1. Research Methodology

2. What is Research ?
 Research in common is “Search for Knowledge”
 Research is a scientific and systematic search for
pertinent information on a specific topic.
More precisely it is :
“Research comprises defining and recording problems,
formulating hypothesis, collecting, organising and
evaluating data; making deductions and reaching
conclusions; and at last carefully testing the conclusion
to determine whether they fit the formulated
hypothesis” – Clifford Woody

3. Objectives of Research
 To gain familiarity with a phenomenon
 To portray accurately the characteristics of a particular
individual situation or a group
 To determine the frequency with which something
occurs and Why it occurs
 To test a hypothesis of a casual relationship between
variables

4. Classification of Research
 Fundamental Research (Basic or Theoretical)
- Concerned with developing, exploring or
testing the theories or ideas
- Public Good – Non-Rival and Non-Exclusive
 Applied Research (Empirical or Action
Research)
- We have a problem and we wish to find

5. Research Theory / Approaches
 Deductive Theory :
Theory Hypothesis Data Collection Findings
Revision of Theory Hypotheses Confirmed
 Inductive Theory :
Observation / Findings Theory, Hypothesis or Law

6. Types of Business Research
 Exploratory Research :
- It is used when area of investigation is very new and
we want to have just familiarity. e.g. Test Marketing
- It is when researcher lack a clear idea of the problem
they are facing
- It develop concept more clearly, establish priority,
develop operational definitions and improve the final
research design.
- It is followed by subsequent research

7. Types of Business Research
 Descriptive Research
- It is used to describe characteristics of a phenomenon
- Answers the questions who, what, when, where and how
- It is based upon some previous understanding of the
nature of research problem.
- A Diagnostic Analysis is the core of Descriptive research
 Casual Research
- To identify Cause-Effect relationship
- Require precise knowledge about variables under consideration
- It will :
a. Establish appropriate causal order
b. Measure the variation between presume cause and effect
c. Recognize the presence or absence of alternative causal
factor

8. Basic Research Terminology
 Concept – A Concept is a generally accepted collection of
meanings or characteristics associated with certain events, objects,
conditions, situations and behaviours. For e.g. Sleeping
 Construct – A construct is an image or idea specifically invented
for a given research and/or theory-building purpose. For e.g.
Satisfied customer.
 Variable – A variable is a symbol under study to which we assign
numbers or values. For e.g. Age
- Independent and Dependent Variable

9.  Proposition – It is a statement about concept that may be judged
as true or false if it refers to observable phenomenon.
 Hypothesis – A proposition formulated for empirical testing is
known as Hypothesis.
 Theory – A theory is a set of systematically interrelated concepts,
definitions and propositions that are advanced to explain and
predict phenomenon.
Basic Research Terminology

10. Research Process
Problem Discovery
Selection of Exploratory research
Secondary
Data
Pilot Study
Experience
Survey
Case
Study
Problem Definition
(Statement of research objective)

11. Research Process
Selection of basic Research Method
(Research Design)
Survey
a. Interview
b.Questionnaire
Experiment
a.Laboratory
b.Field
Secondary
Data
Study
Observation
Selection of
Sample Design
Probability Sampling Non-Probability Sampling

12. Research Process
Collection of Data
Editing and Coding of Data
Data Processing and Analysis
Interpretation of Findings
Report

13. What is Good Research ?
 Purpose clearly defined
 Research process detailed
 Research Design throughly planned
 High ethical standard applied
 Limitation frankly revealed
 Adequate analysis for decision maker’s need
 Findings presented unambiguously
 Conclusions justified
 Researcher’s experience reflected