or changing modules in a device.
The workspace shown depicts many common elements needed when working with sensitive electronic equipment. All of these devices interconnect to ensure that each element of the work area, the device, and the technician are all at the same electrical potential at all times. This is the best defense against ESD. If all elements are at the same potential, there is no excess of electrical current that can jump a gap and damage equipment. Set computer equipment on ESD protective work surfaces Place an ESD protective mat beneath the chair of a computer user. These absorb ESD. Temperature and humidity also play a role in ESD. Cooler and drier environments are especially prone to ESD, so consider using a humidifier.
Not only is it important to be safe when working around electricity, the cabling technician must also be familiar with other potential hazards on the job. The workplace should be a safe environment whether it is in the classroom lab or on the job site.
When routing cable through spaces where air is circulated, such as a plenum, use a fire-rated cable. The plenum area can be distinguished from a non-plenum area because it will not have air return ducts running through the space. The entire plenum area is the return path of air to the HVAC (Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning) system Always find out in advance what the local codes are. Some building codes may prohibit drilling or cutting holes in certain areas such as firewalls or ceilings. The site administrator or facility engineer will be able to help determine which areas are off limits.
The manager of the company should identify if there are other hazards. In some cases, the use of non-sparking tools may be required to prevent an explosion. Other environments may require the use of a dust-filtering mask, or require that employees have a portable gas mask in case poisonous fumes are released. In some cases OSHA may require specialized safety training prior to working in hazardous environments It might not make sense to take every job. There may be a serious risk of being hurt, contaminated, or killed. Consider the risks of each job before committing to it. A particular hazard is maintenance holes or other confined spaces. These are areas which provide access to underground cables. Gasses such as carbon monoxide or methane often accumulate in these places. This displaces oxygen, creating an invisible, lethal hazard. Never enter such spaces without training, and avoid going in alone. If you encounter such gasses, you will need someone to pull you out or at least summon help.
Regardless of the type or construction, be sure the ladder has a label certifying that it complies with specifications of the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) and that Underwriters Laboratories (UL) lists it as passing its standards Be sure that the ladder is long enough to work from comfortably and sturdy enough to withstand repeated use. Fiberglass ladders are most commonly used in cable installation. Although aluminum ladders are lighter, they are less stable and should never be used around electricity. When working near electricity, only dry wood or fiberglass ladders should be used. Each time a ladder is used, inspect it for loose or damaged rungs, steps, rails or braces. Make certain the spreaders on stepladders can be locked in place and that the ladder has safety feet which will provide more stability and reduce the chances of the ladder slipping while working. Never use a ladder that is defective. Stepladders should be fully opened with the hinges locked. Straight ladders should be placed at a four-to-one ratio. This means the base of the ladder should be 0.25 m (10 in.) away from the wall or other vertical surface for every 1 m (3 ft) of height to the point of support Always face the ladder and hold on with both hands. Hold onto the ladder with one hand at all times. To maintain balance on the ladder when working, a good rule is to keep the belt buckle between the ladder rails. Make certain that no one could bump into the ladder. If the ladder must be set in a traffic area, use a barricade or have another coworker guard the ladder. Cordon off the work area with appropriate markers like traffic cones or caution tape.
No food or beverages in the work area should be allowed. If fiber particles are ingested, they can cause serious internal bleeding. And they are virtually invisible to most medical detection technologies. Do not look directly into the end of fiber cables Always keep a first aid kit nearby.
Many agencies provide industrial safety and first aid training (often called First Responder) from beginning levels through emergency medical technician ratings. Find out which agencies offer such training locally. In addition, many companies encourage employees to obtain such training at company expense or with tuition assistance.
Proceed to the nearest exit and help others to the exit. If there is smoke in the corridors, crawl to the exit since smoke rises. Call the emergency services number and tell them where the fire is, what type of fire is burning, the size of the fire, and if people are still in the building. If someone catches on fire, remember the tip, "Stop, Drop, and Roll". Stop, do not run. Drop to the floor. Roll on the floor to extinguish the flames. Should there be a need, a nearby safety shower, fire blanket, hose, fire extinguisher, or anything else that smothers the flame could be used.
Before fighting the fire, make sure that there is an escape route if the fire cannot be extinguished. Always fight the fire with one's back to the exit. Never let the fire cut off the escape route. Fire extinguishers have labels that identify which kinds of fires they are designed to fight. In the United States, these are called ratings. For example, a fire extinguisher with the rating "A:B:C" can fight Class A, B and C fires. Four different types of fires have been classified in the United States
Injury prevention is everyone's responsibility. Keep alert to situations that could result in an injury. Developing and using safe work practices is by far the best method for preventing injuries in the workplace.
Eyes are much easier to protect than to repair, so safety glasses should be worn when cutting, drilling, sawing, or working in a crawl space If chemicals come in contact with the eyes, flush them with running water for at least fifteen minutes using the emergency eye wash cup. If pain continues, seek medical attention immediately. Wear shoes appropriate for the job. Sturdy, fully enclosed shoes should be worn. They should be able to protect the soles of the feet from sharp objects on the floor.
