Damian Trevor - Introduction of Construction
Construction is a general term meaning the art and science to form objects, systems or organizations.
People have constructed buildings and other structures since prehistory, including bridges, amphitheatres, dams, roads and canals. Building materials in present use have a long history and some of the structures built thousands of years ago are regarded as remarkable. The history of construction overlaps that of structural engineering and many other fields. To understand why things were constructed the way they were in prehistory, we also need to rely on archaeology to record the form of the parts that survive and the tools used, and other branches of history and architecture to investigate how the builders lived and recorded their accomplishments.
The history of building is marked by a number of trends. One is the increasing durability of the materials used. Early building materials were perishable, such as leaves, branches, and animal hides. Later, more durable natural materials such as clay, stone, and timber, and, finally, synthetic materials, such as brick, concrete, metals, and plastics were used. Another is a quest for buildings of ever greater height and span; this was made possible by the development of stronger materials and by knowledge of how materials behave and how to exploit them to greater advantage. A third major trend involves the degree of control exercised over the interior environment of buildings: increasingly precise regulation of air temperature, light and sound levels, humidity, odours, air speed, and other factors that affect human comfort has been possible. Yet another trend is the change in energy available to the construction process, starting with human muscle power and developing toward the powerful machinery used today
6. Construction Management Education
• National CEM Programs
• Stanford University
• University of Michigan
• Virginia Tech
• Purdue University
• University of Illinois-UC
• Oregon State University
• University of Colorado
• NC State
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7. Construction Management Education
• National BCM Programs
• Georgia Tech
• University of Florida
• Purdue University
• Virginia Tech
• Auburn University
• Georgia Southern University
• University of North Florida
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8. Construction Education Options
• National CM Programs
• Arizona State University
• Florida International University
• Colorado State
• Clemson
• University of Washington
• Michigan State University
• Brigham Young
• Wentworth Institute of Technology
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9. Construction Education Options
• Graduate Construction Programs
• Stanford University
• University of Colorado
• University of Michigan
• Virginia Tech
• University of Southern California
• Arizona State University
• Florida International University
• Texas A&M
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10. Construction Education Options
Construction Management
• Interdisciplinary Education
• Practice rather than theory based
• Foundation of Business and Science Courses
• Architectural & Engineering Coursework
• Core of Construction Management Courses
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11. Construction Methods & Management
B.S.C.M. Coursework
Engineering subjects
• Strength of Materials
• Statics and Structures
• Soil Mechanics
• Steel and Concrete Design
• Surveying
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12. Construction Methods & Management
B.S.C.M. Coursework
Business Management
• Accounting
• Economics
• Statistics
• Financial Mgt.
• Contract Law
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13. Construction Methods & Management
B.S.C.M. Curriculum Course Distribution
Engineering
(incl math &
science)
34%
Construction
Mgt.
30%
Liberal Arts
13%
Business
15%
Architecture
8%
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14. Construction Methods & Management
Licensing/Certifications
• Professional Engineer’s License issued by state or local governing
board.
• Certified Constructor issued by the American Institute of
Constructors (AIC).
• Certified Construction Manager issued by Construction
Management Association of America (CMAA)
• Project Management Professional (PMP) by the Project
Management Institute (PMI)
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15. Construction Methods & Management
Basic Skills needed by Construction Managers
• Estimating
• Computer
• Leadership/supervisory
• Communication = writing and oral skills
• Negotiating
• Team Building
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16. Construction Methods & Management
Construction Management Functions
• Coordination
• Planning & Scheduling
• Purchasing & Expediting
• Supervision
• Cost Control
• Documentation and Reporting
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17. Construction Methods & Management
Construction Management Functions
• Quality Control/Quality Assurance
• Estimating
• Safety and Risk Management
• Contract Administration
• Claims Analysis/Avoidance
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18. Construction Methods & Management
Additional Skills & Knowledge needed by
Construction Engineers
• Surveying (GPS, GIS, Hydrographic)
• Structural Design
• CADD/Drafting
• Specialization in Mechanical, Electrical,
Chemical, or Environmental disciplines
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19. Construction Methods & Management
Construction Engineering Functions
• Preparation and Review of Shop Drawings
• Constructibility & Sequencing Studies
• Value Engineering
• Erection Diagrams and Procedures
• Survey & Layout
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20. Construction Methods & Management
Executive Functions
• Corporate Management
• Strategic Planning
• Marketing & Business Development
• Public Relations
• Labor Relations
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21. Construction Methods & Management
Executive Functions
• Ultimately responsible for quality, safety,
production, and general financial health.
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22. Construction Methods & Management
Construction training can be valuable
to design professionals……
• To enable them to produce practical and efficient
designs
• Develop needed management skills
• Learn scheduling techniques that can be applied to
the preconstruction process
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24. Construction Methods & Management
Life Cycle of a Constructed Facility
1. Concept and Feasibility
2. Engineering and Design
3. Procurement
4. Construction
5. Startup and Implementation
6. Operation or Utilization
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25. Construction Methods & Management
What is Construction?
Application of art and science
Inherently dangerous
Organized chaos
Mankind using creativity, knowledge, strength,
determination, and persistence to control his
environment
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26. Construction Methods & Management
Construction differs from manufacturing in that:
• Not performed in controlled conditions, therefore
highly impacted by weather and other
environmental conditions
• Seasonality
• Each project is unique
• Remotes sites with various access problems
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27. Construction Methods & Management
Construction differs from manufacturing in that:
• Process is not as predictable
• Difficulty in applying automation
• High potential for encountering unforeseen
conditions
• Costs can vary according to conditions
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28. Construction differs from manufacturing in that:
• Difficult to manage and supply utilities and other
resources.
• Technical innovations are adopted slower.
• Success is dependent upon the quality of its people.
• Very custom-oriented
• Product can be of mind-boggling size, cost, and
complexity
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29. Problems Facing Construction Industry:
• Highly traditional and fragmented; slow to embrace new
technology
• Restrictive/outdated building codes
• Labor agreements and craft jurisdictional issues
• Liability and legal considerations
• Lack of profit motive or other incentive
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30. Problems Facing the Construction
Industry:
• Government regulation
• Environmental constraints
• NIMBY syndrome
• Global competition
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32. Overview of the Construction Industry
• 10% of GNP
• Employs over 10,000,000 workers
• Annual Volume exceeds $800 billion
• Vital to the Nation’s economic health and quality of
life
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33. Construction Methods & Management
Industry Divisions
1. Residential Construction
2. (Institutional & Commercial) Building
Construction
3. Heavy Construction
4. Industrial Construction
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34. Overview of the Construction Industry
Industry Divisions
1. Residential Construction
2. (Institutional & Commercial) Building Construction
3. Heavy Construction
4. Industrial Construction
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35. Overview of the Construction Industry
Residential
• Types
• Single family houses
• Multi family dwellings
• High-rise apartments & condominiums
• 30-35 % of the industry
• Low capital and technology
requirements
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36. Overview of the Construction Industry
Residential (continued)
• Largely private
• Often speculative
• Developers = surrogate owners
• Designed by architects, builders/developers
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37. Overview of the Construction Industry
Building Construction
• Institutional and
Commercial Construction
• Schools and universities
• Medical clinics and
hospitals
• Recreational facilities
and sports stadiums
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38. Overview of the Construction Industry
Building Construction
• Retail stores and shopping
centers
• Warehouses and light
manufacturing
• Office buildings (single
story to sky scrappers)
• Hotels, convention
centers, and theaters
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39. Overview of the Construction Industry
Building Construction
• Institutional and Commercial
Construction
• Churches and Synagogues
• Prisons
• Courthouses and other
government buildings
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40. Overview of the Construction Industry
Building Construction
• 35-40 % of construction market
• Larger and more complex than residential
• Various owners (mostly private)
• Designed by architects and engineers
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41. Overview of the Construction Industry
Heavy Construction
• Horizontal Construction
• 20-25% of the
construction industry
• Mostly public financing
or large consortium
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42. Overview of the Construction Industry
Heavy Construction
• Highway & Bridges
• Railroads & Urban Transit
Systems
• Tunnels and Dams
• Airports
• Canals
• Port & harbor structures
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43. Overview of the Construction Industry
Heavy Construction
• Pipelines
• Sewer Systems
• Water treatment & distribution
systems
• Power & communication networks
• Landfills
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44. Overview of the Construction Industry
Heavy Construction
• Mass quantities of basic
materials: earth, rock, steel,
timber, and concrete
• Constructors need knowledge
of engineering and geology
• Engineers and builders are
often specialized
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45. Overview of the Construction Industry
Heavy Construction
• Greatest impact on land
and water
• High degree of
mechanization
• Contracts awarded
through competitive
bidding
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46. Overview of the Construction Industry
Industrial Construction
• Very large scale projects
• High degree of technological complexity
• Designed and built by the largest firms with the
highest level of technical sophistication
• Represent 5-10% of the market
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47. Overview of the Construction Industry
Industrial Construction
• Petroleum refineries
• Steel mills & aluminum plants
• Chemical processing plants
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48. Overview of the Construction Industry
Industrial Construction
• Fossil fuel & nuclear power
plants
• Other heavy manufacturing
facilities
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49. Overview of the Construction Industry
Industrial Construction
• Complex mechanical systems, process piping, and
instrumentation
• Civil, but also mechanical, chemical, and electrical
engineering disciplines involved
• Mostly private ownership (in western countries)
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50. Overview of the Construction Industry
Industrial Construction
• Negotiated contracts are typical
• “Turnkey” contract arrangements are common
• Design-constructor must be intimately familiar with the
technology and operations of the facility
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51. Overview of the Construction Industry
Construction Industry is further subdivided
into sectors or segments by:
• Public vs. private ownership/funding
• Union labor vs. open shop
• Organization and method of project delivery
• Type of work: new vs. rehab/retrofit/restoration
• Contract type
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52. Construction Methods & Management
Participants in the Construction Process
1. Owner
• Private or public
• Conceives the construction project
• Increasing level of sophistication
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53. Construction Methods & Management
Participants in the Construction Process
2. Designer
• Architects
• Size of firms ranging form single practitioner to large integrated firms
• Mostly building and residential construction
• Engineers
• Civil, mechanical, structural, electrical,chemical, environmental,
geotechechnical, and multidiscipline
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54. Construction Methods & Management
Participants in the Construction Process
3. General Contractor
• General contractor also called “Prime” contractor
• Specialty contractors working as subcontractors
• Organization ranges from small, one-person company to
large, integrated A/E/C firms
• Part of a design-build team
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55. Construction Methods & Management
Participants in the Construction Process
4. Construction Manager
Two principle divisions of CM
• CM for Fee (management services only)
• CM At Risk
– Operates similarly to a GC or DB with no labor or capital equipment
• Can encompass the management of the design process as well as construction
• CM services including inspection and overall project or program management
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56. Construction Methods & Management
Participants in the Construction Process
5. Suppliers
Manufactures, distributors, research, promotions
Materials and equipment sales
Equipment Rental
6. Fabricators
Structural steel, pre-castors, wood products
7. Labor/Trade Unions
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57. Construction Methods & Management
Participants in the Construction Process
8. Government
Federal, State, local, and quasi-government
Owner/client
GSA, DOT’s, School Districts, USACOE
Non-ownership functions
Taxation and regulation
Federal: IRS, OSHA, USACOE, DOL, NLRB, HUD (FHA), FHWA, FAA, EPA,
and several others
State: DOL, DEP/DNREC, historic preservation (SHPO)
Local: County/City/Township Building Officials, Planning Boards, and Zoning
Commissions
Quasi-government agencies: development authorities, bridge and turnpike
commissions
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58. Construction Methods & Management
Participants in the Construction Process
9. Utility Companies
Electric, communications, water, gas,sanitary sewer
Private petroleum pipelines
Owner or service provider
Integral part of the process
Existing facilities in conflict with new construction
Interruption of service can be very costly
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59. Construction Methods & Management
Participants in the Construction Process
10. Industry Associations
Organizations of construction contractors
Organizations of the design and management professions
Construction material and equipment suppliers and product research
Construction labor organizations
Coordination and arbitration
Inspection, specifications, and costs
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60. Construction Methods & Management
10. Industry Associations
Functions and services
• Industry information and communication
• Development and maintenance of standards
• Interindustry coordination
• Collective bargaining
• Statistics (market & industry)
• Meetings and conventions
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61. Construction Methods & Management
10. Industry Associations
Functions and services
• Public relations
• Joint industry promotions
• Management education
• Market development
• Apprenticeship training
• Legislative
• Government relations
• Product research
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62. Construction Methods & Management
Participants in the Construction Process
11. Professional Services
Business/management consultants
Legal council
CPA firms
Surety Companies
Financial Institutions/Lenders
Insurance agents
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63. Construction Methods & Management
Participants in the Construction Process
12. Adjacent Owners and the Public At-Large
Existing businesses, institutions, and
residences adjacent to the constructed facility
Civic organizations and community groups
Railroads and public lands
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64. Construction Methods & Management
Project Delivery Organization
• Construction by owners forces
• Owner-managed construction
• Construction by general contractor
• Design-build team
• CM Contract
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65. Construction Methods & Management
Construction employing owner forces
• Usually small in-house construction or renovations
• Industrial projects or institutional (such as hospitals or schools
Owner-managed construction
• Residential/commercial building developers
• Industrial or institutional
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66. Construction Methods & Management
Construction by General Contractor
• Also referred to as “Prime Contractor”
• Most common method of delivery
• Contractor bears substantial risks and financial
responsibility
• Facility designed by in-house architect/engineer or by
design consultants
• Often requires specialty subcontractors
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67. Specialty Contractors might include those
specializing in one of the following:
• Excavation
• Steel erection
• Concrete
• Cast-in-place
• Prestressed/Precast
• Masonry
• Timber/wood framing
• Piping/plumbing
• Clearing and grubbing
• Blasting/demolition
• Electrical
• Painting
• HVAC
• Environmental remediation
• Many, many others
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68. Construction Methods & Management
Design-Build (Turnkey)
• Single firm or team responsible for design and construction
minimizes coordination problems
• More efficient designs with the interjection of constructibility
and innovation
• Often employs fast-track construction
• Benefits include reduced overall delivery time and “one-stop
shopping” for the owner
• Disadvantages include complexity of evaluating proposals
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69. Construction Methods & Management
CM Contract -- Fee (management services only) also
referred to as “Agency”
• Specialized construction skills through all project stages
including preconstruction
• Provides close coordination between design and construction
• Eliminates impact of conflicts of interest
• Independent and objective evaluation of costs, schedules, and
performance
• Potential saving in time and cost
• Disadvantages include no risks associated with costs increase
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70. Construction Methods & Management
CM Contract – “At-Risk”
• CM assumes financial risks similar to a GC
• CM manages all phases of the work without performing any
actual work tasks
• CM’s only resources are management personnel
• Contractors/subcontractors have a direct contract privity
with CM
• Contract form is often a negotiated guaranteed maximum
price arrangement
• Disadvantages includes lack of impartiality
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