2016 JavaOne Deconstructing REST Security

JavaOne
#RESTSecurity @dblevins @tomitribe
Deconstructing REST Security
David Blevins
Tomitribe

JavaOne
“The nice thing about standards is
you have so many to choose from.”
- Andrew S. Tanenbaum

JavaOne
Focus Areas
• Beyond Basic Auth
• Theory of OAuth 2.0
• Introduction of JWT
• Google/Facebook style API security
• Stateless vs Stateful Architecture
• HTTP Signatures
• Amazon EC2 style API security

JavaOne
Baseline Architecture
1000 users
x 3 TPS
4 hops
3000 TPS
frontend
12000 TPS
backend

JavaOne
Basic Auth
(and its problems)

JavaOne
Basic Auth Message
POST /painter/color/object HTTP/1.1
Host: localhost:8443
Authorization: Basic c25vb3B5OnBhc3M=
User-Agent: curl/7.43.0
Accept: */*
Content-Type: application/json
Content-Length: 45
{"color":{"b":255,"g":0,"name":"blue","r":0}}

JavaOne
Basic Auth
Password Sent
3000 TPS
(HTTP+SSL)
username+password
Base64
(no auth)
3000 TPS
(LDAP)
12000 TPS
(HTTP)

JavaOne
Basic Auth
Password Sent
3000 TPS
(HTTP+SSL)
username+password
Base64
username+password
Base64
15000 TPS
(LDAP)
Password Sent
12000 TPS
(HTTP)

JavaOne
Basic Auth
Password Sent
3000 TPS
(HTTP+SSL)
username+password
Base64
IP
whitelisting
3000 TPS
(LDAP)
12000 TPS
(HTTP)

JavaOne
“Hey, give me all
of Joe’s salary
information.”
“I don’t know
who you are,
…
but sure!”

JavaOne
Latveria Attacks

JavaOne
Basic Auth - Attacks
Valid
Password Sent
3000 TPS
(HTTP+SSL) IP
whitelisting
9000 TPS
(LDAP)
12000 TPS
(HTTP)
Invalid
Password Sent
6000 TPS
(HTTP+SSL)

JavaOne
OAuth 2.0
(and its problems)

JavaOne

JavaOne
OAuth 2 - Password Grant
(LDAP)
(Token Store)
POST /oauth2/token
Host: api.superbiz.io
Accept: */*
Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded
Content-Length: 54
grant_type=password&username=snoopy&password=woodstock
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Content-Type: application/json;charset=UTF-8
Cache-Control: no-store
Pragma: no-cache
{
"access_token":"2YotnFZFEjr1zCsicMWpAA",
"expires_in":3600,
"refresh_token":"tGzv3JOkF0XG5Qx2TlKWIA",
}
Verify
Password
Generate
Token

JavaOne
OAuth 2.0 Message
POST /painter/color/object HTTP/1.1 
Host: api.superbiz.io 
Authorization: Bearer 2YotnFZFEjr1zCsicMWpAA 
User-Agent: curl/7.43.0 
Accept: */* 
Content-Type: application/json 
Content-Length: 45 
 
{"color":{"b":255,"g":0,"r":0,"name":"blue"}}

JavaOne
OAuth 2.0 Message
POST /painter/color/palette HTTP/1.1 
Accept: */* 
 
{"color":{"b":0,"g":255,"r":0,"name":"green"}}

JavaOne
OAuth 2.0 Message
POST /painter/color/select HTTP/1.1 
Accept: */* 
 
{"color":{"b":255,"g":0,"r":0,"name":"red"}}

JavaOne
OAuth 2.0 Message
POST /painter/color/fill HTTP/1.1 
Accept: */* 
 
{"color":{"b":255,"g":255,"r":0,"name":"yellow"}}

JavaOne
OAuth 2.0 Message
POST /painter/color/stroke HTTP/1.1 
Accept: */* 
 
{"color":{"b":255,"g":200,"r":0,"name":"orange"}}

JavaOne
401

JavaOne
OAuth 2 - Refresh Grant
(LDAP)
(Token Store)
Verify
Password
Generate
Token
POST /oauth2/token
Accept: */*
Content-Length: 54
grant_type=refresh_token&refresh_token=tGzv3JOkF0XG5Qx2TlKWIA
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Pragma: no-cache
{
"access_token":"6Fe4jd7TmdE5yW2q0y6W2w",
"expires_in":3600,
"refresh_token":"hyT5rw1QNh5Ttg2hdtR54e",
}

JavaOne
Old pair
• Access Token 2YotnFZFEjr1zCsicMWpAA
• Refresh Token tGzv3JOkF0XG5Qx2TlKWIA
New pair
• Access Token 6Fe4jd7TmdE5yW2q0y6W2w
• Refresh Token hyT5rw1QNh5Ttg2hdtR54e

JavaOne
OAuth 2.0 Message
Authorization: Bearer 6Fe4jd7TmdE5yW2q0y6W2w 
Accept: */* 
 

JavaOne
OAuth 2.0 Message
POST /painter/color/select HTTP/1.1 
Accept: */* 
 
{"color":{"b":255,"g":0,"r":0,"name":"red"}}

JavaOne
OAuth 2.0 Message
POST /painter/color/fill HTTP/1.1 
Accept: */* 
 
{"color":{"b":255,"g":255,"r":0,"name":"yellow"}}

JavaOne
What have we achieved?

JavaOne
You have more passwords
(at least your devices do)

JavaOne
Term Alert
• Password Grant???
• Logging in
• Token?
• Slightly less crappy password
• Equally crappy HTTP Session ID

JavaOne
OAuth 2
Tokens Sent
3000 TPS
(HTTP+SSL)
IP
whitelisting
3000 TPS
(token checks)
Password Sent
1000/daily
(HTTP+SSL)
OAuth 2
(LDAP)
4 hops
12000 TPS
backend

JavaOne
“Who the heck
is
6Fe4jd7TmdE5y
W2q0y6W2w
???????”
“No idea, dude.
Ask the token
server.”

JavaOne
OAuth 2
Tokens Sent
3000 TPS
(HTTP+SSL)
IP
whitelisting
3000 TPS
(token checks)
Password Sent
1000/daily
(HTTP+SSL)
OAuth 2
(LDAP)
12000 TPS
(token checks)
8 hops
24000 TPS
backend

JavaOne
OAuth 2
Tokens Sent
3000 TPS
(HTTP+SSL)
IP
whitelisting
3000 TPS
(token checks)
Password Sent
1000/daily
(HTTP+SSL)
OAuth 2
(LDAP)
12000 TPS
(token checks)
8 hops
24000 TPS
backend
55% of all traffic

JavaOne
OAuth 2
Tokens Sent
3000 TPS
(HTTP+SSL)
IP
whitelisting
0 TPS
(token checks)
Password Sent
1000/daily
(HTTP+SSL)
OAuth 2
(LDAP)
0 TPS
(token checks)
0 hops
0 TPS
backend

JavaOne
OAuth 2
Pointer Pointer
State

JavaOne
Access Token
Access Pointer?
Access Primary Key?

JavaOne
OAuth 2.0
High Frequency Password
Exchange Algorithm?

JavaOne
OAuth 2.0
+
JSon Web Tokens (JWT)

JavaOne
JSon Web Token
• Pronounced “JOT”
• Fancy JSON map
• Base64 URL Encoded
• Digitally Signed (RSA-SHA256, HMAC-SHA512, etc)
• Built-in expiration

JavaOne
Access Token Previously
• 6Fe4jd7TmdE5yW2q0y6W2w

JavaOne
Access Token Now
• eyJhbGciOiJSUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJ0b2tlbi10eXBlIjoi
YWNjZXNzLXRva2VuIiwidXNlcm5hbWUiOiJzbm9vcHkiLCJhb
mltYWwiOiJiZWFnbGUiLCJpc3MiOiJodHRwczovL2RlbW8uc3
VwZXJiaXouY29tL29hdXRoMi90b2tlbiIsInNjb3BlcyI6WyJ0d2l
0dGVyIiwibWFucy1iZXN0LWZyaWVuZCJdLCJleHAiOjE0NzQy
ODA5NjMsImlhdCI6MTQ3NDI3OTE2MywianRpIjoiNjY4ODFi
MDY4YjI0OWFkOSJ9.DTfSdMzIIsC0j8z3icRdYO1GaMGl6j1I_2
DBjiiHW9vmDz8OAw8Jh8DpO32fv0vICc0hb4F0QCD3KQnv8
GVM73kSYaOEUwlW0k1TaElxc43_Ocxm1F5IUNZvzlLJ_ksFXG
DL_cuadhVDaiqmhct098ocefuv08TdzRxqYoEqYNo

JavaOne
Access Token Now
• header (JSON > Base64 URL Encoded)
• describes how the token signature can be checked
• payload (JSON > Base64 URL Encoded)
• Basically a map of whatever you want to put in it
• Some standard keys such as expiration
• signature (Binary > Base64 URL Encoded
• The actual digital signature
• made exclusively by the /oauth2/token endpoint
• If RSA, can be checked by anyone

JavaOne
• { "alg": “RS256", "typ": “JWT" }
• {
"token-type": "access-token",
"username": "snoopy",
"animal": "beagle",
"iss": "https://demo.superbiz.com/oauth2/token",
"scopes": [
“twitter”, "mans-best-friend"
],
"exp": 1474280963,
"iat": 1474279163,
"jti": "66881b068b249ad9"
}
• DTfSdMzIIsC0j8z3icRdYO1GaMGl6j1I_2DBjiiHW9vmDz8OAw8Jh8DpO32fv0vIC
c0hb4F0QCD3KQnv8GVM73kSYaOEUwlW0k1TaElxc43_Ocxm1F5IUNZvzlLJ_ks
FXGDL_cuadhVDaiqmhct098ocefuv08TdzRxqYoEqYNo

JavaOne
Subtle But High Impact
Architectural Change

JavaOne
What we had
(quick recap)

JavaOne
(LDAP)
Pull User Info
From IDP

JavaOne
(LDAP)
Generate an
Access Token
(pointer)

JavaOne
(LDAP)
Insert both
into DB

JavaOne
(LDAP)
Send Access Token (pointer)
to client

JavaOne
Results
Client Holds Pointer Server Holds State

JavaOne
What we can do now
(Hello JWT!)

JavaOne
(LDAP)
Format the data
as JSON

JavaOne
(LDAP)
RSA-SHA 256
sign JSON

JavaOne
(LDAP)
Insert only
pointer
into DB
(for revocation)

JavaOne
(LDAP)
Send Access Token (state)
to client

JavaOne
Client Holds State Server Holds Pointer
Desired
Results

JavaOne
OAuth 2 - Password Grant
(LDAP)
(Token ID Store)
POST /oauth2/token
Accept: */*
Content-Length: 54
grant_type=password&username=snoopy&password=woodstock
Verify
Password
Generate
Signed
Token
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Pragma: no-cache
{
"access_token":"eyJhbGciOiJSUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.
eyJ0b2tlbi10eXBlIjoiYWNjZXNzLXRva2VuIiwidXNlcm5hb
WUiOiJzbm9vcHkiLCJhbmltYWwiOiJiZWFnbGUiLCJpc3M
iOiJodHRwczovL2RlbW8uc3VwZXJiaXouY29tL29hdXRoM
i90b2tlbiIsInNjb3BlcyI6WyJ0d2l0dGVyIiwibWFucy1iZXN0
LWZyaWVuZCJdLCJleHAiOjE0NzQyODA5NjMsImlhdCI6M
TQ3NDI3OTE2MywianRpIjoiNjY4ODFiMDY4YjI0OWFkOSJ
9.DTfSdMzIIsC0j8z3icRdYO1GaMGl6j1I_2DBjiiHW9vmDz8
OAw8Jh8DpO32fv0vICc0hb4F0QCD3KQnv8GVM73kSYaO
EUwlW0k1TaElxc43_Ocxm1F5IUNZvzlLJ_ksFXGDL_cuadh
VDaiqmhct098ocefuv08TdzRxqYoEqYNo",
"expires_in":3600,
"refresh_token":"eyJhbGctGzv3JOkF0XG5Qx2TlKWIAkF0X.
eyJ0b2tlbi10eXBlIjoiYWNjZXNzLXRva2VuIiwidXNlcm5hb
WUiOiJzbm9vcHkiLCJhbmltYWwiOiJiZWFnbGUiLCJpc3M
iOiJodHRwczovL",
}

JavaOne
OAuth 2.0 Message with JWT
Authorization: Bearer eyJhbGciOiJSUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJ0b2tlbi10eXBlIjoiYWNjZXNzLXR
va2VuIiwidXNlcm5hbWUiOiJzbm9vcHkiLCJhbmltYWwiOiJiZWFnbGUiLCJpc3MiOiJodHRwczovL2RlbW8uc3VwZXJ
iaXouY29tL29hdXRoMi90b2tlbiIsInNjb3BlcyI6WyJ0d2l0dGVyIiwibWFucy1iZXN0LWZyaWVuZCJdLCJleHAiOjE0NzQy
ODA5NjMsImlhdCI6MTQ3NDI3OTE2MywianRpIjoiNjY4ODFiMDY4YjI0OWFkOSJ9.DTfSdMzIIsC0j8z3icRdYO1GaMGl
6j1I_2DBjiiHW9vmDz8OAw8Jh8DpO32fv0vICc0hb4F0QCD3KQnv8GVM73kSYaOEUwlW0k1TaElxc43_Ocxm1F5IUNZ
vzlLJ_ksFXGDL_cuadhVDaiqmhct098ocefuv08TdzRxqYoEqYNo
Accept: */* 
 

JavaOne
OAuth 2 + JWT
Tokens Sent
3000 TPS
(HTTP+SSL)
IP
whitelisting
0.55 TPS
(refresh token checks)
Password Sent
1000/daily
(HTTP+SSL)
OAuth 2
(LDAP)
4 hops
12000 TPS
backend
3000 TPS
(signature verification)
12000 TPS

JavaOne
“Hey, give me all
of Joe’s salary
information.”
“Not a chance!”

JavaOne
“Hey, give me all
of Joe’s salary
information.”
“Sure thing!”

JavaOne
OAuth 2 + JWT
Valid
Tokens Sent
3000 TPS
(HTTP+SSL)
IP
whitelisting
0.55 TPS
(refresh token checks)
Password Sent
1000/daily
(HTTP+SSL)
(LDAP)
4 hops
12000 TPS
backend
9000 TPS
12000 TPS
Invalid
Tokens Sent
6000 TPS
(HTTP+SSL)

JavaOne
http://connect2id.com/products/nimbus-jose-jwt
Great JWT lib

JavaOne
HTTP Signatures
(Amazon EC2 style API Security)

JavaOne
HTTP Signatures
• No “secret” ever hits the wire
• Signs the message itself
• Proves identity
• Prevents message tampering
• Symmetric or Asymmetric signatures
• IETF Draft
• https://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-cavage-http-signatures
• Extremely simple
• Does NOT eliminate benefits of JWT (they’

JavaOne
Signature Message
Authorization: Signature keyId=“my-key-name",
algorithm="hmac-sha256",
headers="content-length host date (request-target)”,
signature="j050ZC4iWDW40nVx2oVwBEymXzwvsgm+hKBkuw04b+w=" 
Date: Mon, 19 Sep 2016 16:51:35 PDT
Accept: */* 
 

JavaOne
Signature Auth
Password Sent
0 TPS
(HTTP)
Signature (no auth)
3000 TPS
(LDAP or Keystore)
12000 TPS
(HTTP)

JavaOne
Signature Auth
Password Sent
0 TPS
(HTTP)
Signature Signature
3000 TPS
(LDAP or Keystore)
12000 TPS
(HTTP)

JavaOne
“Hey, give me all
of Joe’s salary
information.”
“Hey, Larry!
Sure!”

JavaOne
OAuth and Signatures
Password Sent
3000 TPS
(HTTP+SSL)
OAuth 2 Signature
12000 TPS
(HTTP)

JavaOne
“Hey, give me all
of Joe’s salary
information.”
“Sure thing,
Larry!
Tell Joe I said hi.”

JavaOne
OAuth and Signatures
Password Sent
3000 TPS
(HTTP+SSL)
OAuth 2 Signature
12000 TPS
(HTTP)
Joe
Larry
Stan

JavaOne
Observations
• HTTP Signatures the only HTTP friendly approach
• Signatures does not solve the “Identity Load” problem
• OAuth 2 with JWT significantly improves IDP load
• Plain OAuth 2
• HTTP Session-like implications
• OAuth 2 with JWT
• Signed cookie
• Signing key to the future

JavaOne
Thank You!

2016 JavaOne Deconstructing REST Security

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2016 JavaOne Deconstructing REST Security