Halai daxa dhanji naranpar bhuj kutch B.Sc. B.Ed M.sc. running

1. STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF ECOSYSTEM Presented by: HALAI DAXA D. M.Sc. (Environmental) Sem-1 KSKV unevirsity Paper 102/c unit 2

3. He defined it as “the system resulting from the integration of all the living and non- living factors of environment”.

4. Ecosystem is most preferred, where ‘eco’ implies the environment, and ‘system’ implies an interacting, inter-dependent complex.

7. the quantity and distribution of non living materials like nutrients, water etc.

8. the conditions of existence such as temperature, light etc.

10. nitrogen cycle

11. Water cycle etc

12. Lipids

13. proteins

14. carbohydrates

15. sunlight

16. precipitation

17. humidity

19. bacteria

20. plantsOmnivores Herbivores Carnivores

21. abiotic components. Climatic factors These include factors like sunlight ,precipitation , humidity , wind action etc.

25. CO2 is released by organisms during respiration and decomposition; fires, volcanoes

26. CO2 is also released by autos and industries

27. carbon, present in all organic molecules, moves through the food chain as one organism eats another.

28. Carbon (C) enters the biosphere during photosynthesis: CO2 + H2O C6H12O6 + O2 + H2O

31. Most complex cycle

32. N2 gas can’t be used ‘as is’ – it must be ‘fixed’ so that organisms can use it

33. Steps to the cycle:

34. Nitrogen Fixation

35. Assimilation

36. Ammonificatio

37. Nitrification

38. Denitrification

39. Nitrogen Fixation

40. Atmospheric nitrogen must be processed, or "fixed“ to be used by plants.

42. Plants get nitrogen from the soil, by absorption of their roots in the form of either nitrate ions or ammonium ions.

43. Ammonification

44. When a plant or animal dies, or an animal expels waste, the initial form of nitrogen is organic.

45. Bacteria, or fungi in some cases, convert the organic nitrogen within the remains back into ammonium (NH4+), a process called ammonification or mineralization.

46. Nitrification

47. The conversion of ammonium to nitrate is performed primarily by soil-living bacteria and other nitrifying bacteria.

49. Denitrification is the reduction of nitrates back into the largely inert nitrogen gas (N2), completing the nitrogen cycle.

50. is performed by bacterial species such as Pseudomonas and Clostridium in anaerobic conditions

51. They use the nitrate as an electron acceptor in the place of oxygen during respiration.NO3- NO2-  N2O  N2

53. Which are formed by biotic components and that are linked with biotic components.

58. For example – green leaves prepare food & roots absorb nutrients from the soil. Herbivores feed on part of the plant production, and in turn serve as food for carnivores.

59. Decomposers carry out the function of braking down complex organic materials into simple inorganic product which can be used by the producers.

60. All these functions in an ecosystem occur through delicately balanced and controlled processes.

62. Energy flow

63. Cycling of nutrients (biogeochemical cycles)

64. Primary and secondary production

66. A single food chain should have at least three links to be complete.

67. PLANTS HERBIVORE CARNIVORE

68. Grass grasshoppers  Frog  Snake  Hawk (Grassland ecosystem)

69. Phytoplanktons  water fleas  small fish  Carnivorous fish (Pond ecosystem)

73. Hawk Bird Snake Grasshopper Mouse Frog Plants grass Green plants grass Nutrients Nutrients Decomposer Bacteria , fungi

74. Thank you