Gestion de proyecto Estadio Wembley.

1. W E M B L E Y S TA D I U MW E M B L E Y S TA D I U M
M e g a n L i v i n g s t o n

2. 1825,Wembalea
-The anglo-saxon settlement located in northwest London, is first recorded.13
1880s, Wembley Park Leisure Grounds1
-Area is now known as Wembley
-Park contains football and cricket pitches, a running track, fountains and
waterfalls, walkways and flowerbeds.
1889-1907, Watkin’s Folly1
-Sir Edward Watkin, Chairman of the Metropolitan Railway, proposes a
tower, 350m (1,150 ft) high within the Leisure Grounds. Tower is to serve
as monument marking the railway line that will link central London.
-Funding for Watkin’s Tower runs out and tower is abandoned at only 61m
(200 ft) high.
-In 1907, the tower is known as Watkin’s Folly is demolished.
1918, Great War ends1
-Government begins planning a British Empire Exhibition.
-Centerpiece of the Exhibition is the Empire Stadium designed by architects
Sir John Simpson and Maxwell Averton, and the engineer Sir Owen
Williams.
-The stadium with it’s trademark Twin Towers is constructed in the location
of -Watkin’s Tower in 300 days at the cost of 750,000 pounds
1923, White Horse Cup1
-First event in the stadium
1924, British Empire Exhibition1
-Exhibition covers 219 acres including fountains, lakes, gardens and
many pavilions, each representing the architectural style of the countries
exhibiting.
-Immediate success of Exhibition in April prompts its re-opening between
May and October the following year
-Empire stadium is preserved from intended demolition by Sir James
Stevenson.
1923-2000, Empire/Wembley Stadium1
-Empire stadium is England’s National Stadium
-The Empire stadium closes for redevelopment in 2000
History
13. The Gaurdian; 1. Wembley Stadium

3. The World Stadium Team (WST)
is responsible for the design of the
whole stadium including the Arch.
A unique partnership between HOK
Sport and Foster & Partners, the WST
was formed in 1998 specifically for
this project. WST brings together a
wealth of architectural experience,
with specific expertise in stadium
design. Its skills and knowledge
will ensure that the new Wembley
National Stadium and its major
features such as the Arch are at the
cutting edge of stadium design.1
Design Team
Multiplex is the lead design and
construction company on the new
Wembley Stadium project. Founded
in Australia in 1962, Multiplex is
Australia’s largest commercial and
residential construction company
and a major property developer. It
delivered Stadium Australia for the
Sydney 2000 Olympic Games and has
significant interests in New Zealand,
South East Asia and the Middle East.
Multiplex is also ranked as one of the
UK’s major construction businesses
and is currently involved in a number
of residential developments in London
including The Knightsbridge and
West India Quay; one of the tallest
residential blocks in the UK and the
500m White City retail development1
Connell Mott MacDonald is a
global building design alliance
between Mott MacDonald
and its Australasian associate
Connell Wagner. It provides
multi-disciplinary skills and
experience from over 800 building
professionals, who operate from a
network of offices spanning more
than 50 countries worldwide.
Connell Mott MacDonald has been
instrumental in the mechanical and
structural development of the Arch.1
The Mott Stadium Consortium is
a gathering of world-renowned
consulting civil and structural
engineers, pooling a wealth of
experience in the design of major
stadia. The Consortium comprises
Mott Macdonald Ltd, Sinclair
Knight, Merz (Europe) Ltd and
Connell Wagner. Their combined
experience includes work on over 30
stadiums within the UK, as well as
Stadium Australia in Sydney. Their
role at Wembley is to provide the
overall arch scheme and member
design.1
1. Wembley Stadium

4. Wembley Stadium is the site of the English National Stadium.
The design of the new stadium builds upon the heritage of the old to provide future generations of sports
and music fans with a venue equipped for the twenty-first century. At almost four times the height of the
original, covering twice the area, and with 90,000 seats, the new Wembley Stadium will be the largest all-
covered football stadium in the world. 7
Design
The new stadium allows the UK to bid for the
greatest events in world sports from the World
Athletics Championship and the Olympic Games
to the FIFA World Cup. 1
7. Foster and Partners; 1. Wembley Stadium

6. partly retractable roof.
When retracted it will ensure that the turf gets sufficient daylight and ventilation
to maintain a perfect playing surface, while in poor weather it can be closed within
fifteen minutes to cover all seats.1
Stadium Facilities
Beneath this arch, stadium facilities are designed to maximize spectator comfort and enjoyment. The
geometry of the seating bowl ensures that everyone has an unobstructed view from each of its three tiers;
seats are wider than in the old stadium, with more leg-room; the upper tiers are accessed via escalators;
and a new concourse with five levels of atriums, walkways, cafes, bars, shops, and restaurants wraps
around the building allowing easy circulation and providing catering to 40,000 spectators at any one time.
To create an intimate atmosphere during football and rugby games, the stadium has been designed with
seats close to the pitch, yet it also has the potential to host track and field competitions, for which a run-
ning track and athletics arena can be installed when needed above the pitch on a rigid platform covering
part of the lower tier.1
arch
The roof is supported by a spectacular 133-metre-high arch that
soars over the stadium, providing an iconic replacement for the old
buildings landmark twin towers. Dramatically illuminated at night,
the arch will be visible from vantage points across London.1
Features
1. Wembley Stadium

7. The design of the new stadium is both functionally and architecturally significant.
Sir Norman Foster was responsible for the design of the arch and the roof structure.Concept
“I can’t think of any project that so touches the
popular universal cord. In that sense Wembley
is a national monument, an institution that goes
across the whole spectrum of society not just
here(london) but beyond the shores”- Lord Foster
First design shown to public
Glistening at Night on the skyline-a jewel- a tiara
Triumphant-Inviting-
Gateway-Permanent-
Emblematic Symbol
Sun is full on pitch,
virtually no shadows
Expression with four mass
could have many other
stadia around world
Built Design
Arch doing all things has
to do interms of holding up
the roof from cables more
efficiently more elegantly
but vitally giving an image
unique and special to
Wembley
-Four mast on north
create a triumphant
approach from
Wembley way.
-South is left clear as
it is tightly restrained
by railway and also to
maximize sunlight
9. BBC- Lord Foster

9. Roof is supported by the lattice arch with an asymmetric catenary cable net and stayed trusses
spanning 220m across the stadium bowl. A circumferential double compression ring or PPT
around the upper terrace anchors the supporting cables and transmits horizontal loads around to
tripod shear legs.3
Structure
Underside of retractable roof in
closed position. Truss depth increases
towards support
Lattice Arch
Asymmetric Catenary Cable Net
Prismatic Perimeter Truss
Stayed Trusses
Concourse
Retractable Roof Panels
Pitch
Unobstructed Stadium Seating
3. Sports Venue Technology

10. The Arch was fabricated on site in 2003 over a period
of ten months. The lattice form was designed to
give the appearance of solidity without incurring the
penalty of high wind loads.1
Constructing the Arch
Arch consists of 41 steel rings
(diaphragms) fabricated in North
East England and delivered to the
Wembley Stadium site in thirds.1
504 tubular “straws” cut to length
on site form part of the structure1
Three assembled diaphragms or rings
were positioned and aligned vertically
within the on-site fabrication sheds.1
The diaphragms were
connected together to form
one Arch module 20.5 m
long.1
Each module was
then lifted out of the
retractable fabrication
sheds and placed on
stillages on the southern
side of the stadium.1
In total, 13 modules were
assembled and welded
together on site.1
A ‘Pencil end’ (or tapered end)
was then welded to each end of
the Arch structure.1 The pencil end sections were in turn attached
to giant 70-ton hinges, embedded in concrete
bases founded on piles 35 metres deep.1
1 2
3
6
54
7
8
1. Wembley Stadium

11. Arch was raised incrementally in four stages.
The whole operation was computer controlled to ensure that the Arch is lifted evenly at all times.1
Raising the Arch
Fast Facts:
-peak height of arch 133m (400ft)
-4x hieght of original Twin Towers
-illuminated the arch is visible from
Canary wharf, 13 miles away
-spans 315m (824ft)
-world’s longest single-span roof
structure
The Arch is slowly raised to
an angle of approximately 30
degrees by five sets of strand
jacks operating on five gigantic
turning struts taht are in turn
attached by steel(pulling
cables) to the arch. During this
stage cables for the permanent
roof support are attached.1
The Arch will then be rotated
steadily to 65 degrees, at
which point the temporary
restraining cables opposite to
the pulling cables will take
part of the load and control
the postition of the arch.1
The distinctive Wembley Arch
is slowly rotated through the
vertical position to 100 degrees,
at which point the three main
turning struts are lowered to the
ground.
At this time, restraint cables have
taken the load and the pulling
cables/turning struts are of little
use.1
Once parked at 112 degrees,
and all jacking operations have
been completed, the last 2
turning struts are lowered to the
ground.
In its final position, the Arch
is inclined to the vertical and
held in place by 5 restraint
cables until the roof perimeter
truss is completed and the
permanent backstay cables can
be connected. The Arch will
remain at this position until the
roof is erected and connected.1
-arch alone weighs 1,750t;
equivalent to 10 jumbo jets
-supports 5,000t, 60% of the
overall roof weight
-arch eliminates the need for
columns within the interior
-every stadium seat has an
unobstructed view of the pitch.
1. Wembley Stadium

12. The north and south steel roof
structures are then built off
the PPT and supported off
of temporary towers. These
roof canopies are made up
of tubular steel truss rafters
where the bottom boom is a
stressed cable.6
Raising the Roof
FAST FACTS:
-Roof weighs 7,000t
-50,000m2
-six roof components: the north
roof, south roof, retractable
south roof, four main north-south
trusses, the prismatic perimeter
truss (PPT) and the arch.
-A cablenet with 16 backstays and
16 forestays connects the arch
with the north roof, which in turn
supports the north-south trusses
and part of the south roof.
-The roof structure covers 11
acres, 4 acres of which are
movable on East, South and West
edges.
-retractable roof allows sun to
reach all parts of the pitch
-roof can be closed in 15 mins to
cover all seating
-largest covered stadium in the
world
With the arch in position, the prismatic
perimeter truss (PPT;circumferential
double compression ring) is constructed
around the upper terrace of the stadium
seating structure. The PPT anchors
the supporting cables and transmits
horizontal loads around to tripod shear
legs.6
When all 20 roof sections are
installed aluminium sheeting is
rolled onto the roof and rack and
pinion sliding roof machinery are
fitted. 6
The temporary towers are removed as the roof is tied to the arch is held in position by a series of forestay
and backstay cables. The leading edge of the north roof is in turn suspended from the arch by the forestay
cables. Cables from the arch are arranged in a diagonal pattern to help spread loads to control in-plane
bending while also providing out-of-plane restraint to resist buckling.6
3. 6. New Civil Engineering

13. March 2006
-Pipes running beneath the stadium buckled due to ground settling. When the pipes
were laid, they appear to have not been supported properly underneath, especially
where they join” It took months to dig up the pipes and make repairs.
-3,500 workers were sent home for the day on full pay after a temporary roof
support rafter fell by over half a meter, costing the construction company an
estimated 500,000. 9
Fast Facts
-215,000t of concrete
-31,000t of steel
-35 miles of heavy-
duty power cable.
Construction Challenges
No stadium has ever been built this
way, so architects and engineers had
to use complex computer models
to predict how the structure would
behave if built in certain ways.Given
the special history of the previous
Wembley Stadium, the designers
had to pay particular attention to the
atmosphere of the stadium, including
the way it will sound with a full
crowd cheering.Computers were used
to simulate the acoustics of the new
stadium before the design was agreed
upon. 2
2. London Colleges; 9. BBC; 6.NCE
Febuary 2007
-The retractable roof designed to open/close within 15 minutes has been restricted to
operation during non-occupancy at a reduced speed(0.03m/s) slowing the process to
56 min and 30 seconds. The restrictions are due to concerns about the ablilty of the
main northsouth trusses to cope with dynamic loading generated if the roof suddenly stopped while travelling at its design speed
(0.11m/s). Spokesmen for Multiplex have stated the that “technically the roof can close within 15 minutes” however they will not
disclose why engineers have required the reduced speed.

14. Elements of Stadium Design
Construction Challenges
“It’s not that we’ve got hundreds of pieces
to erect, it’s a case of going through a
very definite sequence to make sure all the
deflections are as predicted.” -Petaccia,
construction supervisor
Wind load
The large area of stadia roofs makes wind loads
are particularly significant in their design. The
wind uplift can often exceed the self weight,
leading to net uplift and a complete reversal of
the direction of the forces in the structure. Even
when there is no net uplife due to wind, for
primary structures formed of arches or catenaries
which perform best under uniform loads a
critical design case can result from asymmetric
wind pressures which lessen the downward loads
more on one side of the span.
Traditional design for windloads is based on
average pressure readings over time with a gust
factor adjustment. This method is appropriate for
the many cases in which, vibrations are limited
in magnitude, resulting in increased loads and
occupant comfort issues only.
Wembley Stadium additionally takes into
account wind loads that result in excessive
vibrations and have a potential for structural
failure. Structural component analysis was based
on a series of wind tunnel tests for the worst case
loading in a full range of wind directions that
accounted for the variable roof geometry.16
Spans with memory
The way in which a long-span
structure is constructed affects the
stress distribution in the structure
throughout its life. Long-span
structures are fabricated from
elements that are small enough to
be transportable. They are then
assembled in to sections suitable
for the available cranage. While the
sections are joined these elements
are temporarily supported in a
different way from their support in the
completed structure. The structure
retains a ‘memory’ of the different
stress patterns experienced when
supporting these varying loads.15
Deflection
In long span structures deformation
can be many times the cross sectional
dimensions of the elements. In contrast,
the deformation in short span structures
is so minimal it is standard practice to
assume no deflection in analysis. The long-
span roof of Wembley Stadium deflects by
meters rather than millimeters.15
Model of Wembley Stadium in wind tunnel during testing
15. Morely, Stephen; 16. BMT

15. Quirks
13. Gaurdian; 6 NCE
Wembley Postage Stamps
The unique shape of the bowl has been
designed two-fold to amplify Wembley
roar as well as reduce sound pollution by
“swallowing” it. Light pollution is also
treated with care. “Floodlights and other
lighting have been designed to keep what
stars can be seen above London shining.” 13
Color has been deliberately spurned the idea here is for the events and
crowds themselves to add all the light, life and colour needed to bring this
stately, steely-grey building to hugely animated life. Inside and outside, walls
and ceilings have been designed so that banners, flags and pennants can hang
from them. By night, the stadium will light up - a sporting coat of many
colours - with the illuminated arch visible from many miles. 13
Wembley Stadium has a 50 year design life

16. The stadium is linked to Wembley Park
Station (London Underground) via
Olympic Way and also Wembley Central
Station via the White Horse bridge. The
stadium has now also triggered a major
regeneration scheme in the surrounding
area.14
Quirks
14. Brent; 8. Infolink; 9. BBC;
Just four days after the deal was signed, a 130 tonne Liebherr 974 demolition machine,
dubbed ‘Goliath’, began tearing down the stadium’s historic twin towers that have greeted
soccer fans from all over the world since 1923. ‘Goliath’ is the biggest machine of its kind
in the UK. It was specifically designed for McGee’s with the sole purpose of demolishing
Wembley Stadium. 8
Stone from the twin towers will be turned into commemorative keyrings and sold at the
new stadium when it opens in 2006. 8
Some of the crushed material was re-used in the concrete foundations of the new stadium.
“The ghost of the twin towers”9
fixed to remain within.

17. 1.) 2005 Wembley National Stadium Limited. 2 May 2007. <www.wembleystadium.com/>
2.) “Wembley Stadium Case Study.” 2003 London Colleges. 2 May 2007. <http://www.londoncolleges.com/workinginlondon/construction/articles/147.aspx/>
3.) Sports Venue Technology. 2007 SPG Media Group. 2 May 2007. < http://www.sportsvenue-technology.com/>
4.) M-uthman. “Fun and Stuff.” 2007 Blogspot. 2 May 2007. < http://www.m-uthman.blogspot.com/>
5.) Ichniowski, Tom “315-Meter-Span Roof Arch Pivoted into Place in London.” Engineering News-Record. 21 June 2004 McGraw Hill Construction. 2 May 2007. < http://enr.construction.com/news/buildings/
archives/040621b-2.asp/>
6.) New Civil Engineer. 15 December 2005 EMAP. 2 May 2007. <http://www.nceplus.co.uk/>
7.)“Wembley Stadium.” Foster and Partners. 2 May 2007. <http://www.fosterandpartners.com/>
8.) Sweeney, Claire “Goliath, crushes Wembley icon.” 8 October 2002 Infolink. 2 May 2007 < http://www.infolink.com.au/articles/35/0C011635.aspx/>
9.)13 Febuary 2006 BBC. 2 May 2007 <http://news.bbc.co.uk/>
10.) August 2006 Multiplex. 2 May 2007 <http://multiplex.biz/>
11.) Gonchar, Stephan “Stadium Roofs Offer Much More than Shelter.” Architectural Record. June 2006. McGraw-HIll Construction. 2 May 2007. < http://archrecord.construction.com/resources/conteduc/
archives/0606edit-1.asp/>
12.)“Wembley Stadium 1924.” 25 April 2007 Wikipedia. 2 May 2007. < http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wembley_Stadium_%281924%29/>
13.)“We think its all over. . .” 9 March 2007 The Gaurdian. 2 May 2007. < http://arts.guardian.co.uk/art/architecture/story/0,,2030111,00.html/>
14.)“Delivering a New Wembley” Brent. 2 May 2007. <http://www.brent.gov.uk/planning.nsf/>
15.) Morely, Stephen “Stadia: Structural Giants.” INGENIA. 2 May 2007. < http://www.raeng.org.uk/news/publications/ingenia/issue22/Morley.pdf/>
16.) “Wind Effect Studies-A Critical Feature in Modern Stadium Design” January 2003 BMT Fluid Mechanics. 2 May 2007. < http://media.bmt.org/bmt_media/resources/42/Jan2003stadianewsletter.pdf/>
Bibliography for the insatiable