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Michel Sacotte - Schneider Electric
1. The European Association of the Electricity Transmission
and Distribution Equipment and Services Industry
“Travel inside Eco-Design”
Green planet
Michel Sacotte
VP Prescription and Standardisation at Schneider-Electric
Chairman of the Technical group for Transformers in T&D Europe
2. • The methodology, the actors,
the implementation process,
earnings expected for the
environment , the impact on the
standardization of the products
will be developed.
• The inventory will be drawn up
and future directions being
discussed widely described.
09 July 2018 2
ABSTRACT
ECO DESIGN REGULATION
3. • Project’ organisation
• Why transformers and What?
• Method for evaluation
• Consequences for transformers
activity
• 2021
• Conclusions
09 July 2018 3
• The long road between Green
202020 and efficient
transformers
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
OUR TRAVEL
5. 09 July 2018 5
202020 program
20% reduction of greenhouse gas
20% reduction of energy consumption
Reaching 20% of total renewable
energy production
Transformer losses account for
2.5% of the energy consumed
Purpose of the eco-design
Reduction of losses in two stages in
2015 & 2021
EUROPEAN COMMITTEMENT
7. 09 July 2018 7
THE ACTOR OF THE DIRECTIVE
Utilities
Energy
T & D Europe (Manufacturers)
European
directives
IEC and CENELEC document
The Eu Commission
lobbies
8. 09 July 2018
H
I
S
T
O
R
Y
.
2014 Vote of the Eu Parliament
1 July 2015 Application of the Directive
2015 TIER 1
2021 TIER 2
3 years after the vote (Article 7) Monitoring the effectiveness and enforcement
VITO 2016-2017 (Research Consultant) with proposals
2017 Working paper with Proposals Forum & Members with state
2018-01-06 Inter Service Consultation & Eu Commission vote
New document in October 2018No modifications
NO
2007-2009 consultants Choice and multiple meetings with EC
2011Final report from the consultant 420 Pages
2011-2014Multiples meetings with users and manufacturers with CE and organizations
Manufacturers-User Forum 2007 in front of the member states GO-NO-GO
THE PROCESS
YES
Or later….
9. STEP LIFE CYCLE, CYCLE OPTIMIZATION, SEGMENTATION TRANSFORMERS
METHOD
Why transformers and What?
11. ➢Who is responsible for the environmental impact?
➢90% of the environmental impact depends on use
➢The rest is the extraction, production and processing of materials
➢The life cycle is evaluated by:
➢The environmental profile of the components
➢The life, the load factor and efficiency of the transformer
➢How electricity is generated
The COST OF USE is the determining factor for the choice
09 July 2018 11
HOW TO OPTIMISE ENERGY EFFICIENCY
USE COST
12. The CO2 emission is mainly due to losses
Transformers that will produce the less losses during their life are
optimum for the production of CO2
To be win-win (User, EC) the method of the European Commission was
calculate the overall cost to the user over a given period of time
The Commission also assessed the economy in terms of energy and in
terms of volume of CO2 in future years
09 July 2018 12
THE PHILOSOPHY OF THE COMMISSION ON THE METHOD
METHOD
14. BC1-Distribution Transformers:(400kVA)
BC2-Industry Transformers: Oil immersed(1MVA)
BC3-Industry Transformers: Dry type (1,25MVA)
BC4-Power Transformers(100MVA 132/33kV)
BC5-DER Transformers: Oil immersed (2MVA)
BC6-DER Transformers: Dry type (2MVA)
BC7-Separation/Isolation Transformers(16kVA)
09 July 2018 14
SEGMENTATION OF THE APPLICATION
SEVERAL CATEGORIES WERE EVALUATED
15. ≤ 3150kVA transformers (Standards exist)
The Least Life cycle cost (LLCC)
The best available technology (BAT)
Transformers> 3150kVA (No prior standard)
Elimination of 25% of the least effective designs (2015)
Elimination of 50% of the least effective designs (2021)
09 July 2018 15
VARIOUS SCENARIO WERE TESTED
16. ❖ To calculate the amount of CO2 and the energy saved:
The park of installed transformers
The growth of the park
❖ To calculate the total cost of the energy consumed must be known
➢ The lifetime to consider between 30 and 40 years
➢ Transformer load factor (between 0.15 and 0.5)
➢ The cost of kWH (from 0.08 to 0.15 € /Kwh)
➢ The annualisation rate (4%)
❖ These elements allow to calculate the total cost of use and the cost of
buying
❖ Cost for User = Cost of use + Cost of the transformer
09 July 2018 16
THE CALCULATION METHOD
CO2-ENERGY CONSUMED-PRICE-COST OF USE
17. ➢Distribution transformers for utilities and industrials (oil and dry)
Total installed 5040000 units
Distribution transformer yield 98.38%
> Power Transformers
Total installed 65500 units
Performance of power transformers 99%
Total transformers park’s losses in Europe was 93,4 TWh per year
09 July 2018 17
PARK INVOLVED IN ECO-DESIGN EVALUATION
GLOBAL VIEW WAS NEEDED
18. 09 July 2018 18
HOW WAS MADE THE EVALUATION
EXAMPLE OF CALCULATION
Base Case
BC1 DT
liquid
Tier1
BC1 DT
liquid
Tier2
BC2 ind
liquid
Tier1
BC2 ind
liquid
Tier2
BC5 DER
liquid
Tier1
BC5
liquid
Tier2
transformer rating (Sr) kVA 400 400 1000 1000 2000 2000
No load losses (P0) W 430 387 770 693 1450 1305
no load class Ao Ao-10% Ao Ao-10% Ao Ao-10%
Load losses (Pk) W 4600 3250 10500 7600 18000 15000
load class Ck Ak Ck Ak Bk Ak
Auxiliary losses (Paux) W 0 0 0 0 0 0
PEI % 99,297% 99,439% 99,431% 99,541% 99,489% 99,558%
Load Factor (k) (=Pavg/S) ratio 0,15 0,15 0,3 0,3 0,25 0,25
Load form factor (Kf)(=Prms/Pavg) ratio 1,073 1,073 1,096 1,096 1,5 1,5
availability factor (AF) ratio 1 1 1 1 1 1
Power factor (PF) ratio 0,9 0,9 0,9 0,9 0,9 0,9
Equivalent load factor (keq) ratio 0,18 0,18 0,37 0,37 0,42 0,42
load factor@PEI (kPEI) ratio 0,306 0,345 0,271 0,302 0,284 0,295
no load and aux. losses per year kWh/y 3766,8 3390,1 6745,2 6070,7 12702,0 11431,8
load losses per transformer per year kWh/y 1288,7 910,5 12276,4 8885,8 27375,0 22812,5
losses per year kWh/y 5055,5 4300,6 19021,6 14956,5 40077,0 34244,3
transformer life time y 40,00 40,00 25,00 25,00 25,00 25,00
interest rate % 4% 4% 4% 4% 4% 4%
inflation rate % 2% 2% 2% 2% 2% 2%
kWh price no load and aux. Losses € 0,0847 0,0847 0,1291 0,1291 0,15 0,15
kWh price load losses € 0,0847 0,0847 0,1291 0,1291 0,15 0,15
CAPEX - transformer € 7 824,09 8 977,51 13 567,31 17 277,30 27 126,40 31 736,75
losses per year kWh/y 5055,5 4300,6 19021,6 14956,5 40077,0 34244,3
discount rate % 2% 2% 2% 2% 2% 2%
electricity escalation rate % 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%
PWF ratio 27,36 27,36 19,52 19,52 19,52 19,52
No load loss capitalization factor (A) €/W 20,30 20,30 22,08 22,08 25,65 25,65
Load loss capitalization factor (B) €/W 0,65 0,65 2,95 2,95 4,45 4,45
TCO A/B ratio ratio 31,27 0,03 0,13 0,13 0,17 0,17
OPEX electricity €/y 428,20 364,26 2 455,69 1 930,88 6 011,55 5 136,65
LCC electricity € /life 11 713,69 9 964,60 47 943,60 37 697,47 117 366,23 100 285,07
LCC total (excl. scrap@EOL) € /life 19 537,78 18 942,11 61 510,91 54 974,77 144 492,63 132 021,82
19. 09 July 2018 19
• The potential for improvement with
more efficient transformers was
estimated:
• 16.2 TWh per year in 2025
• 3.7 Mt emission CO2.
WHAT IS THE SAVING
21. ✓ Before eco-design: 435 types (P0 Pk)
✓ 300types of immersed transformers 135 types of dry
type
✓ With Eco-design (01.07.2015) 35 types (P0 Pk)
✓ 20types of Liquids 15 type of Dry type
✓ Fewer components (Foil, tanks, conductors
Load losses -15%> 800kVA
No load losses -50%
Load losses -15%
No load losses -35%
✓ A new standard EN50588
09 July 2018 21
STANDARDISATION ON DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMERS
GAIN FOR MANUFACTURERS BY A VERY EFFECTIVE STANDARDISATION
24. ➢ The economic impact of the use being strong, the impact of
standardization of components is lower, the load factor is very
variable
➢ A method was developed to account for these factors
➢ The PEI(Peak efficiency index) is the derivative of the efficiency equation
Then No load losses as well load losses can be calculated
A new EN50629 For Large Power Transformer 24
LIMITS FOR LARGE POWER AND MEDIUM POWER TRANFORMERS
BEFORE REGULATION NO LIMITS
PEI = 1 −
2 × No_load
Rated power ×
No_load_losssess
Load_Losses
Load _losses = No_load_losses/k2
No_load_losses= 0,5XRated PowerX k X(1 − PEI)
Efficiency=(Rated_Power – Losses)/Rated_Power
25. Rated Power TIER 1 TIER 2
3.15 <Sr ≤ 4 99.348 99.382
5 99.354 99.387
6.3 99.356 99.389
≥ 8 99.357 99.390
09 July 2018 25
Rated Power TIER 1 TIER 2
3.15 <Sr ≤ 4 99.465 99.532
5 99.483 99.548
6.3 99.510 99.571
8 99.535 99.593
10 99.560 99.615
12 99.588 99.640
16 99.615 99.663
20 99.639 99.684
25 99.657 99,700
31.5 99.671 99.712
40 99.684 99.724
50 99.696 99.734
63 99.709 99.745
80 99.723 99.758
≥100 99.737 99.770
VALUE OF PEI FOR TRANSFORMERS ≥3150KVA
ALLOW TO DETERMINE THE LOSSES FOR THE LARGE POWER AND MEDIUM POWER TRANSFORMERS
Tier1 mandatory since 1 July 2015
Tier2 probably mandatory to 1st July 2021
26. ➢ The comparison between what was done before 2015 and with the PEI
➢ For a 0.4 average load factor
➢ Load losses are reduced by ~20%
09 July 2018 26
Losses before 2015 Losses TIER 1 K=0,4 Δ TIER 1 PEI/Before 2015
Rated Power P0 Pk P0 Pk P0 PK
5 4700 43000 5170 32312 10% -25%
6,3 5500 51000 6174 38587 12% -24%
8 6500 60000 7440 46500 14% -23%
10 8000 71000 8800 55000 10% 23%
12,5 10300 84000 10300 64375 0% 23%
16 12400 100000 12320 77000 -1% 23%
20 14300 118000 14440 90250 1% -24%
25 17000 138000 17150 107188 1% -22%
31,5 19500 164000 20727 129545 6% -21%
EVOLUTION OF THE LOSSES WITH EN50629
SAVING OF EFFICIENCY
27. ❖ Increases the price, dimensions and weights
❖ Standardization of production by having a single level of losses
❖ The transitional period has been difficult
❖ Market surveillance is not ready in most countries
❖ Manufacturers are responsible for implementation
❖ Some uncertainties that special appliances
09 July 2018 27
IMPACT ON THE MARKET
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-100 150 400 650 900 1150 1400 1650 1900 2150 2400 2650 2900 3150
PEI%
RATED POWER IN KVA
EQUIVALENT PEI 3 Phases LIQUID IMMERSED TRANSFORMERS
MEPS2 Australia
Australia Current Meps 24Kv (Liquid)
Canada 208Y/120
JAPAN X
KOREA TEPS
MEXICO 18-25KV Current
MEXICO 18-25KV Current
USA 2016
VIETNAM >96KV -2016
China GRADE 3
China GRADE 1
EUROPE TIER 1
KOREA TEPS
EUROPE TIER 2
ISRAEL MEPS
ISRAEL HIGH EFFICIENCY
29. Page 29Confidential Property of Schneider Electric |
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99.4
99.6
250 500 750 1000 1250 1500 1750 2000 2250 2500 2750 3000
PEI%
RATED POWER IN KVA
EQUIVALLENT PEI 3 Phases CAST RESIN TRANSFORMERS
Australia Meps Proposed 24kV
Australia Meps Proposed 24kV
Australia Current HEPL
Australia Current HEPL
Canada Minimum EFSTD
Canada 95-199KV
China GRADE 3
China GRADE 2
China GRADE 1
EUROPE TIER 1
EUROPE TIER 2
ISRAEL MEPS
ISRAEL HIGH EFFICIENCY
KOREA MEPS
KOREA TEPS
USA >96KV -2010
USA >96KV -2016
30. ➢ The best levels for Liquid Immersed transformers « distribution »'
➢ The optimum levels for Cast Resin
➢ Limits of losses has been established for Large Power transformers
➢ (25% of highest losses eliminated from 2015)
➢ (50% from 2021)
➢ Unfortunately Market Surveillance by the member state is too weak or
doesn’t exist
09 July 2018 30
EUROPEAN COUNTRY IS EXEMPLARY FOR ENERGY EFFICIENCY
IMPROVEMENT OF EFFICIENCY
31. ✓ For Raw material producers:
✓ Optimizing components performance
✓ Optimize the end of life components (not in eco-design)
✓ For transformers manufacturers:
✓ Optimize Performance
✓ Having tools to determine the best efficiency for equipment
✓ View performance
✓ For users:
✓ Determine the usage profile
✓ Declaring performance improvements
✓ For policy:
✓ Show the impact of energy efficiency policy on the environment
09 July 2018 31
IMPLICATIONS FOR BUSINESS AND POLITICS
ONLY ADVANTAGES
33. ✓ The impact of energy consumption during the use phase remains dominant.
✓ Current transformer models available in the market fulfil minimum Tier 1
✓ There are no technical barriers to manufacture Tier 2
✓ The lifecycle costs for Tier 2 compliant medium and large power
transformers are always lower than Tier 1 in new installation sites
✓ Medium power transformers are being used to replace old ones can become
uneconomic under relative low loading conditions.
✓ An existing regulatory exemption for the replacement of large power
transformers related to disproportionate costs
✓ Guidance to upgrade, repair, refurbishment and retrofitting is needed
33
ASSESEMENT OF 2015 AND 2021 REVISION
COMMISSION REVIEW THE REGULATION IN THE CONSULTATION FORUM IN 2017
34. ✓ Some improvements regarding the definitions of the exemptions
(Minimum rated power 5kVA,Wind turbine, and solar, offshore,
emergency ,Nuclear)
✓ Change regarding some definitions(Medium Power
transformers(3150kVA), declared values ,Pole mounted, Upgraded and
retrofit, Localisation and way to make the tests, Correction of losses
for 3,6kV)
✓ Fixed losses are kept for transformers up to 3150kVA & ≤ «36kV
✓ PEI shall be applied for transformers > 3150kVA or >36kV
✓ Some concessions should be possible if the cost are disproportionate
for replacement or for new sites.
✓ FAT can be use by Surveillance market authorities for the surveillance
of the market09 July 2018 34
UPDATED OF THE REGULATION AFTER ASSESSMENT
IMPROVEMENT OF THE REGULATION
35. ✓ If the installation of TIER 2 transformers is disproportionate then:
✓ In case of replacement(Brown field) of transformers <=3150kVA then TIER 1 can
be applied
✓ In case of replacement of a transformers >3150KVA then TIER 1 can be applied
and in worse case they will have no requirement if the cost of TIER 1 is also
disproportionate
✓ In case of a new site(Green field) >3150KVA then TIER 1 can be applied too
✓ Disproportionate cost means a cost of installation >cost of use on the
life cycle of the transformers (Include the cost of electricity, room,
connexions,….
✓ The manufacturer or the importer of the transformers to put the
information in technical documentation with the analysis of the offer
(without commercial information)
09 July 2018 35
UPDATED OF THE REGULATION AFTER ASSESSMENT
IMPROVEMENT OF THE REGULATION
36. ➢ A lower losses what ever the kind of transformers
➢ Better optimization of energy costs for the user with a suitable choice
➢ Standardization of components for distribution transformers ≤3150kVA
➢ Sensitization to a better definition of the need for power to reduce
user costs
09 July 2018 36
FINAL CONCLUSION
CONTRIBUTION OF ECO DESIGN
