Urinary tract infection

1. V.Deepika
FinalYear B.pharm

2.  Introduction
 Signs and Symptoms
 Cause
 Pathogenesis
 Diagnosis
 Prevention
 Treatment
 Conclusion

3. Urinary tract infection (UTI)
refers to a symptomatic bacterial
infection within the urinary tract .
Most UTIs are caused by bacteria, but
some are caused by fungi and in rare
cases by viruses. UTIs are among the
most common infections in humans.
When it affects the lower urinary tract
it is known as a bladder infection
(cystitis) and when it affects the upper
urinary tract it is known as kidney
infection

4. Burning with urination
Increased urgency of urination
Bloody urine
Cloudy urine
Urine that looks like cola or tea
Urine that has a strong odor
Pelvic pain in women
Rectal pain in men.
pain and tenderness in the upper
back and sides
chills
fever
nausea
vomiting
Upper Urinary TractLower Urinary Tract
Symptoms of a UTI depend on what part of
the urinary tract is infected

5. The urine is normally
sterile. An infection occurs
when bacteria get into the urine
and begin to grow. The bacterial
infection usually starts at the
opening of the urethra where
the urine leaves the body and
moves upward into the urinary
tract.

6. Escherichia coli is the single most
common microorganism, followed
by Klebsiella and Proteus spp.to cause
urinary tract infection
The bacteria that cause urinary tract
infections typically enter the bladder
via the urethra. However, infection may
also occur via the blood or lymph. It is
believed that the bacteria are usually
transmitted to the urethra from the
bowel, with females at greater risk due
to their anatomy. After gaining entry to
the bladder, E. Coli are able to attach to
the bladder wall and form
a biofilm that resists the body's
immune response.

7.  Diagnosis of a urinary tract infection
is based on information someone
gives about his or her symptoms,
medical and surgical history,
medications, habits, and lifestyle.
 In complicated or questionable cases,
it may be useful to confirm the
diagnosis via urinalysis, looking for
the presence of urinary nitrites, white
blood cells (leukocytes), or leukocyte
esterase.

8.  Drink six to eight glasses of
water daily.
 Don’t hold urine for long
periods of time.
 Talk to your doctor about
managing any urinary
incontinence or difficulties
fully emptying your bladder.

9. The usual treatment for both simple
and complicated urinary tract
infections is antibiotics. The type of
antibiotic and duration of treatment
depend on the circumstances.
Examples of common antibiotics used
in treatment include, but are not
limited to
amoxicillin, sulfamethoxazole/
trimethoprim(Bactrim),ciprofloxacin,
nitrofurantoin (Macrobid), and many
others.
Your health-care provider will chose
the appropriate medication for your
condition and the specific causative
organisms.

10.  Complicated UTIs are more difficult to treat and usually
requires more aggressive evaluation, treatment and follow-
up. It may require identifying and addressing the underlying
complication. Increasing antibiotic resistance is causing
concern about the future of treating those with complicated
and recurrent UTI
 If you suspect that you have a UTI, contact your doctor as
soon as possible. A simple examination and urine or blood
test could save you a lot of trouble in the long run.
 Be sure to discuss with your doctor what the right
prevention plan is for you