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ch08.pptx
1.
Business Data Communications Fourteenth
Edition Jerry FitzGerald, Alan Dennis, and Alexandra Durcikova Chapter 8 Backbone Networks
2.
Learning Objectives • Understand
the Internetworking devices used in BNs • Understand the switched backbone architecture • Understand the routed backbone architecture • Understand virtual LAN architecture • Understand the best practice recommendations for backbone design • Be aware of ways to improve BN performance Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 8-2
3.
Outline • Architectures • Switched
Backbone Networks • Routed Backbone Networks • Virtual LANs (VLANs) • Best Practices • Implications for Security and Management Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 8-3
4.
8.1 Introduction • Backbones
used to be built with special technologies, but today most BNs use high-speed Ethernet • There are two basic components to a BN: the network cable and the hardware devices that connect other networks to the BN • Cable is usually fiber optic • Switches operate at the data link layer • Routers operate at the network layer • VLAN switches are a special combination of layer 2 switches and routers 8-4 Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
5.
8.2 Switched Backbones •
Switched backbones are the most common type of BN used in the distribution layer • Switched BNs use a star topology with one switch at its center • There is a switch serving each LAN that is connected to the backbone switch 8-5 Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
6.
Switched Backbones Continued •
Most organizations use switched backbones in which all network devices are physically located in the same room • Often in a rack of equipment • The room containing the rack of equipment is sometimes called the main distribution facility (MDF) or central distribution facility (CDF) • The devices are connected among themselves using very short cables called patch cables 8-6 Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
7.
Main Distribution Facility •
With an MDF, all cables run into the MDF • If one switch becomes overloaded, it is straight-forward to unplug the cables and it into a less-busy switch • Sometimes a chassis switch is used instead of a rack • A chassis switch enables users to plug modules directly into the switch • The key advantage of chassis switches is their flexibility 8-7 Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
8.
8.3 Routed Backbones •
Routed backbones move packets along the backbone on the basis of their network layer address • Sometimes called subnetted backbones or hierarchical backbones • Most commonly used to connect different buildings on the same enterprise campus backbone network • A routed backbone ensures that broadcast messages stay in the one network segment 8-8 Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
9.
8.4 Virtual LANs •
Virtual LANs are networks in which computers are assigned to LAN segments by software rather than by hardware • Often, VLANs are faster and provide greater opportunities to manage the flow of traffic on the LAN and BN • The simplest example is a single-switch VLAN, which means that the VLAN operates only inside one switch • Virtual LANs can be designed so that they act as though computers are connected via hubs or switches 8-9 Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
10.
Benefits of VLANs •
With VLANs, we can put computers in different geographic locations in the same subnet • At right, a computer in the lower left could be put on the same subnet as one in the upper right • A separate subnet from all the other computers 8-10 Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
11.
Benefits of VLANs
Continued • A more common implementation is a multiswitch VLAN, in which several switches are used to build the VLANs • VLANs are most commonly found in building backbone networks • In this case, we can now create subnets that span buildings • This enables us to create subnets based on who you are, rather than on where you are 8-11 Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
12.
Benefits of VLANs
Continued • Advantages 1. Their ability to manage the flow of traffic on the LAN and backbone very precisely 2. The ability to prioritize traffic • Drawbacks o Their cost and management complexity 8-12 Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
13.
How VLANs Work •
Each computer is assigned into a specific VLAN that has a VLAN ID number • Each VLAN ID is matched to a traditional IP subnet • Each computer connected to a VLAN switch also receives a traditional IP address assigned by the VLAN switch • Computers are assigned into the VLAN based on the physical port on the switch into which they are connected • When a computer transmits an Ethernet frame, it uses traditional Ethernet and IP addresses 8-13 Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
14.
How VLANs Work
Continued • Virtual LAN switches use Ethernet 802.1q tagging to move frames from one switch to another • When a VLAN switch receives an Ethernet frame that needs to go to a computer on another VLAN switch, it changes the Ethernet frame by inserting the VLAN ID number and a priority code into the VLAN tag field • The router is a layer 3 device, so when it receives the message, it strips off the Ethernet frame and reads the IP packet 8-14 Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
15.
How VLANs Work
With Broadcast Messages • Each computer on a VLAN switch is assigned into a subnet with a matching VLAN ID • When a computer issues a broadcast message, the switch identifies the VLAN ID of the sending computer and then sends the frame to all other computers that have the same VLAN ID • These computers may be on the same switch or on different switches 8-15 Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
16.
Outline • Architectures • Switched
Backbone Networks • Routed Backbone Networks • Virtual LANs (VLANs) • Best Practices • Implications for Security and Management Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 8-16
17.
8.5 The Best
Practice Backbone Design • Today, the most effective architecture for the distribution layer in terms of cost and performance is a switched backbone • It provides the best performance at the least cost • Many large organizations are now implementing VLANs, especially those that have departments spread over multiple buildings 8-17 Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
18.
The Best Practice
Recommendations • The best practice architecture is a switched backbone or VLAN for the distribution layer and a routed backbone for the core layer • The best practice recommendation for backbone technology is gigabit Ethernet 8-18 Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
19.
Improving Device Performance 8-19 Copyright
©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
20.
Outline • Architectures • Switched
Backbone Networks • Routed Backbone Networks • Virtual LANs (VLANs) • Best Practices • Implications for Security and Management Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 8-20
21.
8.7 Implications for
Cyber Security • Most routers now have software that enables the network manager to create an access control list (ACL) that specifies what traffic the router should allow through • Many routers have more sophisticated ACL software that enables the ACL to have different rules for different interfaces • VLANs are the most secure type of backbone because they enable ACL and other security measures to be applied at the switch level 8-21 Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
22.
8.7 Implications for
Cyber Security • Network Access Control options o Authenticate devices using 802.1x o Sandbox unknown devices and redirect web requests to authentication service • Limit network access until user registers their device • Physical security of network infrastructure o Locked and alarmed doors for all network closets o Attackers might tamper with cabling • Hard to detect in common drop-ceiling environments 8-22 Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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