This document summarizes information about malaria, including that it is caused by Plasmodium parasites transmitted via mosquito bites. It outlines the life cycles of the parasites within both human and mosquito hosts, describing the various stages including sporozoites, merozoites, trophozoites, and gametocytes. The most common human Plasmodium species are identified and symptoms, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of malaria are discussed at a high level.

1. Subject : Medical microbiology
Branch : B.Sc. Microbiology
Semester : 5th
Reg. No. : 1403011046
Submitted By : Daisy Saini
Submitted To : Dr. Sonali Pandey

2. INTRODUCTION
Malaria is mosquito borne
infectious disease.
 First identified in I88O by
Charles Laveran.
3-500 million clinical cases per
year.
1.5-2.7 million deaths (90%
Africa)
.
Tropical disease(africa,india,pakisthan etc.)
causative agent = Plasmodium species
Digenetic parasite = need 2 host in life cycle: A female anaphelus
and a human

3. Malaria parasite(plasmodium)
Pathogen of malaria
Protozoan parasite
Over 60 species are found
Only 4 species infecting humans
Plasmodium is a wide distribution in many
tropical or subtropical regions of the world.
 Always has 2 host in life (Digenetic
parasite) :
i. A insect host(sexual reproduction
occurs)
ii. A vertebrate host (asexual cycle occurs)
 Life cycle involve different stages in both
hosts like-
sporozoite,merozoite,gametocytes etc.

4. Plasmodium species which
infect humans
Plasmodium falciparum: Tropics. Accounts for 50% of all
malaria cases. Most pathogenic. Can cause cerebral malaria.
Plasmodium vivax: Tropics, subtropics, and some
temperate regions.About 43% of all malaria cases. Strain has a
dormant liver stage .
Plasmodium malariae: worlwide.only parasite to have a 3
day cycle. if left untreated -can cause nephrotic syndrome and
choronic infection
Plasmodium ovale: West Africa. Rare cause only can affect
individual with duffy blood group

5. DEFINITIVE HOST: Anopheline female Mosquito (sexual
reproduction)
INTERMEDIATE HOST: Humans (asexual and
sexual phases)
HOSTS

7. Anopheles
Transmission
•Through the bite of anepheles
mosquitoes
•Sporozoites injected with
saliva
•Enter blood circulation
•Trapped by liver(receptor)
•Transmission depend on
climate conditions , mosquitoe
life span and on human
immunity.

8. Sporozoites
Infectious stage
11-12u long slenderical
Uninucleated , sickle shaped
structure
Present in salivary gland of
mosquito
Within an half hour they enter
the liver cell (groove period) and
start the schizogony.

9. SCHIZOGONY
Asexual stage of life cycle
in human
infection
• sporozoites
Liver cell
• Pre-erythrocytic shizogony
• Exo-erythrocytic shizogony
In RBC
• Erythrocytic shizogony
• Post-erythrocytic shizogony

10. Pre-erythrocytic shizogony
schizont

11. Cryptomerozoites
n fresh liver cell (for exo-erthrocytic
shizogony)
In RBC(for erythrocytic
shizogony)

12. Exo-erthrocytic shizogony
cryptozoites
metacryptozoites
Micrometacryptozoites
(goes to RBC)
Macrometacryptozoites
(infect other fresh liver
cells)
(In liver cell)

13. Erthrocytic shizogony
(in RBC)
Trophozoite
stage
Signet ring
stage
Amoeboid
stage
Schizont
stage
Rosette stage

15. Gamete formation in man and
transmission to mosquito

16. Sexual cycle in female
Anopheles

17. Asexual sporogony(on
mosquito stomach wall)

18. Exo-
erythrocytic
(hepatic) cycle
Sporozoites
Mosquito Salivary
Gland
Life Cycle Of
Plasmodium
vivax
Gametocytes
Oocyst
Erythrocytic
Cycle
Zygote
Schizogony
Sporogony
-
Hypnozoites
(for P. vivax
and P. ovale)
Gamogony-
formation of
gametes
formation of spores
-shizont production

19. SYMPTOMS
 Early symptoms
 Headache
 Malaise
 Fatigue
 Nausea
 Muscular pains
 Slight diarrhea
 Slight fever
 Anorexia
 Paroxysm
 Etc.
Paroxysm of malaria

20. SYMPTOMS
Irritability, loss of
reflexes, neurological
symptoms similar to
menigitis,coma
20% fatality
Progressive severe
drop of Hb, poor
oxygen
Supply for organs and
tissues
Dwindling
urine, high urea
Level in serum ,
kidney faliure

21. Malaria Diagnosis
Clinical Diagnosis:
Symptoms: fever, chills,
headache, malaise, etc.
History of being in endemic
area
Enlarge spleen and anemia
as disease progresses
Laboratory diagnosis:
•Microscopic demonstration
of parasite in blood smear
(identify species)
•Fluorescent microscopy

22. TREATMENT
Treated with Anti-malarial drugs
:-
•Quinine and chloroquine- acts against
asexual erythrocytic stages
used for treatment of all 4 species
safe in pregnancy and for children
Chloroquine
Mefloquine
Proguanil
Atovaquone
Artemether- effective in combination
with quinine
Etc.

23. PREVENTION
By the ABCD of prevention:-

24. CONTROL
Insectiside spraying-
DDT,BHC,Malathione spray
Individual protection- by
protective clothing , bed
nets,mosquito coil,screening of
house etc.
Control of mosquito breeding
grounds- by drainage or
flushing management of water.
Use of larva killer fishes, insects
and chemical