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Counter to intent
Voters’ mental models of
alternative counting methods

Dana Chisnell
@danachis
@ChadButterfly
Counter to intent: Voters' mental models of alternative counting methods
Not.
Ranked Choice Voting

Instant Run-off Voting

Fusion or Cumulative Voting
How are the
votes counted?
Ballot design problems are
well understood
Ballot design problems are
well understood
split contests across columns   overvoting

there are responses on both
                                overvoting
sides of names

arrows rather than bubbles      marking incorrectly

formatting is inconsistent or
                                undervoting
too consistent
instructions are complicated
                                all kinds of crazy things
or lacking
voters don’t know how to
                                lost votes
correct their ballots
Ranked Choice
Voting
adds a twist
San Francisco and Oakland,
December 2011

EVN, March 2012
Portland, Maine 2011
Alameda Co. demo ballot
Minneapolis 2011
New York state demo
Voter slate
Counter to intent: Voters' mental models of alternative counting methods
Counter to intent: Voters' mental models of alternative counting methods
Counter to intent: Voters' mental models of alternative counting methods
Counter to intent: Voters' mental models of alternative counting methods
How RCV works
Counter to intent: Voters' mental models of alternative counting methods
n=52
n=52
n=52
       Joe
What we found
Mental models


 People make inferences about how
 things work based on available
 information and context
Mental models
Mental models
            This is what we
            teach people
Mental models
Mental models




Sometimes it really is this simple -
but not in the US
Mental models




Sometimes it really is this simple -
but not in the US
Counter to intent: Voters' mental models of alternative counting methods
Much more like signing for a mortgage
This is the ballot
we test
NIST medium complexity ballot
Mental models
Mental models

 Point system
Mental models

 Point system
 Weighted
Mental models

 Point system
 Weighted
 Reversed
Alameda Co. demo ballot
Alameda Co. demo ballot
Point / weight system
Point / weight system
Point / weight system
1. Voters develop faulty
   mental models
2. Voters don’t understand the
   consequences of their actions
3. Voters vote counter to their
   intentions
Portland, Maine 2011
Counter to intent: Voters' mental models of alternative counting methods
Counter to intent: Voters' mental models of alternative counting methods
Counter to intent: Voters' mental models of alternative counting methods
Counter to intent: Voters' mental models of alternative counting methods
Top 2 primary
Top 2 primary
+ regular contests
Top 2 primary
+ regular contests
            + RCV
Top 2 primary
+ regular contests
            + RCV
+ multi-candidate
Top 2 primary
  + regular contests
              + RCV
  + multi-candidate
+ retention contests
Top 2 primary
  + regular contests
              + RCV
  + multi-candidate
+ retention contests
         + measures
Top 2 primary
  + regular contests
              + RCV
  + multi-candidate
+ retention contests
         + measures

6 different models
We’re pretty sure there’s a problem
Implications and
outcomes
Poor design and instructions
on ballots make
understanding, marking, and casting
difficult, time-consuming, and
complicated
Poor design and instructions
on ballots make
counting, verifying, and audits
difficult, time-consuming, and
complicated
Raises questions about what is being
secured.
RCV = lost votes
RCV + VBM = lost votes
RCV + multi-language = lost votes
Counter to intent: Voters' mental models of alternative counting methods
RCV
RCV
+ VBM
RCV
           + VBM
+ multi-language
RCV
           + VBM
+ multi-language

 = thousands of
      lost votes
Counter to intent: Voters' mental models of alternative counting methods
Lack of trust in elections

Lack of trust in officials

Recalls

Scrambling county boards
Counter to intent: Voters' mental models of alternative counting methods
Security = Counted as cast
Security = Cast as intended +
           counted as cast
This moment
Voter ed is not the answer.
Next steps
Next steps
 Develop & test versions of on-ballot
 instructions
Next steps
 Develop & test versions of on-ballot
 instructions
 Develop & test versions of pre-voting
 instructions
Next steps
 Develop & test versions of on-ballot
 instructions
 Develop & test versions of pre-voting
 instructions
 Study combinations of designs with
 instructions
Next steps
 Develop & test versions of on-ballot
 instructions
 Develop & test versions of pre-voting
 instructions
 Study combinations of designs with
 instructions
 Study combinations of voting modes on the
 same ballot
Counter to intent: Voters' mental models of alternative counting methods
Counter to intent: Voters' mental models of alternative counting methods
If it’s not usable, it’s not valid.
If it’s not usable, it’s not countable.
If it’s not usable, it’s not verifiable.
If it’s not usable, it’s not auditable.
If it’s not usable, it’s not secure.
Thank you
Rick Bond         Jared Spool

Cyd Harrell       David Cary

Ethan Newby       Rebecca Sherrill

Callie Wheeler    Frank Castro

Chelsey Glasson   Sandy Olson

Sara Cambridge    Nancy Frishberg

Laura Paajanen    Yelena Nakhimovsky

Beth Lingard      Whitney Quesenbery

Beth Pickard
New tools.
Field Guides series




Research          Research          SOP and Usability   Research
commissioned by   commissioned by   and Civic Life      commissioned by
EAC               NIST              Project             NIST
Counter to intent: Voters' mental models of alternative counting methods
Counter to intent: Voters' mental models of alternative counting methods
Coming soon
Coming soon

Effective election
department
web sites




 Research partially
 funded by
 Kickstarter &
 MacArthur
Coming soon

Effective election Delivering useful
department         voter education
web sites




 Research partially   Research partially
 funded by            funded by
 Kickstarter &        Kickstarter &
 MacArthur            MacArthur
Coming soon

Effective election Delivering useful Effective design
department         voter education for vote-by-mail
web sites




 Research partially   Research partially   Research to be
 funded by            funded by            funded by the
 Kickstarter &        Kickstarter &        MacArthur
 MacArthur            MacArthur            Foundation
Coming soon

Effective election Delivering useful Effective design       Designing multi-
department         voter education for vote-by-mail         language ballots
web sites




 Research partially   Research partially   Research to be   Research to be
 funded by            funded by            funded by the    funded by the
 Kickstarter &        Kickstarter &        MacArthur        MacArthur
 MacArthur            MacArthur            Foundation       Foundation
Field Guides
 To Ensuring
Voter Intent


civicdesigning.org
       /fieldguides
Dana Chisnell
dana@usabilityworks.net
civicdesign@usabilityworks.net

civicdesigning.org

@danachis
@ChadButterfly

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