2. Out line
• Pectus Excavatum
• Pectus Carinatum
• Poland's Syndrome
• Sternal Defects
• Cleft Sternum
• Ectopia Cordis
• Thoracic Deformities in Diffuse Skeletal
Disorders
3. Pectus Excavatum
• Funnel chest or trichterbrust
• Posterior depression of the sternum and
costal cartilages
• 1st & 2nd ribs & manubrium : normal
position
• Lower costal cartilages and the body of the
sternum are depressed
• Asymmetry of the depression is frequently
present Rt. > Lt.
4.
5. Pectus Excavatum
• Present at birth or within first year of life
in the majority : 86%
• Rarely resolves with increasing age
• May worsen during rapid adolescent
growth
• Scoliosis : 26%
• Asthma : 5.2%
• CHD : 1.5%
6. Pectus Excavatum
• Etiology and Incidence
- 1 in 400 live births
- Boys > Girl 4: 1
- Etiology : unknown
- Variable pattern of inheritance
- Multifactorial
7. Pectus Excavatum
• Symptoms
- Well tolerated in infancy and childhood
- Older children :
! pain in the area of the deformed cartilages
! precordial pain after sustained exercise
! palpitations
! transient atrial arrhythmias
! may have mitral valve prolapse
8. Pectus Excavatum
• Pathophysiology
Cardiac and Pulmonary function
- SEM : close proximity of sternum and PA,
results transmission flow murmur
- EKG : displacement & rotation of heart
into the left thoracic cavity
- Conduction blocks or arrhythmias
9. Pectus Excavatum
• Quality-of-Life Analysis
- Impact of surgical repair of pectus
excavatum
- significant improvement
! exercise tolerance
! shortness breath and fatigue
10. Pectus Excavatum
• Surgical Repair
Haller and associates : tripod fixation
- Subperichondrial resection
- Posterior sternal osteotomy
- Most cephalad normal cartilages are then
divided obliquely in a posterolateral
- Sternum elevated, the sternal ends of
the cartilage rest on the costal ends
11. Pectus Excavatum
• Judet and Jung :
- sternum is mobilized and the costal
cartilages are divided
- sternum to be rotated 180 degrees
- associated with infection
• Taguchi and associate :
- Modified
- Preserve IMA or reimplantation IMA
12. Pectus Excavatum
• Nuss and procedure
• Minimally Invasive Repair of Pectus
Excavatum (MIRPE)
24. Complication : Nuss procedure
Early
• Pneumothorax
• Pericarditis
• Pneumonia
• Hemothorax
• Transient extremity
paralysis
• Superficial wound
infection
• Bar infection
Late
• Bar displacement
• Hemothorax
• Overcorrection deformity
• Pectus carinatum
deformity
25. Pectus Carinatum
• CHD : 18%
• FH of chest wall deformity : 26 %
• Boys > Girls = 78 : 22 %
• Mild form at birth but often progresses
during early childhood
• The chondromanubrial deformity, often
noted at birth
29. Poland's Syndrome
• Hypoplasia of the sternal head of the
pectoralis major and minor muscles
• Normal underlying ribs to complete
absence anterior portions of the 2nd – 5th
ribs and costal cartilages
32. Poland's Syndrome
• Surgical Repair
- Assessment of the extent of involvement
limited to the sternal component of the
pectoralis major and minor muscles,
• little functional deficit
• repair is not necessary except to
facilitate breast augmentation in
women
33. Poland's Syndrome
• Surgical Repair
- Assessment of the extent of involvement
underlying costal cartilages are
depressed or absent
• repair must be considered to minimize
the concavity
• to eliminate the paradoxic motion of
the chest wall if ribs are absent
• in girls to provide an optimal base for
breast reconstruction
34. Poland's Syndrome
• Surgical Repair
Ravitch :
– Correction of posteriorly displaced costal
cartilages by unilateral resection of the
cartilages
– A wedge osteotomy of the sternum, allowing
rotation of the sternum; and fixation with
Rehbein struts and Steinmann pins
– The sternum is then displaced anteriorly and
supported with a retrosternal strut
35.
36.
37.
38. Cleft Sternum
• Complete or partial separation of the sternum
but a normally positioned intrathoracic heart
• Results from nonfusion of the sternal bars
• Normal skin coverage is present
• Intact pericardium and a normal diaphragm
• Omphaloceles do not occur in these children
• Dramatic increase in the deformity occurs
with crying or Valsalva's maneuver
44. Thoracic Ectopia Cordis
• Severely deficient in the midline somatic
tissues that normally cover the heart
• Many attempts at primary closure fail
because of the inability to mobilize
adequate tissues for coverage
• An abdominal defect is often present as
well
45.
46. Thoracoabdominal Ectopia Cordis
• Heart is covered by an omphalocele-like membrane or
thin skin, which is often pigmented.
• The five essential features :
(a) a cleft lower sternum
(b) a half moon–shaped anterior diaphragmatic defect
resulting from lack of development of the septum
transversum
(c) absence of the parietal pericardium at the
diaphragmatic defect
(d) omphalocele
(e) in most patients, an intrinsic cardiac anomaly
49. Ectopia Cordis
• Surgical repair
• Successful repair and long-term survival are
more frequently achieved in thoracoabdominal
ectopia cordis than in thoracic ectopia cordis
• Return heart to thoracic cavity resulted in
death
• Several cases have been successfully managed
by local application of topical astringents, thus
allowing secondary epithelialization to occur
50. Ectopia Cordis
• Surgical repair
- Correction of the intrinsic cardiac
lesions before placement of prosthetic
mesh overlying the heart
- Repair of the abdominal wall defect or
diastasis has been achieved by primary
closure or prosthetic mesh
52. Asphyxiating Thoracic Dystrophy
(Jeune's Syndrome)
• Narrow, rigid chest & multiple cartilage
anomalies
• Bell-shaped thorax and protuberant abdomen
• Patient died of respiratory insufficiency early
• Form of osteochondrodystrophy, which has
variable degrees of skeletal involvement
• Inherited in an autosomal recessive
• Not associated with chromosomal
abnormalities
54. Asphyxiating Thoracic Dystrophy
(Jeune's Syndrome)
• Short, stubby extremities with relatively short,
wide bones
• Clavicles fixed and elevated position
• Pelvis is small and hypoplastic, with square iliac
bones
• Involves variable degree of pulmonary
impairment
• Later reports can survive for longer periods of
time
56. Spondylothoracic Dysplasia (Jarcho–
Levin Syndrome)
• Autosomal recessive deformity
• Multiple vertebral and rib malformations
• Multiple alternating hemivertebrae in most or all
of the thoracic and lumbar spine
• Vertebral ossification centers rarely cross the
midline
• Bone formation is normal
• Multiple posterior fusions of the ribs and
remarkable shortening of the thoracic spine
• Crab-like appearance of the ribs on the chest
radiograph
57. Spondylothoracic Dysplasia (Jarcho–
Levin Syndrome)
• Thoracic deformity is secondary to the spine
anomaly
• Results in close posterior approximation of origin
of ribs
• Most infants with the entity die before 15 months
• No surgical efforts have been proposed or
attempted
• One third of patients with this syndrome have
associated malformations
– congenital heart disease and renal anomalies
