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āđ€āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡ āļŦāļ™āđ‰āļē 
Antimicrobial Stewardship (ASP) and MDR 1 
Epidemiology of Important MDRPathogens in Thailand 72 
Outbreak of Multi-drug Resistant Organisms : An Overview 120 
āļāļēāļĢāļˆāļąāļ”āļāļēāļĢāļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™āļŦāđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ›āļāļīāļšāļąāļ•āļīāļāļēāļĢ 154 
āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļāđ‰āļēāļĢāļ°āļ§āļąāļ‡āđ€āļŠāļ·āđ‰āļ­āļ”āļ·āđ‰āļ­āļĒāļēāļ•āđ‰āļēāļ™āļˆāļļāļĨāļŠāļĩāļž āļŠāļģāļŦāļĢāļąāļšāđāļžāļ—āļĒāđŒ āđāļĨāļ°āļžāļĒāļēāļšāļēāļĨ 198 
āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļāđ‰āļēāļĢāļ°āļ§āļąāļ‡āđ€āļŠāļ·āđ‰āļ­āļ”āļ·āđ‰āļ­āļĒāļēāļ•āđ‰āļēāļ™āļˆāļļāļĨāļŠāļĩāļž āļŦāļĨāļąāļāļāļēāļĢāđāļĨāļ°āđ€āļŦāļ•āļļāļœāļĨ 237 
Prevention and Control of MDROs in Healthcare Settings 275 
āļāļēāļĢāļ›āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļāļąāļ™āļāļēāļĢāđāļžāļĢāđˆāļāļĢāļ°āļˆāļēāļĒāđ€āļŠāļ·āđ‰āļ­āļ”āļ·āđ‰āļ­āļĒāļē 321 
āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļāđ‰āļēāļĢāļ°āļ§āļąāļ‡āđ€āļŠāļ·āđ‰āļ­āļ”āļ·āđ‰āļ­āļĒāļēāļ•āđ‰āļēāļ™āļˆāļļāļĨāļŠāļĩāļž 334
Antimicrobial Stewardship (ASP) 
and MDR 
āļœ.āļĻ. āļ™.āļž. āļāļģāļ˜āļĢ āļĄāļēāļĨāļēāļ˜āļĢāļĢāļĄ 
āļ›āļĢāļ°āļ˜āļēāļ™āļ„āļ“āļ°āļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļāļēāļĢāļ„āļ§āļšāļ„āļļāļĄāđāļĨāļ°āļ›āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļāļąāļ™āđ‚āļĢāļ„āļ•āļīāļ”āđ€āļŠāļ·āđ‰āļ­āđƒāļ™āđ‚āļĢāļ‡āļžāļĒāļēāļšāļēāļĨ 
āļ„āļ“āļ°āđāļžāļ—āļĒāļĻāļēāļŠāļ•āļĢāđŒ āđ‚āļĢāļ‡āļžāļĒāļēāļšāļēāļĨāļĢāļēāļĄāļēāļ˜āļīāļšāļ”āļĩ 
Email: mkumthorn@yahoo.com 
1
Outline of the Talk 
â€Ē Basic concept 
â€Ē Strategies 
â€Ē Administrative issue, collaboration between 
clinician, pharmacist, microbiologist 
â€Ē Outcome 
2
Definitions of ASP 
â€Ē An ongoing effort to optimize 
antimicrobial use in order to 
– Improve patient outcomes 
– Ensure cost-effective therapy 
– Reduce adverse sequelae of 
antimicrobial use (including antimicrobial 
resistance) 
MacDougall C. & Polk RE Clin Microbiol Rev. 2005; 18 (4):638–656
Goals of ASP 
â€Ē Optimize clinical outcomes while 
minimizing unintended consequences of 
antimicrobial use 
– Toxicity 
– Selection of pathogenic organisms (such as 
Clostridium difficile) 
– Emergence of resistance 
â€Ē Reduce health care costs without 
adversely impacting quality of care 
Dellit TH et al. Clin Infect Dis 2007; 44:159–77
Antimicrobial Resistance: 
Key Prevention Strategies 
Antimicrobial 
Resistance 
Antimicrobial Use 
Infection 
Campaign to Prevent Antimicrobial Resistance in Healthcare Settings 
5 
Pathogen
Antimicrobial Resistance: 
Key Prevention Strategies 
Prevent 
Transmission 
Optimize Use 
Prevent 
Infection 
Effective 
Diagnosis 
& Treatment 
Antimicrobial 
Resistance 
Antimicrobial Use 
Infection 
Campaign to Prevent Antimicrobial Resistance in Healthcare Settings 
6 
Antimicrobial-Resistant Pathogen
Percent susceptibility of A. baumannii 
CFP CPS CAZ IMP PTZ CPX AMK GEN 
IPD 2010 17 37 22 20 16 17 32 29 
ICU 2010 11 35 13 12 10 13 23 21 
Total 2010 
(1411) 19 39 22 21 18 19 32 29 
Total 2011 
(1630) 15 20 16 15 13 13 22 21 
Jan-Jun 2012 
(772) 19 20 19 19 18 17 27 21 
Ramathibodi Microbiology Lab Data 
CFP, cefepime; CPS, cefoperazone/sulbactam; CAZ, ceftazidime; IMP, imipenem; 
PTZ, piperacillin/tazobactam; CPX, ciprofloxacin; AMK, amikacin; GEN, gentamicin 
7
50 
40 
30 
20 
10 
8 
Ceftazidime- (CAZ) & ceftriaxone- (CRO) 
resistant E. coli and rate of ATB use 
0 
160 
140 
120 
100 
80 
60 
40 
20 
0 
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 
% resistance 
DDD/1000 pt day 3rd ceph Ceftriaxone Ceftazidime CAZ-R CRO-R 
Microbiology Lab Data, Department of Pathology
āļ­āļąāļ•āļĢāļēāļāļēāļĢāļ”āļ·āđ‰āļ­āļĒāļēāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āđ€āļŠāļ·āđ‰āļ­ A. baumannii āđāļĨāļ°āļ­āļąāļ•āļĢāļēāļāļēāļĢāđƒāļŠāđ‰āļĒāļēāļāļĨāļļāđˆāļĄ 
carbapenem 
80 
70 
60 
50 
40 
30 
20 
10 
0 
60 
50 
40 
30 
20 
10 
0 
1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 
% resistance 
DDD/1000 pt day 
Carbapenem use A. baumannii 
Microbiology Lab Data, Department of Pathology 
The Antimicrobial Committee
Das I et al J Hosp Infect 2002; 50:110-114 10
Reasons for antimicrobial 
stewardship programs 
â€Ē Increasing healthcare cost: antibiotic 
accounts for â‰Ĩ 30% of hospital pharmacy 
budget 
– DRG, Health assurance 
â€Ē Increasing incidence of MDR 
MacDougall C. & Polk RE Clin Microbiol Rev. 2005; 18 (4):638–656
Are these measures ATB 
stewardship? 
â€Ē Substitution among antimicrobials in the 
same class for cost-saving purposes 
â€Ē Intravenous-to-oral switching programs for 
highly bioavailable drugs 
â€Ē Pharmacokinetic consultation services 
Affect antimicrobial use, but less likely to have an impact on 
overall antimicrobial use or antimicrobial resistance 
MacDougall C. & Polk RE Clin Microbiol Rev. 2005; 18 (4):638–656
Scope of ATB stewardship 
â€Ē Antimicrobial stewardship includes 
– Limiting inappropriate use 
– Optimizing antimicrobial selection, dosing, route, 
& duration of therapy 
– Limiting the unintended consequences, 
(emergence of resistance, adverse drug events, 
and cost) 
Dellit TH et al. Clin Infect Dis 2007; 44:159–77
Short-course Empiric Antibiotic Therapy for 
Patients with Pulmonary Infiltrates in the 
Intensive Care Unit: A Proposed Solution for 
Indiscriminate Antibiotic Prescription 
NINA SINGH, PAUL ROGERS, CHARLES W. ATWOOD, MARILYN M. 
WAGENER, and VICTOR L. YU 
Am J Respir Crit Care Med Vol 162. pp 505–511, 2000
NINA SINGH, et al Am J Respir Crit Care Med Vol 162. pp 505–511, 2000
NINA SINGH, et al Am J Respir Crit Care Med Vol 162. pp 505–511, 2000
NINA SINGH, et al Am J Respir Crit Care Med Vol 162. pp 505–511, 2000
NINA SINGH, et al Am J Respir Crit Care Med Vol 162. pp 505–511, 2000
Which of the following is the most 
common inappropriate use? 
A. Use antibiotics without evidence of 
bacterial infections 
B. Inappropriate surgical prophylaxis 
C. Redundant spectrum 
D. Bacterial resistance 
E. Narrow spectrum was available 
19
Effectiveness of Education and 
an Antibiotic-Control Program in 
a Tertiary Care Hospital in 
Thailand 
Apisarnthanarak A et al Clin Infect Dis 2006; 42:768–75
Reasons for inappropriateness 
Variables Number (%) 
Inappropriate surgical prophylaxisb 452 (25) 
Use of antibiotic without any 
723 (0) 
evidence of infection 
Redundant spectrum 217 (12) 
Bacterial resistance 235 (13) 
Narrow spectrum was available 181 (10) 
bIncludes dose, interval, and duration of treatment before and after surgery. 
Apisarnthanarak A et al Clin Infect Dis 2006; 42:768–75
Where does ASP start? 
22
Simple ASP 
â€Ē Limit the use of antibiotics 
– Fever of “unknown” origin 
– Upper respiratory tract infections 
– Acute diarrhea in normal host 
– Chronic diarrhea 
– Asymptomatic bacteriuria 
â€Ē Appropriate surgical prophylaxis 
23
Fever of Unknown Origin 
â€Ē Various cause, both ID and non-ID 
â€Ē āļĒāļīāđˆāļ‡āļ™āļēāļ™ āļĒāļīāđˆāļ‡āļĄāļĩāđ‚āļ­āļāļēāļŠāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™ Pyogenic infection 
āļ™āđ‰āļ­āļĒ 
24
Fever of Unknown Origin 
â€Ē āļ•āļąāļ§āļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡ bacterial infection with 
prolonged fever 
– Melioidosis 
– Infective endocarditis 
– Partially treated occult infection 
– Brucellosis/Tb 
25
Fever of Unknown Origin 
â€Ē Assess āļ›āļĢāļ°āļ§āļąāļ•āļī āļ•āļĢāļ§āļˆāļĢāđˆāļēāļ‡āļāļēāļĒ – hidden 
areas 
â€Ē Vital signs, sick? 
â€Ē CBC: leucocytosis, leucopenia 
â€Ē LFT 
â€Ē UA 
â€Ē CXR 
26
Example 
â€Ē āļŠāļēāļĒāļ­āļēāļĒāļļ 40 āļ›āļĩ āļ āļđāļĄāļīāļĨāļģāđ€āļ™āļēāļ™āļ„āļĢāļĻāļĢāļĩāļ˜āļĢāļĢāļĄāļĢāļēāļŠ 
āđ€āļ„āļĒāđ„āļ”āđ‰āļĢāļąāļšāļāļēāļĢāļ§āļīāļ™āļīāļˆāļ‰āļąāļĒ rheumatoid arthritis 
āļ›āļĢāļ°āļĄāļēāļ“ 3 āļ›āļĩāļāđˆāļ­āļ™ āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļĢāļąāļšāļĒāļē 
cyclophosphamide, methotrexate low 
dose 
â€Ē āļĄāļēāļĢāļž.āļ„āļĢāļąāđ‰āļ‡āļ™āļĩāđ‰āļ”āđ‰āļ§āļĒāļ­āļēāļāļēāļĢāđ„āļ‚āđ‰ āļ›āļ§āļ”āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļĄāļē 2 
āđ€āļ”āļ·āļ­āļ™ 
27
Example 
â€Ē āđ€āļĢāļīāđˆāļĄāļ›āļ§āļ” āļšāļ§āļĄāļ—āļĩāđˆāļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļĄāļ·āļ­āļ‹āđ‰āļēāļĒ āļ•āđˆāļ­āļĄāļēāđ„āļĄāđˆāļāļĩāđˆāļ§āļąāļ™āļāđ‡ 
āļ›āļ§āļ”āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļĄāļ·āļ­āļ‚āļ§āļēāđāļĨāļ°āđ€āļ‚āđˆāļēāļ‚āļ§āļē āđ‚āļ”āļĒāļ‚āđ‰āļ­āđ€āļ”āļīāļĄāļāđ‡āļĒāļąāļ‡ 
āļ›āļ§āļ” āļĢāđˆāļ§āļĄāļāļąāļšāļĄāļĩāđ„āļ‚āđ‰āļŠāļđāļ‡āļŦāļ™āļēāļ§āļŠāļąāđˆāļ™āļ•āļ­āļ™āļāļĨāļēāļ‡āļ„āļ·āļ™ 
āļžāļ­āđ„āļ‚āđ‰āļĨāļ‡āļāđ‡āļŠāļšāļēāļĒāļ”āļĩ āđ„āļĄāđˆāļĄāļĩāļ­āļēāļāļēāļĢāļĢāļ°āļšāļšāļ­āļ·āđˆāļ™ 
28
Example 
â€Ē āļ•āļĢāļ§āļˆāļĢāđˆāļēāļ‡āļāļēāļĒāļžāļšāļ§āđˆāļēāļĄāļĩāđ„āļ‚āđ‰ 38oC, not pale, 
no oral lesion, no lymphadenopathy, 
swollen and tender right knee and both 
wrist joints 
â€Ē CBC: WBC 12,800 with 80% PMN 
â€Ē Joint fluid: WBC 45,000 with 78% PMN 
â€Ē X-ray: narrowing of interphalangeal 
joint space 
29
http://stillsdiseaseblog.com/aosd-photo-gallery/#jp-carousel-445 30
Example 
â€Ē Dx? 
â€Ē Treatment? 
31
Example 2 
â€Ē āđ€āļ”āđ‡āļ 3 āļ‚āļ§āļš āļĄāļēāļĢāļž.āļ”āđ‰āļ§āļĒ 
āđ€āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āđ€āļˆāđ‡āļšāļ›āļēāļāļĄāļē 5 āļ§āļąāļ™ āđ„āļĄāđˆāļĄāļĩ 
āļœāļ·āđˆāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļ—āđ‰āļēāđāļĨāļ°āļĄāļ·āļ­ 
â€Ē Dx? 
â€Ē Rx? 
32
What antibiotic would you give? 
33
Upper Respiratory Tract Infection 
â€Ē >80% caused by virus 
â€Ē Symptomatic treatment only 
â€Ē Centor criteria 
34
Modified Centor Criteria 
Feature Score 
History of fever +1 
Tonsillar exudates +1 
Tender anterior cervical adenopathy +1 
Absence of cough +1 
Age <15 add 1 point +1 
Age >44 subtract 1 point -1 
35
Modified Centor Criteria 
â€Ē <2 points - No antibiotic or throat 
culture necessary 
â€Ē 2-3 points - throat culture, antibiotic if 
culture is positive 
â€Ē >3 points – Empiric antibiotic 
36 
â€Ē + 4 variables ï‚ŧ 40 - 60% PPV for Group A 
Streptococcus infection 
â€Ē The absence of all four variables ï‚ŧPPV> 80%
What antibiotic would you give? 
37
What antibiotic would you give? 
38
Acute rhinosinusitis 
39 
European Position Paper on Rhinosinusitis and Nasal Polyps 2012 Fokkens WJ
Acute rhinosinusitis 
40 Chow AW Clinical Infectious Diseases 2012;54(8):1041–5
Acute rhinosinusitis: Treat for how long? 
41 
Chow AW Clinical Infectious Diseases 2012;54(8):1041–5
Antibiotics in Out-patient Settings 
42 Boonyasiri A and Thamlikitkul V 2012
Antibiotics in Out-patient Settings 
43 Boonyasiri A and Thamlikitkul V 2012
44 
Clinical Infectious Diseases 2012;55(6):771–7
Clinical and Microbiological Data at 
Each Follow-up 
Baseline (Enrollment) First (3 months) 
Group A Group B Group A Group B 
Symptomatic 0 0 11 32 
Asymptomatic 312 361 301 329 
QoL score (ÂąSD) 0.82 Âą 0.03 0.81 Âą 0.06 0.79 Âą 0.07 0.50 Âą 0.01 
No bacterial growth 0 0 15 (4.9) 27 (8.2) 
Escherichia coli 120 (38.4) 142 (39.3) 107 (35.7) 131 (39.8) 
Enterococcus faecalis 102 (32.7) 120 (33.2) 101 (33.7) 92 (27.9) 
Enteroccocus faecium 38 (12.2) 47 (13.1) 30 (10.0) 45 (13.6) 
Klebsiella spp 19 (6.1) 22 (6.1) 18 (6.0) 19 (5.8) 
Streptococcus 
17 (5.5) 16 (4.5) 15 (4.9) 8 (2.4) 
agalactiae 
45 
Clinical Infectious Diseases 2012;55(6):771–7
Clinical and Microbiological Data at 
Each Follow-up 
Second (6 months) Third (12 months) 
Group A Group B Group A Group B 
Symptomatic 23 98 41 169 
Asymptomatic 278 231 237 62 
QoL score (ÂąSD) 0.81 Âą 0.06 0.52 Âą 0.01 0.82 Âą 0.03 0.51 Âą 0.02 
No bacterial growth 27 (9.7) 21 (9.0) 31 (13.1) 19 (30.7) 
Escherichia coli 68 (24.4) 142 (61.5) 26 (11.0) 17 (27.5) 
Enterococcus faecalis 149 (53.5) 36 (15.6) 177 (74.7) 11 (17.8) 
Enteroccocus faecium 10 (3.5) 10 (4.3) 1 (0.4) 3 (4.8) 
Klebsiella spp 9 (3.4) 6 (2.7) â€Ķ â€Ķ 
Streptococcus 
7 (2.6) 5 (2.2) â€Ķ â€Ķ 
agalactiae 
46 
Clinical Infectious Diseases 2012;55(6):771–7
47 
Clinical Infectious Diseases 2012;55(6):771–7
Surgical Prophylaxis 
â€Ē āļāļēāļĢāđƒāļŦāđ‰āļĒāļēāđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ›āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļāļąāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ•āļīāļ”āđ€āļŠāļ·āđ‰āļ­āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āđāļœāļĨāļœāđˆāļēāļ•āļąāļ” 
– āđ„āļĄāđˆāļĄāļĩāļāļēāļĢāļ•āļīāļ”āđ€āļŠāļ·āđ‰āļ­āļĄāļēāļāđˆāļ­āļ™ 
– āļŦāļĨāļąāļ‡āļœāđˆāļēāļ•āļąāļ” āđāļœāļĨāļ­āļēāļˆāļˆāļ°āļ•āļīāļ”āđ€āļŠāļ·āđ‰āļ­āđ„āļ”āđ‰ āđāļĨāļ°āļĄāļĩāļœāļĨāļāļĢāļ°āļ—āļšāļĄāļēāļ 
â€Ē āđƒāļŠāđ‰āļĒāļēāļ—āļĩāđˆāļ„āļĢāļ­āļšāļ„āļĨāļļāļĄāđ€āļŠāļ·āđ‰āļ­āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļžāļ­āļŠāļĄāļ„āļ§āļĢ 
– Skin: staph ïƒĻ cefazolin 
– GI/GU: GNR ïƒĻ cefuroxime 
48
Itani K.M.F., et al N Engl J Med 2006;355:2640-51
NNIS index category 3 SSI rate 
ï‚ŧ13.3% during 2002-2004 
Itani K.M.F., et al N Engl J Med 2006;355:2640-51
Risk factors for the acquisition of 
carbapenem-resistant E. coli among 
hospitalized patients 
Variables Odds ratio 95% C.I. P 
Carbapenem use 6.50 2.33–18.16 <.001 
Metronidazole use 4.25 1.56–11.59 0.005 
Presence of biliary 
4.59 1.18–17.78 0.028 
drainage catheter 
Prior hospital stay 
(<1 year) 
1.02 1.00–1.03 0.012 
M.-H. Jeon et al. / Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease 62 (2008) 
402–406
Example 3 
â€Ē āļŠāļēāļĒāļ­āļēāļĒāļļ 82 āļ›āļĩ admit āļ”āđ‰āļ§āļĒāļ›āļąāļāļŦāļē heart failure 
â€Ē āļ—āļģ cardiac cath āļžāļšāļ§āđˆāļēāļĄāļĩ triple vessel disease; 
plan āļ—āļģ CABG 
â€Ē āļœāļđāđ‰āļ›āđˆāļ§āļĒāļ›āļąāļŠāļŠāļēāļ§āļ°āđ„āļĄāđˆāļ­āļ­āļāļĢāļ°āļŦāļ§āđˆāļēāļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļ—āļģ cath āļˆāļķāļ‡āļ„āļē 
āļŠāļēāļĒāļŠāļ§āļ™āļ›āļąāļŠāļŠāļēāļ§āļ°āđ„āļ§āđ‰ 
â€Ē āļŦāļĨāļąāļ‡āļˆāļēāļāļ™āļąāđ‰āļ™ 1 āļ§āļąāļ™ āļœāļđāđ‰āļ›āđˆāļ§āļĒāļĄāļĩāļ­āļēāļāļēāļĢāđ„āļ‚āđ‰āļŦāļ™āļēāļ§āļŠāļąāđˆāļ™ UA āļĄāļĩ 
WBC 50-100/HPF
Example 3 
â€Ē āļŠāđˆāļ‡ blood, urine culture 
â€Ē Start antibiotic 
– ???? 
â€Ē āļœāļđāđ‰āļ›āđˆāļ§āļĒāđ„āļ”āđ‰ meropenem 3 āļ§āļąāļ™ āļŦāđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ›āļāļīāļšāļąāļ•āļīāļāļēāļĢ 
āļĢāļēāļĒāļ‡āļēāļ™āļœāļĨāļāļēāļĢāđ€āļžāļēāļ°āđ€āļŠāļ·āđ‰āļ­ āļžāļš “simple” E. coli āļˆāļķāļ‡ 
āđ€āļ›āļĨāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ™ Antibiotic āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™ ceftriaxone āļ­āļĩāļ 10 āļ§āļąāļ™ āđ„āļ‚āđ‰ 
āļĨāļ‡āļ”āļĩ UA āļ›āļāļ•āļī 
â€Ē āļ—āļģ CABG āļŦāļĨāļąāļ‡āļˆāļēāļāļ™āļąāđ‰āļ™āļ­āļĩāļ 2 āļ§āļąāļ™
Example 3 
â€Ē Which antibiotic for surgical prophylaxis? 
â€Ē What else could, and should we do?
Example 3 
â€Ē Nasal swab (and perianal swab) for MRSA 
â€Ē Standard precautions: Hand hygiene, etc. 
â€Ē Pre-op bath with chlorhexidine soap BID X 3 
days 
â€Ē Cefazolin 2 g IV 30 min prior to incision, then 
2 g IV q 8 h for 48 h 
â€Ē No SSI, VAP, UTI, etc. afterward
Key Principles of AMP in Surgery 
â€Ē Use narrow spectrum, preserve agents used 
for treatment for further needs 
â€Ē Optimal time of administration: 30-60 min 
before incision 
â€Ē Adequate dose, additional dose intra-op for 
prolonged procedure or massive bleeding 
â€Ē Do not give beyond 24 hours post op (the 
feast is over!!!!) 
56
AMP: āļˆāļ°āđ€āļĢāļīāđˆāļĄāļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āđ„āļĢ 
57
Which antimicrobial agents should be 
included in ASP? 
A. High cost 
B. Narrow therapeutic index 
C. Availability of generic preparation 
D. Broad-spectrum agents that are risks for 
difficult-to-treat MDR 
58
Component of ASP 
Active strategies 
â€Ē Prospective audit with 
intervention and feedback 
â€Ē Formulary restriction and 
preauthorization 
Additional strategies 
â€Ē Education 
â€Ē Guideline and clinical 
pathways 
â€Ē Antimicrobial order form 
â€Ē Streamlining or de-escalation 
59
Who should initiate the program? 
A. Hospital director 
B. Infection control chair 
C. Infection control nurse 
D. Pharmacist 
E. Microbiologist 
F. Financial Manager 
60
Core members of a multidisciplinary 
antimicrobial stewardship team 
â€Ē Infectious diseases physicians 
â€Ē Clinical pharmacist with infectious 
diseases training 
â€Ē Clinical microbiologist 
â€Ē Information system specialist 
â€Ē Infection control professional 
â€Ē Hospital epidemiologist 
Dellit TH et al. Clin Infect Dis 2007; 44:159–77
Core members of a multidisciplinary 
antimicrobial stewardship team 
â€Ē Any MD who are interested in AMR/ASP 
â€Ē Pharmacist with infectious diseases 
interest 
â€Ē Lab tech 
â€Ē Information system specialist 
â€Ē Infection control team 
â€Ē Hospital epidemiologist 
Dellit TH et al. Clin Infect Dis 2007; 44:159–77
Roles of each member 
â€Ē The clinical microbiology laboratory 
– Providing patient-specific culture and 
susceptibility data to optimize individual 
antimicrobial management 
– Surveillance of resistant organisms 
– Molecular epidemiologic investigation of 
outbreaks 
Dellit TH et al. Clin Infect Dis 2007; 44:159–77
Roles of each member 
â€Ē Clinical and Hospital Pharmacists 
– Processing medication orders 
– Dispensing drugs 
– Notify the prescriber that authorization is required 
– Flag orders for review by infectious diseases 
specialists 
MacDougall C. & Polk RE Clin Microbiol Rev. 2005; 18 (4):638–656
Organization of ASP 
Pharmacist 
65 
CEO/Admin 
ATB Users ASP Team 
LAB IT IC Team
Evaluation 
â€Ē Process measures 
– Did the intervention result in the desired change 
in antimicrobial use? 
â€Ē Outcome measures 
– Did the process implemented reduce or prevent 
resistance or other unintended consequences of 
antimicrobial use?
Rate of use over time 
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 
āļĢāļ§āļĄāļĄāļđāļĨāļ„āđˆāļē 
Carbapenems 
(āļĨāđ‰āļēāļ™āļšāļēāļ—) 
30.46 69.44 33.21 42.73 44.74 35.85 
āļĢāļ§āļĄ DDD/1000 
pt-day 37.29 83.58 40.02 50.05 54.82 44.93 
67
Challenges for Antimicrobial 
Stewardship Programs 
â€Ē Cooperation of 
stakeholders 
– Internist 
– Surgeon 
– Intensivist 
– General Practitioners 
â€Ē Collaboration 
– Microbiology Lab 
– Pharmacist 
– MD 
– IC 
68
āļāļĢāļēāļŸāđ€āļ›āļĢāļĩāļĒāļšāđ€āļ—āļĩāļĒāļšāļ­āļąāļ•āļĢāļēāļāļēāļĢāļ•āļīāļ”āđ€āļŠāļ·āđ‰āļ­āļ”āļ·āđ‰āļ­āļĒāļē Acinetobacter baumannii (MDR) 
āļĢāļž.āļĻāļđāļ™āļĒāđŒāļāļēāļĢāđāļžāļ—āļĒāđŒ āļĄ.āļ„.52 – āļ.āļž..54 
āļ„āļĢāļąāđ‰āļ‡ / 1000 āļ§āļąāļ™āļ™āļ­āļ™ 
āđ‚āļĢāļ‡āļžāļĒāļēāļšāļēāļĨ 
0.26 
0.55 
āđ€āļāļīāļ”āļāļēāļĢāļĢāļ°āļšāļēāļ”āļˆāļēāļāļāļēāļĢāļĢāļąāļš Refer āļĢāļž.āļāļšāļīāļ™āļ—āļĢāđŒāļšāļļāļĢāļĩ 
1.02 
0.42 
1.72 
0.62 
1.51 
1.14 
1.66 
0.52 
0.89 0.99 0.89 
0.69 
0.56 0.73 
0.00 0.14 
2.04 
0.41 
0.49 
0.27 
1.11 
0.48 
0.87 
0.67 
2.50 
2.00 
1.50 
1.00 
0.50 
0.00 
āļĄ.āļ„.-52 
āļ.āļž.-52 
āļĄāļĩ.āļ„.-52 
āđ€āļĄ.āļĒ.-52 
āļž.āļ„.-52 
āļĄāļī.āļĒ.-52 
āļ.āļ„.-52 
āļŠ.āļ„.-52 
āļ.āļĒ.-52 
āļ•.āļ„.-52 
āļž.āļĒ.-52 
āļ˜.āļ„.-52 
āļĄ.āļ„.-53 
āļ.āļž.-53 
āļĄāļĩ.āļ„.-53 
āđ€āļĄ.āļĒ.-53 
āļž.āļ„.-53 
āļĄāļī.āļĒ.-53 
āļ.āļ„.-53 
āļŠ.āļ„.-53 
āļ.āļĒ.-53 
āļ•.āļ„.-53 
āļž.āļĒ.-53 
āļ˜.āļ„.-53 
āļĄ.āļ„.-54 
āļ.āļž.-54 
āļ§āļĢāļžāļˆāļ™āđŒ āļ•āļąāļ™āļ•āļīāļĻāļīāļĢāļīāļ§āļąāļ’āļ™āđŒ 2554, personal communication 
69
āļāļĢāļēāļŸāđ€āļ›āļĢāļĩāļĒāļšāđ€āļ—āļĩāļĒāļšāļ­āļąāļ•āļĢāļēāļāļēāļĢāļ•āļīāļ”āđ€āļŠāļ·āđ‰āļ­āļ”āļ·āđ‰āļ­āļĒāļē Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MDR) 
āļĢāļž.āļĻāļđāļ™āļĒāđŒāļāļēāļĢāđāļžāļ—āļĒāđŒ āļĄ.āļ„.52 – āļ•.āļ„.53 
āļ„āļĢāļąāđ‰āļ‡ / 1000 āļ§āļąāļ™āļ™āļ­āļ™ 
āđ‚āļĢāļ‡āļžāļĒāļēāļšāļēāļĨ 
0.60 
0.00 
0.47 
0.16 
0.78 
0.41 
0.20 
1.38 
0.43 
0.25 
0.52 
0.14 
0.28 0.38 
0.40 
0.28 
0.00 
0.28 
0.42 
0.27 
0.58 
0.80 
0.41 
0.14 
0.00 
0.12 
0.49 
0.13 
0.14 
1.00 
1.20 
1.40 
1.60 
āļĄ.āļ„.-52 
āļ.āļž.-52 
āļĄāļĩ.āļ„.-52 
āđ€āļĄ.āļĒ.-52 
āļž.āļ„.-52 
āļĄāļī.āļĒ.-52 
āļ.āļ„.-52 
āļŠ.āļ„.-52 
āļ.āļĒ.-52 
āļ•.āļ„.-52 
āļž.āļĒ.-52 
āļ˜.āļ„.-52 
āļĄ.āļ„.-53 
āļ.āļž.-53 
āļĄāļĩ.āļ„.-53 
āđ€āļĄ.āļĒ.-53 
āļž.āļ„.-53 
āļĄāļī.āļĒ.-53 
āļ.āļ„.-53 
āļŠ.āļ„.-53 
āļ.āļĒ.-53 
āļ•.āļ„.-53 
āļž.āļĒ.-53 
āļ˜.āļ„.-53 
Pseudomanas aeruginosa(MDR) 
āļ§āļĢāļžāļˆāļ™āđŒ āļ•āļąāļ™āļ•āļīāļĻāļīāļĢāļīāļ§āļąāļ’āļ™āđŒ 2554, personal communication 
70
71
Epidemiology of Important MDR-Pathogens 
in Thailand 
āļœ.āļĻ. āļ™.āļž. āļāļģāļ˜āļĢ āļĄāļēāļĨāļēāļ˜āļĢāļĢāļĄ 
āļŠāļēāļ‚āļēāļ§āļīāļŠāļēāđ‚āļĢāļ„āļ•āļīāļ”āđ€āļŠāļ·āđ‰āļ­ 
āļ āļēāļ„āļ§āļīāļŠāļēāļ­āļēāļĒāļļāļĢāļĻāļēāļŠāļ•āļĢāđŒ 
āļ„āļ“āļ°āđāļžāļ—āļĒāļĻāļēāļŠāļ•āļĢāđŒ āđ‚āļĢāļ‡āļžāļĒāļēāļšāļēāļĨāļĢāļēāļĄāļēāļ˜āļīāļšāļ”āļĩ 
1
Outline 
â€Ē Definitions of MDR 
â€Ē Emerging Resistance 
â–Ŧ International 
â–Ŧ Domestic 
â–Ŧ Evolving epidemiology of MDR 
â€Ē Prevalence of MDR in Thailand 
â€Ē Adaptation to the new challenges 
2
General definition of MDR 
MDR XDR 
The isolate is non-susceptible 
to â‰Ĩ1 
agent in â‰Ĩ3 
antimicrobial 
categories 
The isolate is non-susceptible 
to â‰Ĩ1 
agent in all but 2 or 
fewer antimicrobial 
categories 
A.-P Magiorakos et al Clin Microbiol Infect 2012; 18: 268–281 
3
Antimicrobial categories for 
Enterobacteriaceae 
â€Ē Penicillins 
â–Ŧ Penicillins + b-lactamase inhibitors 
â–Ŧ Antipseudomonal penicillins + b-lactamase 
inhibitors 
â€Ē 1st, 2nd generation cephalosporins, 
cephamycins 
â€Ē Extended-spectrum cephalosporins; 3rd- 
4th generation cephalosporins 
A.-P Magiorakos et al Clin Microbiol Infect 2012; 18: 268–281 
4
Antimicrobial categories for 
Pseudomonas aeruginosa 
A.-P Magiorakos et al Clin Microbiol Infect 2012; 18: 268–281 
5 
Antipseudomonal 
penicillins 
+ b-lactamase inhibitors 
Ticarcillin-clavulanic acid 
Piperacillin-tazobactam 
Antipseudomonal 
cephalosporins 
Ceftazidime, cefepime 
Antipseudomonal 
carbapenems 
Imipenem, meropenem 
Doripenem
Antimicrobial categories for 
Pseudomonas aeruginosa 
Aminoglycosides Gentamicin, tobramycin, 
amikacin, netilmicin 
Antipseudomonal 
fluoroquinolones 
Ciprofloxacin, 
levofloxacin 
Polymyxins Colistin 
Polymyxin B 
A.-P Magiorakos et al Clin Microbiol Infect 2012; 18: 268–281 
6
Antimicrobial categories for Acinetobacter 
spp. 
Penicillins + b-lactamase 
Ampicillin-sulbactam 
inhibitors 
Antipseudomonal 
penicillins 
+ b-lactamase inhibitors 
Piperacillin-tazobactam, 
Ticarcillin-clavulanic acid 
Antipseudomonal 
carbapenems 
Imipenem, Meropenem, 
Doripenem 
Extended-spectrum 
cephalosporins 
Ceftriaxone, Cefotaxime, 
Ceftazidime, Cefepime 
A.-P Magiorakos et al Clin Microbiol Infect 2012; 18: 268–281 7
Antimicrobial categories for Acinetobacter 
spp. 
Aminoglycosides Gentamicin, Tobramycin, 
Amikacin, Netilmicin 
Antipseudomonal 
fluoroquinolones 
Ciprofloxacin, 
Levofloxacin 
Folate pathway inhibitors Trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole 
Polymyxins Colistin, Polymyxin B 
A.-P Magiorakos et al Clin Microbiol Infect 2012; 18: 268–281 8
Emerging resistance 
â€Ē Community-onset/acquired ESBL 
producers 
â€Ē Carbapenem-resistant 
Enterobacteriaceae 
â–Ŧ Combined mechanism 
â–Ŧ Carbapenemase 
 KPC (class A carbapenemase) 
 NDM-1 
 Other enzymes 
9
ESBL-Positive Enterobacteria Isolates in 
Drinking Water 
â€Ē Aim of study: assess the presence of 
ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae 
isolates in sachet packaged water bags 
sold as drinking water in the streets of 
Kinshasa, the capital of Democratic 
Republic of the Congo. 
10 
De Boeck H et al. Emerg Infect Dis 2012; 18(6):1019-20
ESBL-Positive Enterobacteria Isolates in 
Drinking Water 
â€Ē 101 sachet-packaged water bags were 
bought from street vendors 
â€Ē 150 non-duplicate Enterobacteriaceae 
identified 
â€Ē Eight isolates (5.3 %) were confirmed 
as ESBL producers 
â€Ē Five isolates carried blaCTX-M1 
11 
De Boeck H et al. Emerg Infect Dis 2012; 18(6):1019-20
Carbapenem-Resistant Enterobacteriaceae 
â€Ē Production of ESBL + modification of 
cell membrane protein 
â€Ē Production of new b-lactamases 
â–Ŧ OXA-type (Acinetobacter baumannii) 
â–Ŧ KPC (K. pneumoniae) 
â–Ŧ NDM-1 (Enterobactericeae) 
â–Ŧ VIM, SIM, etc. 
12
Key features of organisms that 
produce KPC enzymes 
Feature Details 
Affected 
antibiotics 
Direct: Îē−lactam; Indirect: fluoroquinolones, 
aminoglycosides, TMP/SMX 
Bacterial 
species 
K. pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, 
Enterobacter, Citrobacter and Salmonella 
species 
Risk factors Similar to other R traits 
Mechanism 
of resistance 
Plasmid-encoded gene (blaKPC ) enables 
hydrolysis of Îē-lactam antibiotics 
Toye B et al CMAJ 2009; 180:1225-6 13
Global distribution of KPC b-lactamases 
Walsh TR Intern J Antimicrob Agents 2010: 36S3; S8–S14
Global distribution of mobile metallo-b-lactamases 
Walsh TR Intern J Antimicrob Agents 2010: 36S3; S8–S14
16
āļĨāļąāļāļĐāļ“āļ°āļŠāļģāļ„āļąāļāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āđ€āļŠāļ·āđ‰āļ­ superbug 
NDM-1 āđƒāļ™āđ€āļ­āđ€āļ‹āļĩāļĒāđƒāļ•āđ‰ 
â€Ē āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āđ€āļŠāļ·āđ‰āļ­āļāđˆāļ­āđ‚āļĢāļ„āđƒāļ™āļ„āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ„āļĄāđˆāđ„āļ”āđ‰āđ€āļ‚āđ‰āļēāļĢāļąāļšāļāļēāļĢ 
āļĢāļąāļāļĐāļēāđƒāļ™āđ‚āļĢāļ‡āļžāļĒāļēāļšāļēāļĨ (āđ€āļŠāļ·āđ‰āļ­āļāđˆāļ­āđ‚āļĢāļ„āļˆāļēāļ 
āļŠāļļāļĄāļŠāļ™) 
Kumarasamy KK et al Published Online August 11, 2010 DOI:10.1016/S1473-3099(10)70143-217
āļ—āļĩāđˆāļĄāļēāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āđ€āļŠāļ·āđ‰āļ­ superbug NDM-1 āđƒāļ™ 
āđ€āļ­āđ€āļ‹āļĩāļĒāđƒāļ•āđ‰ 
â€Ē āđ€āļŠāļ·āđ‰āļ­āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ­āļēāļĻāļąāļĒāđƒāļ™āļ—āļēāļ‡āđ€āļ”āļīāļ™āļ­āļēāļŦāļēāļĢāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ„āļ™āđƒāļ™ 
āļŠāļļāļĄāļŠāļ™āļ­āļīāļ™āđ€āļ”āļĩāļĒāļŦāļĨāļēāļĒāđāļŦāđˆāļ‡ (āļšāļēāļ‡āļ„āļĢāļąāđ‰āļ‡āļŠāļēāļĄāļēāļĢāļ– 
āļāđˆāļ­āđ‚āļĢāļ„āđ„āļ”āđ‰) āļĄāļĩāļāļēāļĢāļ”āļ·āđ‰āļ­āļĒāļēāļ–āļķāļ‡āļĢāđ‰āļ­āļĒāļĨāļ° 70–901 
â€Ē āļĄāļĩāļāļēāļĢāđƒāļŠāđ‰āļĒāļēāļ›āļāļīāļŠāļĩāļ§āļ™āļ°āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ­āļ­āļāļĪāļ—āļ˜āļīāđŒāļāļ§āđ‰āļēāļ‡ (āļĒāļē 
āđāļĢāļ‡) āļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āļāļ§āđ‰āļēāļ‡āļ‚āļ§āļēāļ‡ āļ‚āļēāļ”āļāļēāļĢāļ„āļ§āļšāļ„āļļāļĄāļ—āļĩāđˆāļ”āļĩ 
āđƒāļ™āļŠāļļāļĄāļŠāļ™āđƒāļ™āđ€āļ­āđ€āļ‹āļĩāļĒāđƒāļ•āđ‰2 
1. Hawkey PM. Clin Microbiol Infect 2008; 14 (suppl 1): 159–65 
2. Ghafur AK. J Assoc Physician India 2010; 58: 143–44. 
18
Hawser S P. et al (SMART 2007) Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2009; 53:3280–328419
Intra-abdominal isolates 
20 
Hsueh PR et al International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents 36 (2010) 408–414
ESBL producing GNR in travelers diarrhea 
Region ESBL-pos (n) Proportion positive p-Value compared 
to Europe 
World 58 (58/242)=0.24 
Europe excl. Sweden 2 (2/63)=0.03 
Egypt 19 (19/38)=0.50 <0.0001 
Thailand 8 (8/36)=0.22 0.0042 
India 11 (11/14)=0.79 <0.0001 
Middle East 4 (4/10)=0.40 0.0025 
Southeast Asia incl. 
Australia 5 (5/13)=0.38 0.0012 
Africa excl. Egypt 2 (2/17)=0.12 0.1965 (NS) 
America incl. West 
Indies 1 (1/10)=0.10 0.3615 (NS) 
Unspecified 6 (6/42)=0.15 0.0550 (NS) 
Tham J et al Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases, 2010; 42: 275–280 
21
Features of NDM-1: Concerns 
â€Ē Plasmids carrying the gene for this 
carbapenemase, blaNDM-1, can have 
up to 14 other antibiotic resistance 
determinants 
â€Ē Transferrable to other bacteria 
Walsh T R et al Lancet Infect Dis 2011; 11:355–62 22
23/58
āļœāļĨāļāļēāļĢāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļē 
â€Ē āļāļēāļĢāļŠāļģāļĢāļ§āļˆāđƒāļ™āđ€āļ”āļ·āļ­āļ™āļ•āļļāļĨāļēāļ„āļĄ – āļžāļĪāļĻāļˆāļīāļāļēāļĒāļ™ 
2551 āđ‚āļ”āļĒāđ€āļžāļēāļ°āđ€āļŠāļ·āđ‰āļ­āļˆāļēāļāļ­āļļāļˆāļˆāļēāļĢāļ°āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ„āļ™āđƒāļ™ 
āļŠāļļāļĄāļŠāļ™āđāļŦāđˆāļ‡āļŦāļ™āļķāđˆāļ‡ āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ„āļĄāđˆāđ€āļ„āļĒāđ„āļ”āđ‰āļĢāļąāļšāļĒāļēāļ›āļāļīāļŠāļĩāļ§āļ™āļ° 
āđƒāļ™āļŠāđˆāļ§āļ‡ 3 āđ€āļ”āļ·āļ­āļ™āļāđˆāļ­āļ™āļŦāļ™āđ‰āļēāļ™āļĩāđ‰ āļˆāļģāļ™āļ§āļ™ 160 āļ„āļ™ 
â€Ē āļāļĨāļļāđˆāļĄāļ•āļąāļ§āļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āļĄāļĩāļ­āļēāļĒāļļāļĢāļ°āļŦāļ§āđˆāļēāļ‡ 25–86 āļ›āļĩ 
24
āļœāļĨāļāļēāļĢāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļē 
â€Ē āļžāļšāđ€āļŠāļ·āđ‰āļ­āļ”āļ·āđ‰āļ­āļĒāļē 87 āļĢāļēāļĒ (āļĢāđ‰āļ­āļĒāļĨāļ° 57.4) 
â€Ē āļŠāļąāļ™āļ™āļīāļĐāļāļēāļ™āļ§āđˆāļēāđ€āļŠāļ·āđ‰āļ­āļ”āļ·āđ‰āļ­āļĒāļēāļ­āļēāļˆāļĄāļĩāļŠāđˆāļ§āļ™āđ€āļāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ§āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļ‡ 
āļāļąāļšâ€œ “āļ­āļēāļŦāļēāļĢ” āļ—āļĩāđˆāļĢāļąāļšāļ›āļĢāļ°āļ—āļēāļ™ 
25
ESBL producers among ER patients 
â€Ē Rectal swab cultures from ER patients 
â€Ē 125 +ve screen for ESBL, of these, 79 
+ve by confirmatory test (74 were E. 
coli) 
â€Ē ï‚ŧ 80% did not take ATB in the past 
three months and never been admitted 
â€Ē Many were regular patients of hospitals 
(OPD)
MDR in Community Hospitals 
â€Ē Referred from provincial/regional 
hospitals with known MDR 
â€Ē Referred from provincial/regional 
hospitals with occult MDR 
â€Ē Broad-spectrum antibiotics are also 
supplied ïƒĻ further increased selective 
pressure 
27
CRE in Thailand 
â€Ē Case reported from hospitals in NE, E, 
central, and Bangkok region 
â€Ē Most commonly found in NE 
â€Ē Number of isolates range 1-15/hospital 
â€Ē Variety of resistance genes 
â–Ŧ VIM, SIM, etc. 
â–Ŧ Plus NDM (number to be assigned) 
28
Walsh T R et al Lancet Infect Dis 2011; 11:355–62 29
Key findings 
â€Ē Bacteria with blaNDM-1 were grown 
from 12 of 171 seepage samples and 
two of 50 water samples 
â€Ē 11 species has not been known to carry 
NDM-1 (Shigella boydii and Vibrio 
cholerae) 
Walsh T R et al Lancet Infect Dis 2011; 11:355–62 30
Key findings 
â€Ē Carriage by enterobacteria, 
aeromonads, and V. cholerae was 
stable, generally transmissible, and 
associated with resistance patterns 
typical for NDM-1 
Walsh T R et al Lancet Infect Dis 2011; 11:355–62 31
Global distribution of mobile metallo-b-lactamases 
Walsh TR Intern J Antimicrob Agents 2010: 36S3; S8–S14
(Slides āļˆāļēāļāļ­.āļ§āļąāļ™āļ—āļ™āļē āļ›āļ§āļĩāļ“āļāļīāļ•āļ•āļīāļžāļĢ –NARST) 
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
Basic information 
â€Ē 1,023 hospitals 
â€Ē 6,830,843 admissions 
â€Ē NI rates: 2.07-7.60 % 
â€Ē Infections: 268,628 episodes 
â€Ē Caused by MDR 87,751 episodes 
43
Key findings 
â€Ē Total extra LOS: 3.2 million days 
â€Ē 38,481 death 
â€Ē ATB cost 2,539-6,084 million Bht 
â€Ē Indirect cost (morbidity, premature 
death) 40,000 million Bht. 
44
āđāļŦāļĨāđˆāļ‡āļ—āļĩāđˆāļĄāļĩāļāļēāļĢāđƒāļŠāđ‰āļĒāļēāļ›āļāļīāļŠāļĩāļ§āļ™āļ° 
45
āđāļŦāļĨāđˆāļ‡āļ—āļĩāđˆāļĄāļĩāļāļēāļĢāđƒāļŠāđ‰āļĒāļēāļ›āļāļīāļŠāļĩāļ§āļ™āļ° 
46
How should we adapt our selves? 
â€Ē More stringent antimicrobial 
stewardship program to encompass all 
healthcare sectors, including in farms 
â€Ē Stronger IC 
â–Ŧ Surveillance 
â–Ŧ Isolation precautions 
48
1 
Emerging Antimicrobial resistance 
Amari airport Hotel 
9 Jan 2013 
Outbreak of Multi-drug Resistant 
Organisms : An Overview 
Y. Rongrungruang, MD 
Department of Medicine 
Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital 
Mahidol University
Focus 
Overview of MDR agents 
Outbreak vs endemic MDR agents 
From evidence to practice strategies 
Conclusions
Emerging MDR Gram Negative 
organisms in health-care facilities 
â€Ē ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae 
â€Ē Carbapenem-resistant A. baumannii & P. 
aeruginosa 
â€Ē Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae 
â€Ē Colistin-resistant A. baumannii & P. 
aeruginosa
Emerging MDR Gram Positive 
organisms in health-care facilities 
â€Ē Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) 
with reduced susceptibility to 
glycopepetide 
â€Ē Ampicillin & high level gentamicin-resistant 
Enterococci 
â€Ē Vancomycin-resistant Enterococci (VRE)
Epidemic vs Endemic 
Epidemic 
â€Ē Occurrence of more cases of a disease than 
expected among a given group of people over a 
specific time period 
Endemic 
â€Ē Usual or expected number of cases within a 
specific geographic location or population
Epidemic rate 
AAvveerraaggee 
TTiimmee 
AAttttaacckk RRaattee 
Endemic rate
Is there an outbreak? 
â€Ē Usually occurs over short time period 
â€Ē Affects specific population with common 
exposure/risk factor 
â€Ē Caused by single strain of organism
Is there an Outbreak? 
â€Ē One case of an uncommon disease 
– Group A Strep SSI 
â€Ē A “cluster” of unusual pathogen 
– Pseudomonas cepacia BSI 
– Carbapenem-R Acinetobacter baumannii 
(new strain) 
â€Ē Increase of incidence in specific ward 
– Pneumonia in psychiatric unit
Epidemic curve: transmission mode 
Category Possible Modes 
Point (common) 
source 
Gastroenteric illness 
Person-to-person 
(propagated) source 
Respiratory illness 
Continuous source* 
(endemic) 
Vector-borne, 
zoonotic, 
nosocomial, etc.
Common Source 
Single Exposure 
10 
8 
6 
4 
2 
0 
IInnddeexx ccaassee 
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 
DDaayyss 
NNoo.. ooff CCaasseess 
CCuurrvvee:: NNoorrmmaall ddiissttrriibbuuttiioonn iiff 
aaddeeqquuaattee ## ccaasseess && sshhoorrtt iinnccuubbaattiioonn 

Common Source 
Intermittent Exposure 
10 
8 
6 
4 
2 
0 
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 
DDaayyss 
NNoo.. ooff CCaasseess 
CCuurrvvee:: iirrrreegguullaarrllyy ssppaacceedd ppeeaakkss
Epidemic Curve: Outbreak of Pseudomonas picketti 
Bacteremia and Contaminated Infusate Traced to 
Contaminated Fentanyl 
4 
3 
D 
No. of Cases January February March April 
2 
1 
0 
6 13 20 27 3 10 17 24 3 10 17 24 31 7 14 21 
WWeeeekk ooff SSuurrggeerryy,, 22000011 
P 
D P 
P 
P 
B 
B B 
PPrroobbaabbllee CCaassee 
DDeeffiinniittee CCaassee 
DDeeffiinniittee CCaassee wwiitthh BBaacctteerreemmiiaa 
P 
D 
B
Propogated Source 
Single Exposure with Secondary & Tertiary Cases 
10 
8 
6 
4 
2 
0 
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 
WWeeeekk 
NNoo.. ooff CCaasseess 
CCuurrvvee:: iirrrreegguullaarr ppeeaakkss oovveerr lloonngg ppeerriioodd ooff ttiimmee
Intervention to reduce KPC-III 
â€Ē Efficacy assessment during 2006-2010 
using quasi-experimental study 
â€Ē Intervention included 
– patient isolation, cohorting 
– environment cleaning 
– education of staff, hand hygiene 
– computerized notification system that flags 
CRKP carriers and provides instructions
Cleaning/disinfecting CRKP 
â€Ē During hosp stay & after discharge 
â€Ē Use of hypochlorite 1,000 ppm provided 
to all housekeeping staff 
â€Ē Vacated rooms had to be certified for 
reuse by the infection control nurse 
â€Ē Same procedure applied to station that 
had been used by CRKP cases/carriers
Outbreak of Imipenem-Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii at Songklanagarind 
Silom Jamulitrat, Somchit Thongpiyapoom , Nonglak Suwalak 
J Med Assoc Thai 2007; 90 (10): 2181-91
Incidence 
of colonized 
or infected 
with CR or CS 
A. baumannii 
& carbapenem 
consumption 
1997 to 1998 
Corbella X. 
J Clin Microb 
2000:38; 
4086–95 
19
20 
A B B C D D D D D D E E 
Patterns 
obtained by 
PFGE 
for A. baumannii 
after digestion 
with SmaI 
Corbella X. 
J Clin Microb 
2000:38;4086–95
Temporal 
trends in 
environmental 
contamination 
with 
A. baumannii 
clones 
before 
and 
after 
interventions 
Corbella X. 
J Clin Microb 
2000:38;4086–95 
21
Endemic MRSA & intervention 
â€Ē MRSA bundle” was implemented in 2007 
in acute care VA hospitals nationwide in 
an effort to decrease MRSA HAI. 
â€Ē Bundle consisted of universal nasal 
surveillance for MRSA, contact 
precautions, hand hygiene, and a change 
in the institutional culture during 
October 2007 through June 2010
Endemic MRSA & intervention 
â€Ē 1,934,598 admissions and 8,318,675 
patient-days 
â€Ē Screening at admission 82% to 96%, 
transfer/discharge 72% to 93% 
â€Ē Mean colonization/infection = 13.6 Âą 3.7% 
â€Ē MRSA HAI declined from 1.64 to 0.62 
per 1000 pt-days (62%, P<0.001)
ICU MRSA 1.64 to 0.62 per 1000 
patient-days in October 2007 to June 
2010, a decrease of 62% (P<0.001) 
non-ICUs fell from 0.47 per 1000 
patient-days 
to 0.26 per 1000 patient-days, a 
decrease of 45% (P<0.001) 
Rates of Health Care–Associated Methicillin-Resistant 
Staphylococcus aureus in Veterans Affairs (VA) Facilities & 
MRSA bundle 
Jain R, et al. N Engl J Med 2011;364:1419-30.
Skin bath with 4% chlorhexidine & VRE, MRSA colonization, 
blood stream infections Climo MW. Crit Care Med 2009; 37:1858–65
Skin bath with 4% chlorhexidine & VRE, MRSA colonization, 
blood stream infections Climo MW. Crit Care Med 2009; 37:1858–65
Outbreak vs endemic MDR 
organisms in health-care facilities 
â€Ē New strain, single clone, small cluster , 
specific unit favor outbreak > endemic & 
success of eradicate/control 
â€Ē Oligoclonal/polyclonal strains, late, 
prolonged outbreak or endemic MDR 
associated with higher rate of failure to 
eradicate/control
28 
Control & 
Prevention Strategy 
in MDRo
multifaceted, evidence-based 
approach on MDRo guideline 2006 
Infection prevention 
Accurate/prompt diagnosis and 
treatment 
Prudent use of antimicrobials 
Prevention of transmission
Intervention on MDRo transmission 2006 
Category Grade 
Hand hygiene Recommended 
Contact precaution Recommended 
Environment cleaning Recommended 
Communication between 
Recommended 
unit/hospitals
Intervention on MDRo transmission 2006 
Category Grade 
Single room or cohorting Preferred 
Intensified precaution in 
Considered 
uncontrolled transmission 
Active culture surveillance Considered 
Decolonization Considered
32 
Priority on MDR Enterobacteriaceae 
prevention & control 
Category Rationale & Comments 
Standard 
and contact 
precautions 
Essential, especially hand 
hygiene compliance. behavioral 
aspects of compliance warranted 
Active 
surveillance 
Indicated, but be tailored to at-risk 
groups and resources, esp laboratory, 
isolation facilities, incidence fell after 
enhanced screening, isolation/cohort 
in studies 
Khan AS, et al. J Hosp Infect 
82 (2012:82;85-93.
33 
Priority on MDR Enterobacteriaceae 
prevention & control 
Category Rationale & Comments 
Environment 
cleaning 
Reduced susceptibility to 
chlorhexidine among XDR KP 
Decolonization No recognized methods, 
antibiotic stewardship vs GI 
decolonization with antibiotics 
Antimicrobial 
stewardship 
Effective control of antibiotic 
use inside and outside hospital 
Khan AS, et al. J Hosp Infect 
82 (2012:82;85-93.
Conclusion 
New strain, single clone, small cluster , early 
intervention favor outbreak > endemic & 
success of eradicate/control 
Oligoclonal/polyclonal strains, late 
intervention, prolonged outbreak or endemic 
MDR associated with higher rate of failure 
to eradicate/control 
Enhanced & sustained implementation of 
MDR bundles in certain settings
20/12/55 
āļāļēāļĢāļ­āļšāļĢāļĄ āļāļēāļĢāļšāļĢāļīāļŦāļēāļĢāļˆāļąāļ”āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļĄāļ·āđˆāļ­āļžāļšāđ€āļŠāļ·āđ‰āļ­āļ”āļ·āđ‰āļ­āļĒāļē 9 āļĄāļāļĢāļēāļ„āļĄ 2556 
āđ‚āļĢāļ„āļ•āļīāļ”āđ€āļŠāļ·āđ‰āļ­āđƒāļ™āđ‚āļĢāļ‡āļžāļĒāļēāļšāļēāļĨāđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļŠāļ­āļšāļŠāļ§āļ™āļāļēāļĢāļĢāļ°āļšāļēāļ” 
āļāļēāļĢāļˆāļąāļ”āļāļēāļĢāļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™āļŦāđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ›āļāļīāļšāļąāļ•āļīāļāļēāļĢ 
āļĢāļĻ. āđ‚āļŠāļ•āļīāļŠāļ™āļ° āļ§āļīāđ„āļĨāļĨāļąāļāļ‚āļ“āļē 
āļ„āļ“āļ°āđ€āļ—āļ„āļ™āļīāļ„āļāļēāļĢāđāļžāļ—āļĒāđŒ āļĄāļŦāļēāļ§āļīāļ—āļĒāļēāļĨāļąāļĒāļ‚āļ­āļ™āđāļāđˆāļ™
āļšāļ—āļšāļēāļ—āļŦāđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ›āļāļīāļšāļąāļ•āļīāļāļēāļĢāļāļąāļšāļāļēāļĢāļŠāļ­āļšāļŠāļ§āļ™āđ€āļŠāļ·āđ‰āļ­āļ”āļ·āđ‰āļ­āļĒāļē 
āļŠāļ–āļēāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ“āđŒāļ›āļĢāļāļ•āļī 
āļŠāļ–āļēāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ“āđŒāļāļēāļĢāļĢāļ°āļšāļēāļ” 
āđ‚āļĢāļ„āļ•āļīāļ”āđ€āļŠāļ·āđ‰āļ­āđƒāļ™āđ‚āļĢāļ‡āļžāļĒāļēāļšāļēāļĨāđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļŠāļ­āļšāļŠāļ§āļ™āļāļēāļĢāļĢāļ°āļšāļēāļ” 1
āļŠāļ–āļēāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ“āđŒāļ›āļĢāļāļ•āļī 
āļāļĢāļ°āļšāļ§āļ™āļāļēāļĢ āļāļāļēāļēāļĢāļšāļĢāļĢāļīāļīāļŦāļŦāļēāļēāļĢāļˆāļˆāļąāļąāļ”āļāļāļēāļēāļĢ 
āļ•āļąāļ§āļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āļŠāđˆāļ‡āļ•āļĢāļ§āļˆ 
āļšāļĢāļīāļŦāļēāļĢāļˆāļąāļ”āļāļēāļĢāđƒāļŦāđ‰āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļ•āļąāļ§āļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āļŠāđˆāļ‡āļ•āļĢāļ§āļˆāļ—āļĩāđˆāļĄāļĩāļ„āļļāļ“āļ āļēāļž, āļˆāļąāļ”āļ—āļģāļ„āļđāđˆāļĄāļ·āļ­ 
āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļāđ‡āļš āļĢāļąāļāļĐāļē āļ™āļģāļŠāđˆāļ‡āļ•āļąāļ§āļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡ āđāļĨāļ°āļˆāļąāļ”āļāļēāļĢāļ•āļąāļ§āļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āđƒāļŦāđ‰ 
āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āđ„āļ›āļ•āļēāļĄāļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļāļģāļŦāļ™āļ”āļĄāļēāļ•āļĢāļāļēāļ™ 
āļžāļīāļŠāļđāļˆāļ™āđŒāļŠāļ™āļīāļ” 
āđāļšāļ„āļ—āļĩāđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒ 
āļžāļīāļŠāļđāļˆāļ™āđŒāļŠāļ™āļīāļ”āļ•āļēāļĄāļ§āļīāļ˜āļĩāļĄāļēāļ•āļĢāļāļēāļ™, āļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļē āļˆāļąāļ”āļŦāļēāļāļēāļĢāļ•āļĢāļ§āļˆ 
āļ§āļīāđ€āļ„āļĢāļēāļ°āļŦāđŒāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļžāļīāđˆāļĄāļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļīāļ—āļ˜āļīāļ āļēāļž āđ€āļŠāđˆāļ™ āļĢāļ°āļšāļšāļ­āļąāļ•āđ‚āļ™āļĄāļąāļ•āļī 
āļ—āļ”āļŠāļ­āļšāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ„āļ§ 
āļ•āđˆāļ­āļŠāļēāļĢāļ•āđ‰āļēāļ™āļˆāļļāļĨāļŠāļĩāļž 
āļ„āļąāļ”āđ€āļĨāļ·āļ­āļāļŠāļ™āļīāļ”āļĒāļēāļ—āļ”āļŠāļ­āļš āļāļģāļŦāļ™āļ”āļ§āļīāļ˜āļĩāļāļēāļĢāļ—āļ”āļŠāļ­āļš āđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļ„āļąāļ” 
āļāļĢāļ­āļ‡āļ•āļēāļĄāļĄāļēāļ•āļĢāļāļēāļ™ (CLSI) 
āđ‚āļĢāļ„āļ•āļīāļ”āđ€āļŠāļ·āđ‰āļ­āđƒāļ™āđ‚āļĢāļ‡āļžāļĒāļēāļšāļēāļĨāđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļŠāļ­āļšāļŠāļ§āļ™āļāļēāļĢāļĢāļ°āļšāļēāļ” 2
āļŠāļ–āļēāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ“āđŒāļ›āļĢāļāļ•āļī 
āļāļĢāļ°āļšāļ§āļ™āļāļēāļĢ āļāļāļēāļēāļĢāļšāļĢāļĢāļīāļīāļŦāļŦāļēāļēāļĢāļˆāļˆāļąāļąāļ”āļāļāļēāļēāļĢ 
āļĢāļ°āļšāļšāļŠāļēāļĢ 
āļŠāļ™āđ€āļ—āļĻ 
āļŠāļēāļĢāļŠāļ™āđ€āļ—āļĻāļ•āđˆāļēāļ‡ āđ† āđ€āļŠāđˆāļ™ āļŠāļ™āļīāļ”āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āđāļšāļ„āļ—āļĩāđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒāļ—āļĩāđˆāđāļĒāļāđ„āļ”āđ‰ āļ­āļąāļ•āļĢāļē 
āļāļēāļĢāļ”āļ·āđ‰āļ­āļĒāļē āđāļšāļ„āļ—āļĩāđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒāđ€āļāđ‰āļēāļĢāļ°āļ§āļąāļ‡ 
āļĢāļ°āļšāļšāļšāļĢāļīāļŦāļēāļĢ 
āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļŠāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ‡ 
Infection control: āļĢāļ°āļšāļšāđ€āļāđ‰āļēāļĢāļ°āļ§āļąāļ‡āđ€āļŠāļ·āđ‰āļ­āļ”āļ·āđ‰āļ­āļĒāļē, āļĢāļ°āļšāļš 
āļŠāļ™āļąāļšāļŠāļ™āļļāļ™āļ‡āļēāļ™ IC (Surveillance system, typing 
system) 
āļĢāļ°āļšāļšāļ›āļĢāļ°āļāļąāļ™āđāļĨāļ° 
āļ„āļ§āļšāļ„āļļāļĄāļ„āļļāļ“āļ āļēāļž 
āļ„āļļāļ“āļ āļēāļžāļ•āļąāļ§āļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āļŠāđˆāļ‡āļ•āļĢāļ§āļˆ, āļĢāļ°āļšāļšāļ„āļ§āļšāļ„āļļāļĄāļ„āļļāļ“āļ āļēāļžāļ āļēāļĒāđƒāļ™āđāļĨāļ° 
āļ āļēāļĒāļ™āļ­āļ, āļĢāļ°āļšāļšāļšāļĢāļīāļŦāļēāļĢāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļŠāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ‡āļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļšāļĢāļīāļāļēāļĢ... āļŊāļĨāļŊ 
āđ‚āļĢāļ„āļ•āļīāļ”āđ€āļŠāļ·āđ‰āļ­āđƒāļ™āđ‚āļĢāļ‡āļžāļĒāļēāļšāļēāļĨāđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļŠāļ­āļšāļŠāļ§āļ™āļāļēāļĢāļĢāļ°āļšāļēāļ” 3
āļŠāļ–āļēāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ“āđŒāļ›āļĢāļāļ•āļī 
āļĢāļ°āļšāļšāđ€āļāđ‰āļēāļĢāļ°āļ§āļąāļ‡āļˆāļļāļĨāļŠāļĩāļžāđ€āļ›āđ‰āļēāļŦāļĄāļēāļĒ: āļ•āļąāļ§āļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āđ€āļŠāļ·āđ‰āļ­āļ”āļ·āđ‰āļ­āļĒāļēāđ€āļāđ‰āļēāļĢāļ°āļ§āļąāļ‡ 
Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae 
Extended Spectrum ïĒ-lactamase producing 
Enterobacteriaceae 
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus 
Vancomycin-intermediate resistant S. aureus 
Vancomycin-reistant Enterococcus 
Penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae 
Stenotrophomonas maltophilia 
āđ‚āļĢāļ„āļ•āļīāļ”āđ€āļŠāļ·āđ‰āļ­āđƒāļ™āđ‚āļĢāļ‡āļžāļĒāļēāļšāļēāļĨāđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļŠāļ­āļšāļŠāļ§āļ™āļāļēāļĢāļĢāļ°āļšāļēāļ” 4
āļšāļ—āļšāļēāļ—āļŦāđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ›āļāļīāļšāļąāļ•āļīāļāļēāļĢāļˆāļļāļĨāļŠāļĩāļ§āļ§āļīāļ—āļĒāļēāļ„āļĨāļīāļ™āļīāļ 
Conventional cultivation 
Conventional identification 
āđ‚āļĢāļ„āļ•āļīāļ”āđ€āļŠāļ·āđ‰āļ­āđƒāļ™āđ‚āļĢāļ‡āļžāļĒāļēāļšāļēāļĨāđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļŠāļ­āļšāļŠāļ§āļ™āļāļēāļĢāļĢāļ°āļšāļēāļ” 5
āļšāļ—āļšāļēāļ—āļŦāđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ›āļāļīāļšāļąāļ•āļīāļāļēāļĢāļˆāļļāļĨāļŠāļĩāļ§āļ§āļīāļ—āļĒāļēāļ„āļĨāļīāļ™āļīāļ 
Antimicrobial sensitivity 
and screening method 
Automated antimicrobial 
susceptibility test 
āđ‚āļĢāļ„āļ•āļīāļ”āđ€āļŠāļ·āđ‰āļ­āđƒāļ™āđ‚āļĢāļ‡āļžāļĒāļēāļšāļēāļĨāđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļŠāļ­āļšāļŠāļ§āļ™āļāļēāļĢāļĢāļ°āļšāļēāļ” 6
āļŠāļ–āļēāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ“āđŒāļ›āļĢāļāļ•āļī 
Infection Control team 
IInnffoorrmmaattiioonn 
Prevalence and Incidence of multidrug 
resistance isolates in specific populations 
or patient care locations 
IInnffeeccttiioonn CCoonnttrrooll NNuurrssee 
Laboratory 
Antimicrobial susceptibility reports: IInnffoorrmmaattiioonn 
Pathogen-specific prevalence of 
resistance among clinical isolates 
āđ‚āļĢāļ„āļ•āļīāļ”āđ€āļŠāļ·āđ‰āļ­āđƒāļ™āđ‚āļĢāļ‡āļžāļĒāļēāļšāļēāļĨāđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļŠāļ­āļšāļŠāļ§āļ™āļāļēāļĢāļĢāļ°āļšāļēāļ” 7
āđ€āļŠāļ·āđ‰āļ­āļ”āļ·āđ‰āļ­āļĒāļēāđ€āļāđ‰āļēāļĢāļ°āļ§āļąāļ‡ 
Gram-negative bacilli 
EEsscchheerriicchhiiaa ccoollii,, KKlleebbssiieellllaa ppnneeuummoonniiaaee 
āđāļšāļ„āļ—āļĩāđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒāļ›āļĢāļ°āļˆāļģāļ–āļīāđˆāļ™āđƒāļ™āļĢāļ°āļšāļšāļ—āļēāļ‡āđ€āļ”āļīāļ™āļ­āļēāļŦāļēāļĢ āļāļēāļĢāļ•āļīāļ”āđ€āļŠāļ·āđ‰āļ­āđ€āļŦāļĨāđˆāļēāļ™āļĩāđ‰ 
āļ­āļēāļˆāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™ endogenous pathogens āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­ exogenous 
pathogens 
āļ›āļąāļˆāļˆāļļāļšāļąāļ™āđ€āļŠāļ·āđ‰āļ­āļāļĨāļļāđˆāļĄāļ™āļĩāđ‰āļ”āļ·āđ‰āļ­āļĒāļēāļŦāļĨāļēāļĒāļ‚āļ™āļēāļ™: extended-spectrum 
ïĒ-lactamase (ESBL) producer āļāļĨāļļāđˆāļĄāļ™āļĩāđ‰āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āđ€āļŠāļ·āđ‰āļ­āļāđˆāļ­āđ‚āļĢāļ„ 
āļ•āļīāļ”āđ€āļŠāļ·āđ‰āļ­āđƒāļ™āđ‚āļĢāļ‡āļžāļĒāļēāļšāļēāļĨāļ—āļĩāđˆāļŠāļģāļ„āļąāļ āļœāļđāđ‰āļ›āđˆāļ§āļĒāļĄāļĩāđ‚āļ­āļāļēāļŠāđ€āļŠāļĩāļĒāļŠāļĩāļ§āļīāļ•āļŠāļđāļ‡ 
āđ‚āļĢāļ„āļ•āļīāļ”āđ€āļŠāļ·āđ‰āļ­āđƒāļ™āđ‚āļĢāļ‡āļžāļĒāļēāļšāļēāļĨāđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļŠāļ­āļšāļŠāļ§āļ™āļāļēāļĢāļĢāļ°āļšāļēāļ” 8
Gram-negative bacilli 
āđ€āļŠāļ·āđ‰āļ­āļ”āļ·āđ‰āļ­āļĒāļēāđ€āļāđ‰āļēāļĢāļ°āļ§āļąāļ‡ 
EEsscchheerriicchhiiaa ccoollii,, KKlleebbssiieellllaa ppnneeuummoonniiaaee 
EE..ccoollii KK.. ppnneeuummoonniiaaee 
āđ‚āļĢāļ„āļ•āļīāļ”āđ€āļŠāļ·āđ‰āļ­āđƒāļ™āđ‚āļĢāļ‡āļžāļĒāļēāļšāļēāļĨāđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļŠāļ­āļšāļŠāļ§āļ™āļāļēāļĢāļĢāļ°āļšāļēāļ” 9
āđāļšāļ„āļ—āļĩāđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒāļāđˆāļ­āđ‚āļĢāļ„āļ•āļīāļ”āđ€āļŠāļ·āđ‰āļ­āđƒāļ™āđ‚āļĢāļ‡āļžāļĒāļēāļšāļēāļĨ 
GGrraamm-nneeggaattiivvee bbaacciillllii 
Enterobacter sspppp.. SSeerrrraattiiaa 
Enterobacter āļžāļšāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āđāļšāļ„āļ—āļĩāđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒāļ›āļĢāļ°āļˆāļģāļ–āļīāđˆāļ™āđƒāļ™āļĢāļ°āļšāļšāļ—āļēāļ‡āđ€āļ”āļīāļ™ 
āļ­āļēāļŦāļēāļĢ āđāļĨāļ°āļžāļšāđƒāļ™āļŠāļīāđˆāļ‡āđāļ§āļ”āļĨāđ‰āļ­āļĄāđƒāļ™āļ˜āļĢāļĢāļĄāļŠāļēāļ•āļī āļ›āļ™āđ€āļ›āļ·āđ‰āļ­āļ™āđƒāļ™āļŠāļšāļđāđˆāļĨāđ‰āļēāļ‡ 
āļĄāļ·āļ­ āļ”āļ·āđ‰āļ­āļĒāļēāļŦāļĨāļēāļĒāļŠāļ™āļīāļ” 
Serratia āļžāļšāđƒāļ™āļ˜āļĢāļĢāļĄāļŠāļēāļ•āļī āļāļēāļĢāļ•āļĢāļ§āļˆāļžāļšāđ€āļŠāļ·āđ‰āļ­āđƒāļ™āļ•āļąāļ§āļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āļŠāđˆāļ‡āļ•āļĢāļ§āļˆ 
āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļœāļđāđ‰āļ›āđˆāļ§āļĒ āļ•āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āđƒāļŦāđ‰āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļŠāļ™āđƒāļˆ āļ­āļēāļˆāļĄāļĩāļāļēāļĢāļ›āļ™āđ€āļ›āļ·āđ‰āļ­āļ™āļˆāļēāļāļŠāļīāđˆāļ‡āđāļ§āļ”āļĨāđ‰āļ­āļĄ 
āđ‚āļĢāļ„āļ•āļīāļ”āđ€āļŠāļ·āđ‰āļ­āđƒāļ™āđ‚āļĢāļ‡āļžāļĒāļēāļšāļēāļĨāđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļŠāļ­āļšāļŠāļ§āļ™āļāļēāļĢāļĢāļ°āļšāļēāļ” 10
āđāļšāļ„āļ—āļĩāđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒāļāđˆāļ­āđ‚āļĢāļ„āļ•āļīāļ”āđ€āļŠāļ·āđ‰āļ­āđƒāļ™āđ‚āļĢāļ‡āļžāļĒāļēāļšāļēāļĨ 
GGrraamm-nneeggaattiivvee bbaacciillllii 
Enterobacter sspppp.. SSeerrrraattiiaa 
Enterobacter Serratia
āđāļšāļ„āļ—āļĩāđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒāļāđˆāļ­āđ‚āļĢāļ„āļ•āļīāļ”āđ€āļŠāļ·āđ‰āļ­āđƒāļ™āđ‚āļĢāļ‡āļžāļĒāļēāļšāļēāļĨ 
GGrraamm-nneeggaattiivvee bbaacciillllii 
Pseudomonas aaeerruuggiinnoossaa 
āđāļšāļ„āļ—āļĩāđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒāļ—āļĩāđˆāļžāļšāđƒāļ™āļ˜āļĢāļĢāļĄāļŠāļēāļ•āļī āļžāļšāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āđāļšāļ„āļ—āļĩāđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒāļ›āļĢāļ°āļˆāļģāļ–āļīāđˆāļ™āđƒāļ™āļĢāļ°āļšāļš 
āļ—āļēāļ‡āđ€āļ”āļīāļ™āļ­āļēāļŦāļēāļĢāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ„āļ™āđ„āļ”āđ‰ 
āļ—āļ™āļ—āļēāļ™āļ•āđˆāļ­āļ™āđ‰āļģāļĒāļēāļ†āđˆāļēāđ€āļŠāļ·āđ‰āļ­āđāļĨāļ°āļ”āļ·āđ‰āļ­āļĒāļēāļŦāļĨāļēāļĒāļŠāļ™āļīāļ” 
āļ›āļ™āđ€āļ›āļ·āđ‰āļ­āļ™āđƒāļ™āļ™āđ‰āļģ āļ™āđ‰āļģāļĒāļē āļŠāļēāļĢāđ€āļ„āļĄāļĩ āļ§āļąāļŠāļ”āļļāļāļēāļĢāđāļžāļ—āļĒāđŒ 
āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āđ€āļŠāļ·āđ‰āļ­āļ‰āļ§āļĒāđ‚āļ­āļāļēāļŠāļ—āļĩāđˆāļāđˆāļ­āđ‚āļĢāļ„āļĢāļļāļ™āđāļĢāļ‡ āđ€āļŠāđˆāļ™ āļ•āļīāļ”āđ€āļŠāļ·āđ‰āļ­āđƒāļ™āđ€āļĨāļ·āļ­āļ” āđāļœāļĨ 
āļœāđˆāļēāļ•āļąāļ” āđāļœāļĨāđ„āļŸāđ„āļŦāļĄāđ‰ āđāļĨāļ°āļ•āļģāđāļŦāļ™āđˆāļ‡āļ­āļ·āđˆāļ™ āđ† āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļĢāđˆāļēāļ‡āļāļēāļĒ 
āđ‚āļĢāļ„āļ•āļīāļ”āđ€āļŠāļ·āđ‰āļ­āđƒāļ™āđ‚āļĢāļ‡āļžāļĒāļēāļšāļēāļĨāđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļŠāļ­āļšāļŠāļ§āļ™āļāļēāļĢāļĢāļ°āļšāļēāļ” 12
āđāļšāļ„āļ—āļĩāđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒāļāđˆāļ­āđ‚āļĢāļ„āļ•āļīāļ”āđ€āļŠāļ·āđ‰āļ­āđƒāļ™āđ‚āļĢāļ‡āļžāļĒāļēāļšāļēāļĨ 
GGrraamm-nneeggaattiivvee bbaacciillllii 
Pseudomonas aaeerruuggiinnoossaa 
āđ‚āļĢāļ„āļ•āļīāļ”āđ€āļŠāļ·āđ‰āļ­āđƒāļ™āđ‚āļĢāļ‡āļžāļĒāļēāļšāļēāļĨāđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļŠāļ­āļšāļŠāļ§āļ™āļāļēāļĢāļĢāļ°āļšāļēāļ” 13
āđāļšāļ„āļ—āļĩāđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒāļāđˆāļ­āđ‚āļĢāļ„āļ•āļīāļ”āđ€āļŠāļ·āđ‰āļ­āđƒāļ™āđ‚āļĢāļ‡āļžāļĒāļēāļšāļēāļĨ 
GGrraamm-nneeggaattiivvee bbaacciillllii 
Acinetobacter bbaauummaannnniiii 
āđāļšāļ„āļ—āļĩāđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒāļ—āļĩāđˆāļžāļšāđƒāļ™āļ˜āļĢāļĢāļĄāļŠāļēāļ•āļīāđāļĨāļ°āļŠāļīāđˆāļ‡āđāļ§āļ”āļĨāđ‰āļ­āļĄāđƒāļ™āđ‚āļĢāļ‡āļžāļĒāļēāļšāļēāļĨ 
āļžāļšāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āđāļšāļ„āļ—āļĩāđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒāļ›āļĢāļ°āļˆāļģāļ–āļīāđˆāļ™āđƒāļ™āļ„āļ™āļ›āļāļ•āļī 
āļ›āļ™āđ€āļ›āļ·āđ‰āļ­āļ™āđƒāļ™āļ™āđ‰āļģ āļ™āđ‰āļģāļĒāļē āļŠāļēāļĢāđ€āļ„āļĄāļĩ āļ§āļąāļŠāļ”āļļāļāļēāļĢāđāļžāļ—āļĒāđŒ 
āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āđ€āļŠāļ·āđ‰āļ­āļ‰āļ§āļĒāđ‚āļ­āļāļēāļŠ 
āļ›āļąāļˆāļˆāļļāļšāļąāļ™āļžāļšāļ”āļ·āđ‰āļ­āļĒāļēāļāļĨāļļāđˆāļĄ carbapenem 
āđ‚āļĢāļ„āļ•āļīāļ”āđ€āļŠāļ·āđ‰āļ­āđƒāļ™āđ‚āļĢāļ‡āļžāļĒāļēāļšāļēāļĨāđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļŠāļ­āļšāļŠāļ§āļ™āļāļēāļĢāļĢāļ°āļšāļēāļ” 14
āđāļšāļ„āļ—āļĩāđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒāļāđˆāļ­āđ‚āļĢāļ„āļ•āļīāļ”āđ€āļŠāļ·āđ‰āļ­āđƒāļ™āđ‚āļĢāļ‡āļžāļĒāļēāļšāļēāļĨ 
GGrraamm-ppoossiittiivvee bbaacciillllii 
MMeetthhiicciilllliinn-rreessiissttaanntt SSttaapphhyyllooccooccccuuss aauurreeuuss 
āđāļšāļ„āļ—āļĩāđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒāđāļāļĢāļĄāļšāļ§āļāļ­āļąāļ™āļ”āļąāļš 1 āļ—āļĩāđˆāļāđˆāļ­āđ‚āļĢāļ„āļ•āļīāļ”āđ€āļŠāļ·āđ‰āļ­āđƒāļ™āđ‚āļĢāļ‡āļžāļĒāļēāļšāļēāļĨ 
āļ”āļ·āđ‰āļ­āļ•āđˆāļ­āļĒāļēāļāļĨāļļāđˆāļĄ penicillin, cloxacillin 
āļ­āļēāļĻāļąāļĒāļ­āļĒāļđāđˆāđƒāļ™āđ‚āļžāļĢāļ‡āļˆāļĄāļđāļ āļœāļīāļ§āļŦāļ™āļąāļ‡ āđāļĨāļ°āļ—āļēāļ‡āđ€āļ”āļīāļ™āļ­āļēāļŦāļēāļĢāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ„āļ™ 
āļ›āļąāļˆāļˆāļļāļšāļąāļ™āļžāļšāļ§āđˆāļēāđ„āļ§āļ•āđˆāļ­āļĒāļē vancomycin āļĨāļ”āļĨāļ‡āļĄāļēāļ
āđāļšāļ„āļ—āļĩāđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒāļāđˆāļ­āđ‚āļĢāļ„āļ•āļīāļ”āđ€āļŠāļ·āđ‰āļ­āđƒāļ™āđ‚āļĢāļ‡āļžāļĒāļēāļšāļēāļĨ 
GGrraamm-ppoossiittiivvee bbaacciillllii 
EEnntteerrooccooccccuuss sspppp 
āļ­āļēāļĻāļąāļĒāļ­āļĒāļđāđˆāđƒāļ™āļ—āļēāļ‡āđ€āļ”āļīāļ™āļ­āļēāļŦāļēāļĢāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ„āļ™āđāļĨāļ°āļĢāļ°āļšāļšāļŠāļ·āļšāļžāļąāļ™āļ˜āļļāđŒāđ€āļžāļĻāļŦāļāļīāļ‡ 
āļžāļšāļ§āđˆāļēāļ”āļ·āđ‰āļ­āļĒāļē vancomycin āļĄāļēāļāļ‚āļķāđ‰āļ™ 
āļāļēāļĢāļ„āļ§āļšāļ„āļļāļĄ Enterococcus āļ—āļģāđ„āļ”āđ‰āļĒāļēāļāđ€āļ™āļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļˆāļēāļāļĄāļąāļāļžāļšāđƒāļ™ 
āļ—āļēāļ‡āđ€āļ”āļīāļ™āļ­āļēāļŦāļēāļĢ āļ‹āļķāđˆāļ‡āļ­āļļāļˆāļˆāļēāļĢāļ°āļœāļđāđ‰āļ›āđˆāļ§āļĒāļĄāļąāļāļ›āļ™āđ€āļ›āļ·āđ‰āļ­āļ™āļ—āļąāđˆāļ§āđ„āļ›āļĢāļ­āļšāđ€āļ•āļĩāļĒāļ‡ 
āļœāļđāđ‰āļ›āđˆāļ§āļĒ āđāļĨāļ°āļ—āļ™āļ—āļēāļ™āļ•āđˆāļ­āļŠāļīāđˆāļ‡āđāļ§āļ”āļĨāđ‰āļ­āļĄāļ āļēāļĒāļ™āļ­āļāđ„āļ”āđ‰āļ™āļēāļ™ 
āđ‚āļĢāļ„āļ•āļīāļ”āđ€āļŠāļ·āđ‰āļ­āđƒāļ™āđ‚āļĢāļ‡āļžāļĒāļēāļšāļēāļĨāđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļŠāļ­āļšāļŠāļ§āļ™āļāļēāļĢāļĢāļ°āļšāļēāļ” 16
Habitat of antibiotic resistant bacteria 
Organism Clinical specimen Environmental Sources 
Gram-negative bacilli 
Escherichia coli All sites, feces most common contaminated food, water 
Citrobacter freundii All sites, feces most common water, soil, fish, animals, food 
Citrobacter diversus All sites, CSF Unknown 
Enterobacter aerogenes All sites Water, soil, sewage, animals, dairy products 
Enterobacter cloacae All sites Water, soil, sewage, meat 
Klebsiella pneumoniae All sites, respiratory tract/urinary Ubiquitous, include foods and water 
tract most common 
Serratia marcescens All sites, respiratory tract common Water, soil, plants, vegetables, animals, insects 
Proteus mirabilis Urinary tract, blood, CSF Animals, birds, fresh- and saltwater fish 
Proteus vulgaris Urinary tract, wound, stool, similar to P. mirabilis 
respiratory tract 
Gram-positive bacteria 
Methicillin-resistant All sites, skin and soft tissue Foods 
Staphylococcus aureus common 
Enterococcus All sites, feces most common soil, water, food, plants, animals 
āđ‚āļĢāļ„āļ•āļīāļ”āđ€āļŠāļ·āđ‰āļ­āđƒāļ™āđ‚āļĢāļ‡āļžāļĒāļēāļšāļēāļĨāđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļŠāļ­āļšāļŠāļ§āļ™āļāļēāļĢāļĢāļ°āļšāļēāļ” 17
āļšāļ—āļšāļēāļ—āļŦāđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ›āļāļīāļšāļąāļ•āļīāļāļēāļĢāļāļąāļšāļāļēāļĢāļŠāļ­āļšāļŠāļ§āļ™āđ€āļŠāļ·āđ‰āļ­āļ”āļ·āđ‰āļ­āļĒāļē 
āļŠāļ–āļēāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ“āđŒāļāļēāļĢāļĢāļ°āļšāļēāļ” 
āđ‚āļĢāļ„āļ•āļīāļ”āđ€āļŠāļ·āđ‰āļ­āđƒāļ™āđ‚āļĢāļ‡āļžāļĒāļēāļšāļēāļĨāđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļŠāļ­āļšāļŠāļ§āļ™āļāļēāļĢāļĢāļ°āļšāļēāļ” 18
āļŠāļ–āļēāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ“āđŒāļĢāļ°āļšāļēāļ” 
Case definition 
Environmental factors Literature 
Specific agent 
reviews 
GGeenneerraall bbaacckkggrroouunndd 
NNaattuurree ooff mmiiccrroooorrggaanniissmm 
CCuullttiivvaattiioonn 
SSuuppppoorrttiivvee llaabb ddiiaaggnnoossiiss 
SSuurrvveeiillllaannccee ssyysstteemm 
TTyyppiinngg tteecchhnniiqquuee 
SSttoorraaggee ooff iissoollaatteess 
OOtthheerrss 
āđ‚āļĢāļ„āļ•āļīāļ”āđ€āļŠāļ·āđ‰āļ­āđƒāļ™āđ‚āļĢāļ‡āļžāļĒāļēāļšāļēāļĨāđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļŠāļ­āļšāļŠāļ§āļ™āļāļēāļĢāļĢāļ°āļšāļēāļ” 19
āļŠāļ–āļēāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ“āđŒāļĢāļ°āļšāļēāļ” 
1. Surveillance and early warning system 
(clusters of infections, resistance patterns) 
2. Establish case definition including lab diagnosis 
3. Characterize isolates; store all sterile site 
isolates and epidemiologically important 
isolates 
Diekema DJ, Pfaller MA. Infection control and clinical microbiology. 
Manual of Clinical Microbiology. 8th eds, ASM press 2003 
āđ‚āļĢāļ„āļ•āļīāļ”āđ€āļŠāļ·āđ‰āļ­āđƒāļ™āđ‚āļĢāļ‡āļžāļĒāļēāļšāļēāļĨāđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļŠāļ­āļšāļŠāļ§āļ™āļāļēāļĢāļĢāļ°āļšāļēāļ” 20
āļŠāļ–āļēāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ“āđŒāļĢāļ°āļšāļēāļ” 
4. Perform typing of involved strains 
. Perform supplementary studies or 5. ccuullttuurree aass 
need (only if justified by epidemiologic link to 
transmission) 
6. Adjust lab procedure as necessary 
7. Maintain surveillance and early-warning system 
āđ‚āļĢāļ„āļ•āļīāļ”āđ€āļŠāļ·āđ‰āļ­āđƒāļ™āđ‚āļĢāļ‡āļžāļĒāļēāļšāļēāļĨāđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļŠāļ­āļšāļŠāļ§āļ™āļāļēāļĢāļĢāļ°āļšāļēāļ” 21
āļŠāļ–āļēāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ“āđŒāļĢāļ°āļšāļēāļ” 
Table Active surveillance culture method 
Source method 
Blood products Broth culture incubated aerobically and 
anaerobically at 30-32 C for 10 days 
Environmental surface Swab-rinse 
Disinfectants and antiseptics Plating of serial dilutions of the product with 
and without specific neutralizers 
Air Mechanical air sampler; settling plates 
Water Membrane filter for water samples, swab of 
faucets and showerheads 
Hands of personnel Broth-bag; 10-20 ml nutrient broth in sterile 
plastic bag; wash hands in broth, and plate 
semiquantitatively 
Anterior nares of personnel Swab culture 
Diekema DJ, Pfaller MA. Infection control and clinical microbiology. 
Manual of Clinical Microbiology. 8th eds, ASM press 2003 
āđ‚āļĢāļ„āļ•āļīāļ”āđ€āļŠāļ·āđ‰āļ­āđƒāļ™āđ‚āļĢāļ‡āļžāļĒāļēāļšāļēāļĨāđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļŠāļ­āļšāļŠāļ§āļ™āļāļēāļĢāļĢāļ°āļšāļēāļ” 22
āļŠāļ–āļēāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ“āđŒāļĢāļ°āļšāļēāļ” 
selective/enrichment media 
commercial screening media 
Identification system/: conventional methods 
Antimicrobial commercial/automated method 
Susceptibility including antibiogram as typing 
CDC 2006 
Microbiology 
Isolation system: conventional methods 
āđ‚āļĢāļ„āļ•āļīāļ”āđ€āļŠāļ·āđ‰āļ­āđƒāļ™āđ‚āļĢāļ‡āļžāļĒāļēāļšāļēāļĨāđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļŠāļ­āļšāļŠāļ§āļ™āļāļēāļĢāļĢāļ°āļšāļēāļ” 23
Detection of MRSA āļŠāļ–āļēāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ“āđŒāļĢāļ°āļšāļēāļ” 
Cefoxitin disk (30 g/disk): <21 mm inhibition zone 
Cefoxitin MIC: < 4 g/mL 
Selective media: BBLâ„Ē CHROMagarâ„Ē MRSA 
: Oxacillin Resistant Screening Agar (ORSA) 
Selective broth : Oxacillin-Mueller Hinton broth 
Rapid Identification: Latex agglutination kit for S. aureus 
Latex MRSA screen 
āđ‚āļĢāļ„āļ•āļīāļ”āđ€āļŠāļ·āđ‰āļ­āđƒāļ™āđ‚āļĢāļ‡āļžāļĒāļēāļšāļēāļĨāđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļŠāļ­āļšāļŠāļ§āļ™āļāļēāļĢāļĢāļ°āļšāļēāļ” 24
āļŠāļ–āļēāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ“āđŒāļĢāļ°āļšāļēāļ” 
Detection of carbapenem resistant GNB 
Carbapenemase 
Class A penicillinase: KPC (K. pneumoniae) 
Class B Metallo-ïĒ-lactamase (NDM-1, IMP, VIM) 
Class C Cephalosporinase or AmpC 
Class D Oxacillinase (Oxa-23, Oxa-48) 
āđ‚āļĢāļ„āļ•āļīāļ”āđ€āļŠāļ·āđ‰āļ­āđƒāļ™āđ‚āļĢāļ‡āļžāļĒāļēāļšāļēāļĨāđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļŠāļ­āļšāļŠāļ§āļ™āļāļēāļĢāļĢāļ°āļšāļēāļ” 25
āļŠāļ–āļēāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ“āđŒāļĢāļ°āļšāļēāļ” 
Carbapenemase 
Livermore DM. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2012;39:283-294. 
āđ‚āļĢāļ„āļ•āļīāļ”āđ€āļŠāļ·āđ‰āļ­āđƒāļ™āđ‚āļĢāļ‡āļžāļĒāļēāļšāļēāļĨāđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļŠāļ­āļšāļŠāļ§āļ™āļāļēāļĢāļĢāļ°āļšāļēāļ” 26
Detection of NDM-1 āļŠāļ–āļēāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ“āđŒāļĢāļ°āļšāļēāļ” 
Routine detection SSccrreeeenniinngg ooff CCaarrrriieerr//oouuttbbrreeaakk 
MMaaccCCoonnkkeeyy aaggaarr CCHHRROOMMaaggaarr KKPPCC 
Susceptibility testing 
(<21 mm ETP; <20 mm IMP) 
ETP/ETP + EDTA 
(IMP/IMP + EDTA) 
Molecular identification of carbapenemase genes 
MMooddiiffiieedd ffrroomm NNoorrddmmaannnn PP.. JJ CClliinn MMiiccrroobbiiooll 22001111;; 4499::771188--2211 
āđ‚āļĢāļ„āļ•āļīāļ”āđ€āļŠāļ·āđ‰āļ­āđƒāļ™āđ‚āļĢāļ‡āļžāļĒāļēāļšāļēāļĨāđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļŠāļ­āļšāļŠāļ§āļ™āļāļēāļĢāļĢāļ°āļšāļēāļ” 27
āļŠāļ–āļēāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ“āđŒāļĢāļ°āļšāļēāļ” 
Carbapenemase 
104 positive screening Enterobacteriaceae isolates in 
Khon Kaen 
āļžāļš blaNDM-1 6 isolates (Escherichia coli, 2; K. pneumo-niae, 
2; Citrobacter freundii, 2) 
āđ‚āļĢāļ„āļ•āļīāļ”āđ€āļŠāļ·āđ‰āļ­āđƒāļ™āđ‚āļĢāļ‡āļžāļĒāļēāļšāļēāļĨāđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļŠāļ­āļšāļŠāļ§āļ™āļāļēāļĢāļĢāļ°āļšāļēāļ” 28
Detection of ESBL āļŠāļ–āļēāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ“āđŒāļĢāļ°āļšāļēāļ” 
Disk diffusion 
Ceftazidime (30 g) zone < 22 mm 
Cefotaxime zone (30 g) < 27 mm 
Ceftriaxone zone (30 g) < 25 mm 
Double disk diffusion 
Ceftazidime (30g) + Ceftazidime-clavulanic acid(10g) 
Cefotaxime (30g) + Ceftazidime-clavulanic acid(10g) 
> 5 mm increase in a zone diameter 
āđ‚āļĢāļ„āļ•āļīāļ”āđ€āļŠāļ·āđ‰āļ­āđƒāļ™āđ‚āļĢāļ‡āļžāļĒāļēāļšāļēāļĨāđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļŠāļ­āļšāļŠāļ§āļ™āļāļēāļĢāļĢāļ°āļšāļēāļ” 29
Detection of ESBL āļŠāļ–āļēāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ“āđŒāļĢāļ°āļšāļēāļ” 
ESBL positive 
ESBL negative 
āđ‚āļĢāļ„āļ•āļīāļ”āđ€āļŠāļ·āđ‰āļ­āđƒāļ™āđ‚āļĢāļ‡āļžāļĒāļēāļšāļēāļĨāđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļŠāļ­āļšāļŠāļ§āļ™āļāļēāļĢāļĢāļ°āļšāļēāļ” 30
Fact 
1. Literature review āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āđ€āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļŠāļģāļ„āļąāļāļĄāļēāļ Outbreak āļ­āļēāļˆ 
terminate āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļ”āđ‰āļ§āļĒāļ§āļīāļ˜āļĩāļ„āļ§āļšāļ„āļļāļĄāļ›āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļāļąāļ™ āđ‚āļ”āļĒāđ„āļĄāđˆāļˆāļģāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ•āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ—āļĢāļēāļš 
āļŠāļēāđ€āļŦāļ•āļļ 
2. Outbreak āļĄāļąāļāļĄāļĩāđ€āļŠāļ·āđ‰āļ­āļĄāļēāļāļāļ§āđˆāļē 1 āļŠāļēāļĒāļžāļąāļ™āļ˜āļļāđŒ āļāļēāļĢāļ—āļģ molecular 
typing āļĄāļĩāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļŠāļģāļ„āļąāļāļ—āļĩāđˆāļŠāļēāļĄāļēāļĢāļ–āļĢāļ°āļšāļļāļŠāļēāļĒāļžāļąāļ™āļ˜āļļāđŒāļ—āļĩāđˆāļŠāļąāļ”āđ€āļˆāļ™ 
3. āļāļēāļĢāđāļĨāļāđ€āļ›āļĨāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ™āļŠāļēāļĢāļŠāļ™āđ€āļ—āļĻāļĢāļ°āļŦāļ§āđˆāļēāļ‡ ICT āļāļąāļšāļŦāđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ›āļāļīāļšāļąāļ•āļīāļāļēāļĢ 
āđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒāļ™āļĢāļđāđ‰ āļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļēāļāļĨāđ„āļ āļāļĢāļ°āļšāļ§āļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ„āļ§āļšāļ„āļļāļĄāđ‚āļĢāļ„ āļ—āļąāđ‰āļ‡āļĢāļ°āļŦāļ§āđˆāļēāļ‡ 
āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļāļīāļ” outbreak āđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļ„āļ§āļšāļ„āļļāļĄāļ›āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļāļąāļ™ 
āđ‚āļĢāļ„āļ•āļīāļ”āđ€āļŠāļ·āđ‰āļ­āđƒāļ™āđ‚āļĢāļ‡āļžāļĒāļēāļšāļēāļĨāđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļŠāļ­āļšāļŠāļ§āļ™āļāļēāļĢāļĢāļ°āļšāļēāļ” 31
Chotechana Wilailuckana 
wchote@kku.ac.th 
āļĻ 
āļ§ āļ› 
CCMMDDLL
Detection of ESBL āļŠāļ–āļēāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ“āđŒāļĢāļ°āļšāļēāļ” 
Selective commercial culture medium 
Brilliant ESBL Agar (Oxoid) 
āđ‚āļĢāļ„āļ•āļīāļ”āđ€āļŠāļ·āđ‰āļ­āđƒāļ™āđ‚āļĢāļ‡āļžāļĒāļēāļšāļēāļĨāđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļŠāļ­āļšāļŠāļ§āļ™āļāļēāļĢāļĢāļ°āļšāļēāļ” 5
Appendix B. Intrinsic resistance-Enterobacteriaceae (CLSI 2012) 
āđ‚āļĢāļ„āļ•āļīāļ”āđ€āļŠāļ·āđ‰āļ­āđƒāļ™āđ‚āļĢāļ‡āļžāļĒāļēāļšāļēāļĨāđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļŠāļ­āļšāļŠāļ§āļ™āļāļēāļĢāļĢāļ°āļšāļēāļ” 29
āļšāļ—āļšāļēāļ—āļŦāđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ›āļāļīāļšāļąāļ•āļīāļāļēāļĢāļˆāļļāļĨāļŠāļĩāļ§āļ§āļīāļ—āļĒāļēāļ„āļĨāļīāļ™āļīāļ 
Conventional cultivation 
Automated cultivation
āļšāļ—āļšāļēāļ—āļŦāđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ›āļāļīāļšāļąāļ•āļīāļāļēāļĢāļāļąāļšāđ‚āļĢāļ„āļ•āļīāļ”āđ€āļŠāļ·āđ‰āļ­āđƒāļ™āđ‚āļĢāļ‡āļžāļĒāļēāļšāļēāļĨ 
āļšāļĢāļīāļŦāļēāļĢāļˆāļąāļ”āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļāđ‡āļšāļ•āļąāļ§āļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āļŠāđˆāļ‡āļ•āļĢāļ§āļˆāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļŦāļĄāļēāļ°āļŠāļĄāļŠāļģāļŦāļĢāļąāļšāļāļēāļĢāļ§āļīāļ™āļīāļˆāļ‰āļąāļĒ 
āļ—āļēāļ‡āļˆāļļāļĨāļŠāļĩāļ§āļ§āļīāļ—āļĒāļē 
āļˆāļąāļ”āļ—āļģāļ„āļđāđˆāļĄāļ·āļ­āđ€āļāđ‡āļš āļĢāļąāļāļĐāļē āđāļĨāļ°āļ™āļģāļŠāđˆāļ‡āļ•āļąāļ§āļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āļŠāđˆāļ‡āļ•āļĢāļ§āļˆ 
āļšāļĢāļīāļŦāļēāļĢāļˆāļąāļ”āļāļēāļĢāļŦāđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ›āļāļīāļšāļąāļ•āļīāļāļēāļĢāđƒāļŦāđ‰āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āđ„āļ›āļ•āļēāļĄāļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļāļģāļŦāļ™āļ”āļĄāļēāļ•āļĢāļāļēāļ™ 
āļāļģāļŦāļ™āļ”āļĄāļēāļ•āļĢāļāļēāļĢāļ›āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļāļąāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ•āļīāļ”āđ€āļŠāļ·āđ‰āļ­āđƒāļ™āļŦāđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ›āļāļīāļšāļąāļ•āļīāļāļēāļĢ 
āļ—āļ”āļŠāļ­āļšāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ„āļ§ āļĢāļ§āļšāļĢāļ§āļĄāđāļĨāļ°āļ§āļīāđ€āļ„āļĢāļēāļ°āļŦāđŒāļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļĄāļđāļĨāļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļĢāļ°āļšāļš 
āđƒāļŦāđ‰āļāļēāļĢāļŠāļ™āļąāļšāļŠāļ™āļļāļ™āļ‡āļēāļ™ IC 
āļ•āļīāļ”āļ•āļēāļĄ āļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļēāļāļēāļĢāļ•āļĢāļ§āļˆāļ§āļīāđ€āļ„āļĢāļēāļ°āļŦāđŒāļ—āļēāļ‡āļŦāđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ›āļāļīāļšāļąāļ•āļīāļāļēāļĢ 
āđ‚āļĢāļ„āļ•āļīāļ”āđ€āļŠāļ·āđ‰āļ­āđƒāļ™āđ‚āļĢāļ‡āļžāļĒāļēāļšāļēāļĨāđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļŠāļ­āļšāļŠāļ§āļ™āļāļēāļĢāļĢāļ°āļšāļēāļ” 2
āļšāļ—āļšāļēāļ—āļŦāđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ›āļāļīāļšāļąāļ•āļīāļāļēāļĢāļāļąāļšāđ‚āļĢāļ„āļ•āļīāļ”āđ€āļŠāļ·āđ‰āļ­āđƒāļ™āđ‚āļĢāļ‡āļžāļĒāļēāļšāļēāļĨ 
āļšāļĢāļīāļŦāļēāļĢāļˆāļąāļ”āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļāđ‡āļšāļ•āļąāļ§āļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āļŠāđˆāļ‡āļ•āļĢāļ§āļˆāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļŦāļĄāļēāļ°āļŠāļĄāļŠāļģāļŦāļĢāļąāļšāļāļēāļĢāļ§āļīāļ™āļīāļˆāļ‰āļąāļĒ 
āļ—āļēāļ‡āļˆāļļāļĨāļŠāļĩāļ§āļ§āļīāļ—āļĒāļē 
āļˆāļąāļ”āļ—āļģāļ„āļđāđˆāļĄāļ·āļ­āđ€āļāđ‡āļš āļĢāļąāļāļĐāļē āđāļĨāļ°āļ™āļģāļŠāđˆāļ‡āļ•āļąāļ§āļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āļŠāđˆāļ‡āļ•āļĢāļ§āļˆ 
āļšāļĢāļīāļŦāļēāļĢāļˆāļąāļ”āļāļēāļĢāļŦāđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ›āļāļīāļšāļąāļ•āļīāļāļēāļĢāđƒāļŦāđ‰āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āđ„āļ›āļ•āļēāļĄāļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļāļģāļŦāļ™āļ”āļĄāļēāļ•āļĢāļāļēāļ™ 
āļāļģāļŦāļ™āļ”āļĄāļēāļ•āļĢāļāļēāļĢāļ›āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļāļąāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ•āļīāļ”āđ€āļŠāļ·āđ‰āļ­āđƒāļ™āļŦāđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ›āļāļīāļšāļąāļ•āļīāļāļēāļĢ 
āļ—āļ”āļŠāļ­āļšāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ„āļ§ āļĢāļ§āļšāļĢāļ§āļĄāđāļĨāļ°āļ§āļīāđ€āļ„āļĢāļēāļ°āļŦāđŒāļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļĄāļđāļĨāļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļĢāļ°āļšāļš 
āđƒāļŦāđ‰āļāļēāļĢāļŠāļ™āļąāļšāļŠāļ™āļļāļ™āļ‡āļēāļ™ IC 
āļ•āļīāļ”āļ•āļēāļĄ āļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļēāļāļēāļĢāļ•āļĢāļ§āļˆāļ§āļīāđ€āļ„āļĢāļēāļ°āļŦāđŒāļ—āļēāļ‡āļŦāđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ›āļāļīāļšāļąāļ•āļīāļāļēāļĢ 
āđ‚āļĢāļ„āļ•āļīāļ”āđ€āļŠāļ·āđ‰āļ­āđƒāļ™āđ‚āļĢāļ‡āļžāļĒāļēāļšāļēāļĨāđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļŠāļ­āļšāļŠāļ§āļ™āļāļēāļĢāļĢāļ°āļšāļēāļ” 1
āļšāļ—āļšāļēāļ—āļŦāđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ›āļāļīāļšāļąāļ•āļīāļāļēāļĢāļāļąāļšāđ‚āļĢāļ„āļ•āļīāļ”āđ€āļŠāļ·āđ‰āļ­āđƒāļ™āđ‚āļĢāļ‡āļžāļĒāļēāļšāļēāļĨ 
āđ‚āļĢāļ„āļ•āļīāļ”āđ€āļŠāļ·āđ‰āļ­āđƒāļ™āđ‚āļĢāļ‡āļžāļĒāļēāļšāļēāļĨāđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļŠāļ­āļšāļŠāļ§āļ™āļāļēāļĢāļĢāļ°āļšāļēāļ” 1
āļšāļĢāļīāļŦāļēāļĢāļˆāļąāļ”āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļāđ‡āļšāļ•āļąāļ§āļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āļŠāđˆāļ‡āļ•āļĢāļ§āļˆāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļŦāļĄāļēāļ°āļŠāļĄāļŠāļģāļŦāļĢāļąāļšāļāļēāļĢāļ§āļīāļ™āļīāļˆāļ‰āļąāļĒ 
āļ—āļēāļ‡āļˆāļļāļĨāļŠāļĩāļ§āļ§āļīāļ—āļĒāļē 
āļˆāļąāļ”āļ—āļģāļ„āļđāđˆāļĄāļ·āļ­āđ€āļāđ‡āļš āļĢāļąāļāļĐāļē āđāļĨāļ°āļ™āļģāļŠāđˆāļ‡āļ•āļąāļ§āļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āļŠāđˆāļ‡āļ•āļĢāļ§āļˆ 
āļšāļĢāļīāļŦāļēāļĢāļˆāļąāļ”āļāļēāļĢāļŦāđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ›āļāļīāļšāļąāļ•āļīāļāļēāļĢāđƒāļŦāđ‰āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āđ„āļ›āļ•āļēāļĄāļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļāļģāļŦāļ™āļ”āļĄāļēāļ•āļĢāļāļēāļ™ 
āļāļģāļŦāļ™āļ”āļĄāļēāļ•āļĢāļāļēāļĢāļ›āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļāļąāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ•āļīāļ”āđ€āļŠāļ·āđ‰āļ­āđƒāļ™āļŦāđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ›āļāļīāļšāļąāļ•āļīāļāļēāļĢ 
āļ—āļ”āļŠāļ­āļšāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ„āļ§ āļĢāļ§āļšāļĢāļ§āļĄāđāļĨāļ°āļ§āļīāđ€āļ„āļĢāļēāļ°āļŦāđŒāļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļĄāļđāļĨāļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļĢāļ°āļšāļš 
āđƒāļŦāđ‰āļāļēāļĢāļŠāļ™āļąāļšāļŠāļ™āļļāļ™āļ‡āļēāļ™ IC 
āļ•āļīāļ”āļ•āļēāļĄ āļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļēāļāļēāļĢāļ•āļĢāļ§āļˆāļ§āļīāđ€āļ„āļĢāļēāļ°āļŦāđŒāļ—āļēāļ‡āļŦāđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ›āļāļīāļšāļąāļ•āļīāļāļēāļĢ 
āđ‚āļĢāļ„āļ•āļīāļ”āđ€āļŠāļ·āđ‰āļ­āđƒāļ™āđ‚āļĢāļ‡āļžāļĒāļēāļšāļēāļĨāđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļŠāļ­āļšāļŠāļ§āļ™āļāļēāļĢāļĢāļ°āļšāļēāļ” 1
āļšāļĢāļīāļŦāļēāļĢāļˆāļąāļ”āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļāđ‡āļšāļ•āļąāļ§āļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āļŠāđˆāļ‡āļ•āļĢāļ§āļˆāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļŦāļĄāļēāļ°āļŠāļĄāļŠāļģāļŦāļĢāļąāļšāļāļēāļĢāļ§āļīāļ™āļīāļˆāļ‰āļąāļĒ 
āļ—āļēāļ‡āļˆāļļāļĨāļŠāļĩāļ§āļ§āļīāļ—āļĒāļē 
āļˆāļąāļ”āļ—āļģāļ„āļđāđˆāļĄāļ·āļ­āđ€āļāđ‡āļš āļĢāļąāļāļĐāļē āđāļĨāļ°āļ™āļģāļŠāđˆāļ‡āļ•āļąāļ§āļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āļŠāđˆāļ‡āļ•āļĢāļ§āļˆ 
āļšāļĢāļīāļŦāļēāļĢāļˆāļąāļ”āļāļēāļĢāļŦāđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ›āļāļīāļšāļąāļ•āļīāļāļēāļĢāđƒāļŦāđ‰āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āđ„āļ›āļ•āļēāļĄāļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļāļģāļŦāļ™āļ”āļĄāļēāļ•āļĢāļāļēāļ™ 
āļāļģāļŦāļ™āļ”āļĄāļēāļ•āļĢāļāļēāļĢāļ›āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļāļąāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ•āļīāļ”āđ€āļŠāļ·āđ‰āļ­āđƒāļ™āļŦāđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ›āļāļīāļšāļąāļ•āļīāļāļēāļĢ 
āļ—āļ”āļŠāļ­āļšāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ„āļ§ āļĢāļ§āļšāļĢāļ§āļĄāđāļĨāļ°āļ§āļīāđ€āļ„āļĢāļēāļ°āļŦāđŒāļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļĄāļđāļĨāļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļĢāļ°āļšāļš 
āđƒāļŦāđ‰āļāļēāļĢāļŠāļ™āļąāļšāļŠāļ™āļļāļ™āļ‡āļēāļ™ IC 
āļ•āļīāļ”āļ•āļēāļĄ āļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļēāļāļēāļĢāļ•āļĢāļ§āļˆāļ§āļīāđ€āļ„āļĢāļēāļ°āļŦāđŒāļ—āļēāļ‡āļŦāđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ›āļāļīāļšāļąāļ•āļīāļāļēāļĢ
Detection of NDM-1 āļŠāļ–āļēāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ“āđŒāļĢāļ°āļšāļēāļ” 
Table 
Detection of carbapenemases by phenotypic and genotypic tests in the 104 positive 
screening Enterobacteriaceae isolates 
Multiplex PCRb 
positive with 
No. isolates positive by 
Phenotypic testsa Organisms No. isolates tested (%) 
MHT PBA OXA EDTA bla NDM bla IMP 
Enterobacter spp. 59 (56.7) 17 31 21 - - - 
K. pneumoniae 12 (11.5) 4 1 - 4 2 2 
Klebsiella spp. 12 (11.5) - 3 1 - - - 
E. coli 11 (10.6) 3 1 1 2 2 - 
M. morganii 6 (5.8) - - - - - - 
C. freundii 2 (1.9) 2 - - 2 2 - 
C. k oseri 1 (1.0) - - - - - - 
P. rettgeri 1 (1.0) 1 - - - - - 
Total 104 (100) 27 36 23 8 6 2 
aPBA, phenylboronic acid-carbapenem combined disc test; EDTA, EDTA-carbapenem combined disc test; 
MHT, modified Hodge test;OX, oxacillin-carbapenem combined disc test. 
bTwo sets of multiplex PCR, one for blaIMP, blaVIM, blaSPM-1, blaGIM-1 blaSIM-1 and the other for blaNDM, blaKPC and bla OXA-48. 
āđ‚āļĢāļ„āļ•āļīāļ”āđ€āļŠāļ·āđ‰āļ­āđƒāļ™āđ‚āļĢāļ‡āļžāļĒāļēāļšāļēāļĨāđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļŠāļ­āļšāļŠāļ§āļ™āļāļēāļĢāļĢāļ°āļšāļēāļ” 5
āļšāļ—āļšāļēāļ—āļŦāđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ›āļāļīāļšāļąāļ•āļīāļāļēāļĢāļˆāļļāļĨāļŠāļĩāļ§āļ§āļīāļ—āļĒāļēāļ„āļĨāļīāļ™āļīāļ 
Conventional identification 
Automated identification
āļšāļ—āļšāļēāļ—āļŦāđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ›āļāļīāļšāļąāļ•āļīāļāļēāļĢāļˆāļļāļĨāļŠāļĩāļ§āļ§āļīāļ—āļĒāļēāļ„āļĨāļīāļ™āļīāļ 
Antimicrobial sensitivity 
Validation and data storage
āđ‚āļ„āļĢāļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļ­āļšāļĢāļĄāđāļžāļ—āļĒāđŒ āļžāļĒāļēāļšāļēāļĨāļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ›āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļāļąāļ™āđāļĨāļ°āļ„āļ§āļšāļ„āļļāļĄāđ‚āļĢāļ„āļ•āļīāļ”āđ€āļŠāļ·āđ‰āļ­āđƒāļ™āđ‚āļĢāļ‡āļžāļĒāļēāļšāļēāļĨ āđ€āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡ “āļāļēāļĢāļšāļĢāļīāļŦāļēāļĢāļˆāļąāļ”āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļĄāļ·āđˆāļ­āļžāļšāđ€āļŠāļ·āđ‰āļ­āļ”āļ·āđ‰āļ­āļĒāļē” 
āļ§āļąāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆ 9 āļĄāļāļĢāļēāļ„āļĄ 2556 āļ“ āđ‚āļĢāļ‡āđāļĢāļĄāļ­āļĄāļēāļĢāļĩ āđāļ­āļĢāđŒāļžāļ­āļĢāđŒāļ— 
āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļāđ‰āļēāļĢāļ°āļ§āļąāļ‡āđ€āļŠāļ·āđ‰āļ­āļ”āļ·āđ‰āļ­āļĒāļēāļ•āđ‰āļēāļ™āļˆāļļāļĨāļŠāļĩāļž 
āļŠāļģāļŦāļĢāļąāļšāđāļžāļ—āļĒāđŒ āđāļĨāļ°āļžāļĒāļēāļšāļēāļĨ 
āļŠāļļāļĢāļēāļ‡āļ„āđŒ āđ€āļ”āļŠāļĻāļīāļĢāļīāđ€āļĨāļīāļĻ 
surang_dej@yahoo.com 
āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ›āļĢāļķāļāļĐāļēāđ‚āļ„āļĢāļ‡āļāļēāļĢ Thai – IBIS 
āļŠāļ–āļēāļšāļąāļ™āļ§āļīāļˆāļąāļĒāļ§āļīāļ—āļĒāļēāļĻāļēāļŠāļ•āļĢāđŒāļŠāļēāļ˜āļēāļĢāļ“āļŠāļļāļ‚ 
āļāļĢāļĄāļ§āļīāļ—āļĒāļēāļĻāļēāļŠāļ•āļĢāđŒāļāļēāļĢāđāļžāļ—āļĒāđŒ
Topics 
â€Ē Strategy on Prevention and Containment of 
Antimicrobial Resistance 
â€Ē Surveillance Activities 
â€Ē Monitor resistance in microorganisms (lab data) 
– Ensure performance of lab testings 
– Recognize emerging microorganisms and mechanisms 
of resistance
WHO Strategy on Prevention and Containment 
of Antimicrobial Resistance 
2001 2010 2011 
Global Regional National
Strategy on Prevention and Containment of 
Antimicrobial Resistance
Strategy on Prevention and Containment of 
Antimicrobial Resistance 
OBJECTIVES: 
1. To establish a national alliance for the prevention and 
control of antimicrobial resistance 
2. To institute a surveillance system that captures the 
emergence of resistance, trends in its spread and 
utilization of antimicrobial agents in different settings 
3. To promote rational use of antimicrobial agents at all 
levels of health-care and veterinary settings 
4. To strenghten infection prevention and control measures 
to reduce the disease burden 
5. To promote research in the area of antimicrobial 
resistance
Surveillance 
Surveillance of antimicrobial resistance is 
fundamental to understanding trends in 
resistance, to developing treatment 
guidelines accurately and to assessing the 
effectiveness of interventions appropriately. 
Without adequate surveillance, the majority of 
efforts to contain emerging antimicrobial 
resistance will be difficult.
ACTIVITIES: 
1. Monitor resistance in microorganisms 
2. Monitor use of antimicrobials 
3. Monitor disease and economic burden due 
to resistant organisms
Activity of monitor resistance pattern in microorganisms 
ïą Establish a national and regional surveillance system on AM use, resistance and 
information dissemination mechanisms 
ïą Support standardization of laboratory methodologies (develop SOP), quality assurance 
techniques and improve availability and reliability of microbiology laboratory facilities 
ïą Support and conduct culture and sensitivity tests on targeted microorganisms and AMs 
ïą Support and conduct series of population-based, real time surveillance systems to 
monitor resistance patterns to demonstrate the extent of the problem in both human and 
animal health 
ïą Ensure the establishment of surveillance network to develop linkages between human 
and veterinary sectors at national and regional levels 
ïą Quantify resistance patterns of clinically important microorganisms through networks of 
laboratories equipped with the capacity to perform quality assured AM susceptibility 
testing 
ïą Disseminate data to users, national and regional focal points and stakeholders 
ïą Encourage healthcare providers to utilize resistance data efficiently
Lab data 
1. Ensure performance and quality assurance of 
appropriate diagnostic tests, microbial 
identification, antimicrobial susceptibility tests 
of key pathogens, and timely and relevant 
reporting of results. 
Detection / Identification /antimirobial susceptibility test of bacterial pathogens 
Report
Always use 
up-to-date standard guideline 
â€Ē For therapeutic purpose 
â€Ē For surveillance purpose 
Surang (NARST )
āļĄāļēāļ•āļĢāļāļēāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļŦāļēāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ„āļ§āļ•āđˆāļ­āļĒāļēāļ•āđ‰āļēāļ™āļˆāļļāļĨāļŠāļĩāļžāļ‚āļ­āļ‡ 
āđ€āļŠāļ·āđ‰āļ­āđāļšāļ„āļ—āļĩāđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒāļāđˆāļ­āđ‚āļĢāļ„ 
Clinical Laboratory Standard Institute (CLSI) 
M02-A11 (2012) M100-S23 (2013) 
Member: 90$ 
Nonmember: 225 $ 
Surang (NARST )
M39-A3 : 
Analysis and Presentation of Cumulative Antimicrobial Susceptility Test 
Data; Approved Guideline – Third Edition (2009) 
Member: 60$ 
Surang (NARST ) Nonmember: 120 $
SSttaapphhyyllooccooccccuuss sspppp.. 
MMeetthhiicciilllliinn rreessiissttaanntt SS.. aauurreeuuss 
(MMRRSSAA)) 
Oxacillin disk : S â‰Ĩ 13, I =11-12, R â‰Ī 10 mm 
Cefoxitin disk: S â‰Ĩ 22, I = - , R â‰Ī 21 mm 
MMeetthhiicciilllliinn rreessiissttaanntt SSttaapphhyyllooccooccccuuss ccooaagguullaassee nneeggaattiivvee 
((MMRRSSCCNN)) 
Cefoxitin disk: S â‰Ĩ 25, I = - , R â‰Ī 24 mm 
If oxacillin – intermediate results are obtained for S. aureus, perform testing for mec A, or PBP 2a, 
the , the cefoxitin MIC or cefoxitin disk test, an oxacillin MIC test or the oxacillin-salt agar screening 
Test, Report the result of the alternative test rather than the oxacillin intermediate result. 
NARST data
SSttaapphhyyllooccooccccuuss sspppp.. 
Vancomycin: Zone >= 7 mm. āļāļēāļĢāđāļ›āļĨāļœāļĨāļ­āļēāļˆāđ„āļĄāđˆāļ™āđˆāļēāđ€āļŠāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ–āļ·āļ­ 
MIC Breakpoint (ug/mL) S I R 
Staphylococcus spp. â‰Ī 2 4-8 â‰Ĩ16 
Staphylococcus coagulase negative â‰Ī 4 8-16 â‰Ĩ32 
āļ•āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ—āļ”āļŠāļ­āļšāđāļĨāļ°āļĢāļēāļĒāļ‡āļēāļ™āļœāļĨāļ”āđ‰āļ§āļĒāļ„āđˆāļē MIC āđ€āļ—āđˆāļēāļ™āļąāđ‰āļ™
9000 
8000 
7000 
6000 
5000 
4000 
3000 
2000 
1000 
0 
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 
oxa 
cefox 
CLSI 2006 : āđ€āļĢāļīāđˆāļĄāđāļ™āļ°āļ™āļģāđƒāļŦāđ‰āđƒāļŠāđ‰ cefoxitin āđāļ—āļ™ oxacillin 
āļŦāļē MRSA & MRSCN āđ€āļžāļĢāļēāļ°āļ­āđˆāļēāļ™āļœāļĨāļ‡āđˆāļēāļĒāļāļ§āđˆāļē 
āļˆāļģāļ™āļ§āļ™āđ€āļŠāļ·āđ‰āļ­ Staphylococcus āļ—āļĩāđˆāļĢāļž.āđ€āļ„āļĢāļ·āļ­āļ‚āđˆāļēāļĒ NARST āļ—āļ”āļŠāļ­āļšāļ•āđˆāļ­āļĒāļē oxacillin āđāļĨāļ° cefoxitin 
(data from NARST 28 hospitals) Surang (NARST )
17 
Enterobacteriaceae 
Revisedâ€Ķ Carbapenem Zone Diameters Breakpoints (mm) 
Agent 
CLSI M100-S19 (2009) 
CLSI M100-S20 (2010) 
CLSI M100-S20U (2010) 
CLSI M100-S21 (2011) 
CLSI M100-S22 (2012) 
S I R S I R 
Doripenem - - - â‰Ĩ23 20-22 â‰Ī19 
Ertapenem â‰Ĩ19 16-18 â‰Ī15 â‰Ĩ23 20-22 â‰Ī19 
Imipenem â‰Ĩ16 14-15 â‰Ī13 â‰Ĩ23 20-22 â‰Ī19 
Meropenem â‰Ĩ16 14-15 â‰Ī13 â‰Ĩ23 20-22 â‰Ī19 
MHT-positive R R R 
Report as appear 
MHT-negative Report as appear Report as I 
appear 
Surang (NARST )
18 
Enterobacteriaceae 
Revisedâ€Ķ Carbapenem MIC Breakpoints (ug/mL) 
Agent 
CLSI M100-S19 (2009) 
CLSI M100-S20 (2010) 
CLSI M100-S20U (2010) 
CLSI M100-S21 (2011) 
CLSI M100-S22 (2012) 
S I R S I R 
Doripenem - - - â‰Ī1 2 â‰Ĩ4 
Ertapenem â‰Ī2 4 â‰Ĩ8 â‰Ī0.5 1 â‰Ĩ2 
Imipenem â‰Ī4 8 â‰Ĩ16 â‰Ī1 2 â‰Ĩ4 
Meropenem â‰Ī4 8 â‰Ĩ16 â‰Ī1 2 â‰Ĩ4 
Report as appear 
MHT-positive R R R 
MHT-negative Report as appear I 
Report as appear 
Surang (NARST )
Streptococcus pneumoniae 
Penicillin āđ„āļĄāđˆāļĄāļĩāļĢāļēāļĒāļ‡āļēāļ™ “I” āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­ “R” āđ‚āļ”āļĒ disk diffusion 
(āđ€āļĄāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ—āļ”āļŠāļ­āļšāļ”āđ‰āļ§āļĒ oxacillin disk 1 ug) 
Zone(mm) āļāļēāļĢāđāļ›āļĨāļœāļĨ 
â‰Ĩ 20 S 
< 20 āļ­āļēāļˆāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™ S/I/R āļ•āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ§āļąāļ”āļ„āđˆāļē MIC 
āļŠāļģāļŦāļĢāļąāļšāđ€āļŠāļ·āđ‰āļ­āļ—āļĩāđˆāđāļĒāļāđ„āļ”āđ‰āļˆāļēāļ CSF (meningitis) 
āļ•āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļĢāļēāļĒāļ‡āļēāļ™āļ„āđˆāļē MIC āļ•āđˆāļ­āļĒāļē Penicillin āđāļĨāļ° 
Cefotaxime āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­ Ceftriaxone āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­ Meropenem
āđ€āļŠāļ·āđ‰āļ­āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ•āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ—āļ”āļŠāļ­āļšāļ”āđ‰āļ§āļĒāļ§āļīāļ˜āļĩāļŦāļē MIC āđ€āļ—āđˆāļēāļ™āļąāđ‰āļ™ 
Organisms MIC determination 
Acinetobacter Colistin 
Enterococcus 
Vancomycin 
Vancomcin 15-16 mm (I) 
Staphylococcus Vancomycin 
S. pneumoniae 
penicillin 
(Penicillin <20mm) 
S. pneumoniae cefotaxime, cetriaxone, cefuroxime, 
cefipime, amoxicillin, 
amoxicillin/clavulinic acid 
Streptococcus viridans group Vancomycin 
Burkholderia pseudomallei
Lab data 
2. The lab should be able to recognize emerging microorganisms 
and mechanisms of resistance. 
NDM-positive by hospital in each region 
21 of 48 hosp. NDM-positive, 39 Jan-Sep 2012 
33 
North East Central East Bangkok North South 
2 2 1 1 
11 
3 2 1 1 
7 
2 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 
40 
35 
30 
25 
20 
15 
10 
5 
0 
NE 1 
NE 2 
NE 3 
NE 4 
NE 5 
NE 6 
C 1 
C 2 
C 3 
C 4 
C 5 
E 
BKK 1 
BKK 2 
BKK 3 
N 1 
N 2 
N 3 
N 4 
N 5 
S
NDM-positive 
(by isolates) 
Species 
NDM 
pos % 
Klebsiella pneumoniae 88 63.3 
Enterobacter cloacae 17 12.2 
Escherichia coli 14 10.1 
Citrobacter freundii 3 2.2 
Escherichia hermannii 1 0.7 
species to be confirmed 16 11.5 
Total 139 100.0 
Specimens 
NDM 
pos % 
Urine 71 51.1 
Sputum 33 23.7 
Throat swab 5 3.6 
NP suction 2 1.4 
Pleural fluid 1 0.7 
Pus 13 9.4 
Hemoculture 10 7.2 
unknown 4 2.9 
Total 139 100.0 
41 
29.5%
Lab data 
3. Ensure that laboratory data are recorded, preferably on a 
database, and are used to produce clinically- and 
epidemiologically-useful surveillance reports of resistance 
patterns among common pathogens and infections in a timely 
manner with feedback to prescribers and to the infection 
control programme.
Consensus on Minimal Data Set 
â€Ē Patient ID (HN no.) 
â€Ē Specimen no. (lab no) 
â€Ē Location (ward) 
â€Ē Location type (IN, OPD, ICU, COM etc.) 
â€Ē Specimen type (site of infection) 
â€Ē name of all isolates (genus species, no growth, normal flora, mix) 
â€Ē Quantitative susceptibilty data (diameter or MIC) 
â€Ē AAggee 
â€Ē Sex 
â€Ē DDiiaaggnnoossiiss ((CCII oorr NNII)) 
â€Ē UUnnddeerrllyyiinngg DDiisseeaassee 
Surang (NARST )
Surang (NARST )
Clinical information 
Infection control 
Data Fields in WHONET 
Standard 
Microbiology 
Patient information 
Surang (NARST )
AAnnttiibbiiooggrraamm 
National Antibiogram 
Magnitude of resistance to a given drug 
 āđƒāļŦāđ‰āļ—āļĢāļēāļšāļŠāļ–āļēāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ“āđŒāđ€āļŠāļ·āđ‰āļ­āļ”āļ·āđ‰āļ­āļĒāļēāļĢāļ°āļ”āļąāļšāļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ—āļĻ āđ€āļ›āļĢāļĩāļĒāļšāđ€āļ—āļĩāļĒāļšāļĢāļ°āļŦāļ§āđˆāļēāļ‡ āļˆāļąāļ‡āļŦāļ§āļąāļ”/āļ āļēāļ„ 
 āđāļ™āļ§āļ—āļēāļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļĢāļąāļāļĐāļēāđ‚āļĢāļ„āļ•āļīāļ”āđ€āļŠāļ·āđ‰āļ­āđƒāļ™āļŠāļļāļĄāļŠāļ™, 
 āđāļ™āļ§āļ—āļēāļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļ„āļ§āļšāļ„āļļāļĄāđ€āļŠāļ·āđ‰āļ­āļ”āļ·āđ‰āļ­āļĒāļēāļĢāļ°āļ”āļąāļšāļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ—āļĻ, 
 āđāļ™āļ§āļ—āļēāļ‡āļˆāļąāļ”āļ—āļģāļšāļąāļāļŠāļĩāļĒāļēāļŦāļĨāļąāļāđāļŦāđˆāļ‡āļŠāļēāļ•āļī, 
 āđāļ™āļ§āļ—āļēāļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļ—āļģ clinical guideline 
Hospital Antibiogram 
More valuable to clinicians 
when managing the patients 
āđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āđƒāļŠāđ‰āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āđāļ™āļ§āļ—āļēāļ‡āđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļĨāļ·āļ­āļāļĒāļēāļĢāļąāļāļĐāļēāļœāļđāđ‰āļ›āđˆāļ§āļĒāļ•āļīāļ”āđ€āļŠāļ·āđ‰āļ­āđāļšāļ„āļ—āļĩāđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļŦāļĄāļēāļ°āļāļąāļšāļ—āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ–āļīāđˆāļ™
NNaattiioonnaall SSuurrvveeiillllaannccee NNeettwwoorrkk 
NARST 
1998 
ARI 
1993 
Thai IBIS 
2004 
Organism All organism 
(from routine isolation) 
S. pneumoniae 
H. influenzae 
S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae, 
N. meningitidis, Salmonella spp., 
Streptococcus spp., 
Listeria monocytogenes 
Specimen All specimens Nasopharyngeal 
swab 
Sterile site 
Patient All age ï‚Ģ5 year old 
ARI and healthy 
All age with invasive 
infection 
Hospital 
network 
60 hospitals 6 hospitals 
(6 provinces) 
57 hospitals 
Time 
Frame 
Continuously One year period 
(every 2-5 year) 
93 / 94 / 97 / 00 / 05 /10 
Continuously 
Purpose Resistance situation 
Resistance Trend 
Etiologic incidence 
Resistance situation 
Carrier rate 
Clinical + Lab data 
Bacterial characteristics 
Resistance patterns
Sample size estimates for prevalence of 
antimicrobial resistance in a large population
National Antibiogram
PPeerrcceenntt rreessiissttaanntt ooff AA.. ccaallccooaacceettiiccuuss-bbaauummaannnniiii ccoommpplleexx 
%% RR 
Gentamicin Ceftazidime 
Amikacin Cefepime 
Ciprofloxacin 
AAmmiinnooggllyyccoossiiddee ïĒ- LLaaccttaamm NQQAuuRSiinnT oodllaootannee 
Piperacillin/Tazobactam 
Cefeperazone/Sulbatam 
Imipenem 
Meropenem 
Ampicillin/ 
Sulbactam 
ïĒ- LLaaccttaamm,, 
ïĒ-LLaaccttaammaassee iinnhhiibbiittoorr 
CCaarrbbaappeenneemm 
61 
57 
67 
62 
66 63 
52 
41 
63 
64 
(2288 hhoossppiittaallss,, 22000000-22001111)
NARST data 
0 
10 
20 
30 
40 
50 
60 
70 
80 
90 
100 
2000 
2001 
2002 
2003 
2004 
2005 
2006 
2007 
2008 
2000 
2001 
2002 
2003 
2004 
2005 
2006 
2007 
2008 
2000 
2001 
2002 
2003 
2004 
2005 
2006 
2007 
2008 
2000 
2001 
2002 
2003 
2004 
2005 
2006 
2007 
2008 
2000 
2001 
2002 
2003 
2004 
2005 
2006 
2007 
2008 
2000 
2001 
2002 
2003 
2004 
2005 
2006 
2007 
2008 
Imipenem Cefoperazone/Sulbactam 
%R 
A B C D E F 
N S1 S2 NE1 NE2 E 
PPeerrcceenntt RReessiissttaannccee ooff AAcciinneettoobbaacctteerr sspppp.. IInn 66 
hhoossppiittaallss ((22000088)
NARST data 
Isolation RRaattee ooff MMRRSSAA && VVRREE ffrroomm 66 hhoossppiittaallss 
(22000000-22000088)) 
0 
10 
20 
30 
40 
50 
60 
70 
80 
90 
100 
2000 
2001 
2002 
2003 
2004 
2005 
2006 
2007 
2008 
2000 
2001 
2002 
2003 
2004 
2005 
2006 
2007 
2008 
2000 
2001 
2002 
2003 
2004 
2005 
2006 
2007 
2008 
2000 
2001 
2002 
2003 
2004 
2005 
2006 
2007 
2008 
2000 
2001 
2002 
2003 
2004 
2005 
2006 
2007 
2008 
2000 
2001 
2002 
2003 
2004 
2005 
2006 
2007 
2008 
MRSA tested by Oxacillin 
MRSA tested by Cefoxitin 
A B C D E F
Rate of vancomycin resistance enterococci 
(2288 hhoossppiittaallss,, 11999988-22000077) 
E.faecalis E.faecium 
Aug 1999: 
Use of Avoparcin as 
growth promotor 
was banned in Thailand 
NARST data 
0.1 
1.5 
8.1 
1.5 
1.4 0.5 0.6 
1 
1.4 
2 
0.3 
1.2 
1.6 
0.4 0.6 
1.9 
0.5 
1.1 
7.1 
1.1 
9 
8 
7 
6 
5 
4 
3 
2 
1 
0 
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 
% R
AAnnttiibbiiooggrraamm 
National Antibiogram 
Magnitude of resistance to a given drug 
 āđƒāļŦāđ‰āļ—āļĢāļēāļšāļŠāļ–āļēāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ“āđŒāđ€āļŠāļ·āđ‰āļ­āļ”āļ·āđ‰āļ­āļĒāļēāļĢāļ°āļ”āļąāļšāļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ—āļĻ āđ€āļ›āļĢāļĩāļĒāļšāđ€āļ—āļĩāļĒāļšāļĢāļ°āļŦāļ§āđˆāļēāļ‡ āļˆāļąāļ‡āļŦāļ§āļąāļ”/āļ āļēāļ„ 
 āđāļ™āļ§āļ—āļēāļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļĢāļąāļāļĐāļēāđ‚āļĢāļ„āļ•āļīāļ”āđ€āļŠāļ·āđ‰āļ­āđƒāļ™āļŠāļļāļĄāļŠāļ™, 
 āđāļ™āļ§āļ—āļēāļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļ„āļ§āļšāļ„āļļāļĄāđ€āļŠāļ·āđ‰āļ­āļ”āļ·āđ‰āļ­āļĒāļēāļĢāļ°āļ”āļąāļšāļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ—āļĻ, 
 āđāļ™āļ§āļ—āļēāļ‡āļˆāļąāļ”āļ—āļģāļšāļąāļāļŠāļĩāļĒāļēāļŦāļĨāļąāļāđāļŦāđˆāļ‡āļŠāļēāļ•āļī, 
 āđāļ™āļ§āļ—āļēāļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļ—āļģ clinical guideline 
Hospital Antibiogram 
More valuable to clinicians 
when managing the patients 
āđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āđƒāļŠāđ‰āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āđāļ™āļ§āļ—āļēāļ‡āđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļĨāļ·āļ­āļāļĒāļēāļĢāļąāļāļĐāļēāļœāļđāđ‰āļ›āđˆāļ§āļĒāļ•āļīāļ”āđ€āļŠāļ·āđ‰āļ­āđāļšāļ„āļ—āļĩāđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļŦāļĄāļēāļ°āļāļąāļšāļ—āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ–āļīāđˆāļ™
Hospital antibiogram 
â€Ē Primary aim: prepare a report to guide clinicians in the selection of 
“empirical antimicrobial therapy” for initial infection. 
â€Ē 
Include only diagnostic isolates (not surveillance) 
â€Ē Eliminate duplicate by including only the first isolate 
of a species/patient/analysis period, irrespective of body 
site or antimicrobial profile. 
â€Ē Not aim for emergence of resistance during therapy, 
empirical for later infection 
â€Ē Include only species with testing data for â‰Ĩ30 isolates. 
â€Ē Include only antimicrobial agents routinely tested and 
clinical useful 
â€Ē do not report supplemental agents selectively tested on 
resistant isolates only 
â€Ē
National/Hospital antibiogram 
Whether the isolates were from 
Health care associated infection 
or 
Community infection
AAnnttiibbiiooggrraammss ddiivveerrssiittyy 
ffrroomm ddiiffffeerreenntt hhoossppiittaallss 
NNaattiioonnaall gguuiiddeelliinnee ffoorr aannttiibbiiooggrraamm ?
āļāļāļēāļēāļĢāđ€āđ€āļāļāđ‰āđ‰āļēāļēāļĢāļĢāļ°āļ°āļ§āļ§āļąāļąāļ‡āđ€āđ€āļŠāļŠāļ·āļ·āđ‰āđ‰āļ­āļ”āļ”āļ·āļ·āđ‰āđ‰āļ­āļĒāļĒāļēāļēāļ•āļ•āđ‰āđ‰āļēāļēāļ™āļˆāļˆāļļāļļāļĨāļŠāļŠāļĩāļĩāļž 
āļ™āļž. āļŠāļļāļŠāļąāļ“āļŦāđŒ āļ­āļēāļĻāļ™āļ°āđ€āļŠāļ™ 
āļŠāļēāļ‚āļēāļ§āļīāļ§āļēāđ‚āļĢāļ„āļ•āļīāļ”āđ€āļŠāļ·āđ‰āļ­āđāļĨāļ°āļ­āļēāļĒāļļāļĢāļĻāļēāļŠāļ•āļĢāđŒāđ€āļ‚āļ•āļĢāđ‰āļ­āļ™ āļ āļēāļ„āļ§āļīāļŠāļēāļ­āļēāļĒāļļāļĢāļĻāļēāļŠāļ•āļĢāđŒ 
āļ„āļ“āļ°āđāļžāļ—āļĒāļĻāļēāļŠāļ•āļĢāđŒāļĻāļīāļĢāļīāļĢāļēāļŠāļžāļĒāļēāļšāļēāļĨ 
āđ™ āļĄāļāļĢāļēāļ„āļĄ āđ’āđ•āđ•āđ– 
āļŦāļĨāļĨāļąāļąāļāļāļāļēāļēāļĢāđāđāļĨāļĨāļ°āļ°āđ€āđ€āļŦāļŦāļ•āļ•āļļāļļāļœāļĨ
1 
2 
â€Ē NNaattuurraall rreessiissttaannccee 
â€Ē NNeeww mmuuttaattiioonn 
â€Ē GGeenneettiicc ttrraannssffeerr ooff 
rreessiissttaannccee ggeennee 
AATTBB eexxppoossuurree 
â€Ē Selective pressure 
â€Ē Resistance gene 
expression 
â€Ē Transfer of multiple 
resistant gene 
HCWs 
Pts. 
Visitors
3 
Clinical Infectious Diseases 2008; 46:686–8
EEppiiddeemmiioollooggyy ooff EEnnddeemmiicc NNoossooccoommiiaall iinnffeeccttiioonnss 
Factor Relative Contribution (%) 
Gram + Gram - 
â€Ē “Community” acquired 5-10 5-20 
â€Ē Antibiotic pressure 10-20 30-40 
â€Ē Cross-transmission 60-100 50-60 
- hands 60-80 30-40 
- other sources: 
0-20 20 
environment, food, etc 
Weinstein RA, IC measures : Challenges of compliance & containment
MMDDRR bbaacctteerriiaa SSttrraatteeggiieess 
1. Develop newer antibiotics 
2. Minimize drug resistance 
â€Ē ATB stewardship (healthcare & agriculture industry) 
3. Prevent cross-transmission 
â€Ē New design of hospital equipment & environment 
â€Ē Hand hygiene & Contact precautions 
â€Ē Active surveillance & Rapid alert system 
â€Ē Decolonization & Decontamination 
4. Prevent infections 
â€Ē Good clinical practice 
â€Ē Device-associated bundle
MMRRSSAA iinn tthhee NNeetthheerrllaannddss 
â€Ē 0.03- 0.06 % asymptomatic MRSA-nasal carriage 
â€Ē 1-2% of all hospital S.aureus is MRSA 
â€Ē 1% of blood isolations of S.aureus is MRSA 
Low prevalence due to 
â€Ē Low use of human antibiotics (Lowest in Europe) 
â€Ē Search-and-destroy policy (since end 80th): 
measures for patients and staff based on risk categories 
1. Isolation of patients proven and at risk 
2. Screening of asymptomatic carriers 
3. Cohorting of patients and personnel 
4. Eradication of carriership 
5. Education of personnel 
6. Disinfection 
http://www.infection-prevention.eu/Nutzerdaten/File/meetings/2010_April_Berlin_MrsaInTheNetherlands.pdf 
http://www.wip.nl/UK/free_content/Richtlijnen/MRSA%20hospital.pdf
PPaattiieennttss rriisskk ccaatteeggoorryy ooff tthhee pprreesseennccee ooff MMRRSSAA 
Category 1: proven MRSA carrier 
Category 2 : high risk of being a carrier 
â€Ē Patients who were cared for in a foreign hospital for more than 24 hours less 
than 2 months ago 
â€Ē Foreign patients in the dialysis department 
â€Ē Patients who have stayed in the same room with an unexpected MRSA carrier 
Category 3 : moderately elevated risk of being a carrier 
â€Ē Patients during the first year following treatment for carrying MRSA, with 
negative control cultures 
â€Ē Patients cared for in a foreign hospital more than 2 months ago, who still have 
persistent skin lesions and/or risk factors, such as chronic respiratory or urinary 
tract infections 
Category 4 : no elevated risk of being a carrier 
â€Ē Patients cared for in a foreign hospital more than 2 months ago, who have no 
persistent skin lesions and/or risk factors, such as chronic respiratory or urinary 
tract infections
Procedure ffoorr ((ppootteennttiiaallllyy)) 
ccoonnttaammiinnaatteedd ssttaaffff 
Category 1 staff 
â€Ē Staff with MRSA 
Category 2 staff: e.g. 
â€Ē staff member who was admitted to a 
foreign hospital < 2 months 
â€Ē unprotected contact with an MRSA-positive 
patient. 
Category 3 staff : e.g. 
â€Ē regularly work in foreign hospitals 
Category 4 staff: e.g. 
â€Ē Cultures remain negative for > 1 year 
http://www.wip.nl/UK/free_content/Richtlijnen/MRSA%20hospital.pdf
CCoommmmoonn HHaabbiittaatt ooff BBaacctteerriiaa 
OOrrggaanniissmmss CCoommmmoonn 
HHaabbiittaatt 
SSccrreeeenniinngg 
MRSA 
VISA 
VRSA 
Anterior nare> 
pharynx > 
skin > 
GI tract 
Swab culture from 
â€Ē anterior vestibule of the nose ï‚ą 
throat 
â€Ē areas of skin breakdown 
â€Ē Perirectal/perineal area 
VRE 
C. Difficile 
Enterobacteriaceae 
Rectum > 
perineum 
Stool samples 
Swab samples from 
â€Ē the rectum or 
â€Ē perirectal area 
A. baumannii Skin> 
Sputum 
Sponge/swab culture from 
3 skin sites 
Sputum culture
SSuurrvveeiillllaannccee ooff 
MMuullttiiddrruugg-RReessiissttaanntt OOrrggaanniissmmss 
1. Management 
â€Ē treatment 
â€Ē infection control 
2. Benchmarking
HAP&VAP MedicineHAP&Medicine,, 
SSiirriirraajj HHoossppiittaall 22000077-22000099 
VAP 
(n=110) 
HAP 
(n=36) 
A. baumannii 50.9 25.0 80% resistant to 
Carbapenems 
K. pneumoniae 24.5 47.2 66% ESBL + 
P. aeruginosa 34.5 11.1 7% resistant to 
Carbapenems 
S. aureus 12.7 22.2 50% MRSA 
E. coli 6.4 13.9 58% ESBL + 
S. maltophilia 0.9 11.1 
J Med Assoc Thai 2010; 93 (Suppl. 1): S126-138
SSuurrvveeiillllaannccee ooff 
MMuullttiiddrruugg-RReessiissttaanntt OOrrggaanniissmmss 
1. Management 
â€Ē treatment 
â€Ē infection control 
2. Benchmarking
Contact Precautions SSttrraatteeggiieess ffoorr MMDDRR BBaacctteerriiaa 
Strategies Appropriate Situations 
1. Passive 
surveillance 
â€Ē Very low prevalence of MDR bacteria 
â€Ē Lack of effective active surveillance 
â€Ē Good compliance with IC practices
Adherence rates on room entry and exit: 
â€Ē Hand hygiene 19 and 48 % 
â€Ē Gloves 68 and 64 % 
â€Ē Gowns 68 and 77 % 
Am J Infect Control 2010;38:105-11
RRiisskk AAsssseessssmmeenntt GGrriidd ffoorr MMDDRR bbaacctteerriiaa 
Risk Probability 
of occurence 
Severity Potential 
change 
Preparedness Score 
Colistin-resistant 
A. baumannii 
+++ +++ +++ ++ 11 
Carbapenem-resistant 
Enterobactereceae 
+++ ++ +++ ++ 10 
VRE, VRSA ++ ++ +++ ++ 9 
Colistin-resistant 
+ +++ +++ ++ 9 
P.aeruginosa 
Pan-resistant 
S.maltophilia 
+ +++ +++ ++ 9 
Imipenem-resistant 
A. 
baumannii 
++++ ++ + + 8 
MRSA +++ + + + 6 
ESBL organisms +++ + + + 6
āļŦāđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ›āļāļīāļšāļąāļ•āļīāļāļēāļĢāđāļšāļ„āļ—āļĩāđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒ āļ•āļĢāļ§āļˆāļžāļšāđ€āđ€āļŠāļŠāļ·āļ·āđ‰āđ‰āļ­āđāđāļšāļšāļ„āļ—āļ—āļĩāļĩāđ€āđ€āļĢāļĢāļĩāļĩāļĒāļ”āļ”āļ·āļ·āđ‰āđ‰āļ­āļĒāļĒāļēāļēāļĢāļĢāļļāļļāļ™āđāđāļĢāļĢāļ‡ 
āđ‚āļ—āļĢāļĻāļąāļžāļ—āđŒāđāļˆāđ‰āļ‡āļ­āļēāļˆāļēāļĢāļĒāđŒāļŠāļēāļ‚āļēāđ‚āļĢāļ„āļ•āļīāļ”āđ€āļŠāļ·āđ‰āļ­ 
āđāļˆāđ‰āļ‡āđāļžāļ—āļĒāđŒāļ—āļĩāđˆāļ”āļđāđāļĨāļœāļđāđ‰āļ›āđˆāļ§āļĒ āđāļĨāļ° 
āļ­āļēāļˆāļēāļĢāļĒāđŒāđāļžāļ—āļĒāđŒāđ€āļˆāđ‰āļēāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āđ„āļ‚āđ‰āļœāļđāđ‰āļ›āđˆāļ§āļĒ 
āļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļēāļ™āļ‡āļēāļ™āļāļąāļšāļāđˆāļēāļĒāļāļēāļĢāļžāļĒāļēāļšāļēāļĨ āđ„āļ”āđ‰āđāļāđˆ 
āļŦāļąāļ§āļŦāļ™āđ‰āļēāļžāļĒāļēāļšāļēāļĨ ward, āļœāļđāđ‰āļ•āļĢāļ§āļˆāļāļēāļĢ, 
āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­ āļŦāļąāļ§āļŦāļ™āđ‰āļēāđ€āļ§āļĢ (āļ™āļ­āļāđ€āļ§āļĨāļēāļĢāļēāļŠāļāļēāļĢ) 
āđāļˆāđ‰āļ‡āļāđˆāļēāļĒāļšāļĢāļīāļāļēāļĢāļœāļđāđ‰āļ›āđˆāļ§āļĒāđƒāļ™ 
āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ āļēāļ„āļ§āļīāļŠāļēāļ™āļąāđ‰āļ™āđ† 
1. āđƒāļŦāđ‰āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļĄāļđāļĨāļšāļļāļ„āļĨāļēāļāļĢāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ§āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļ‡, āļœāļđāđ‰āļ›āđˆāļ§āļĒāđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļ•āļī āļ•āļēāļĄāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļŦāļĄāļēāļ°āļŠāļĄ 
2. āđ€āļžāļīāđˆāļĄāļĄāļēāļ•āļĢāļāļēāļĢāđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ›āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļāļąāļ™āļāļēāļĢāđāļžāļĢāđˆāļāļĢāļ°āļˆāļēāļĒāđ€āļŠāļ·āđ‰āļ­āļ—āļąāļ™āļ—āļĩāļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āđ€āļ„āļĢāđˆāļ‡āļ„āļĢāļąāļ” 
āļ›āļĢāļĢāļ°āļ°āđ€āđ€āļĄāļĄāļīāļīāļ™āļ„āļ§āļ§āļēāļēāļĄāđ€āđ€āļŠāļŠāļĩāļĩāđˆāđˆāļĒāļ‡āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āđāđāļžāļžāļĢāļĢāđˆāđˆāļāļĢāļĢāļ°āļ°āļˆāļˆāļēāļēāļĒāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āđ€āđ€āļŠāļŠāļ·āļ·āđ‰āđ‰āļ­ 
āđāđāļˆāļˆāđ‰āđ‰āļ‡āļžāļĒāļĒāļēāļēāļšāļšāļēāļēāļĨāļ„āļ§āļšāļ„āļ„āļļāļļāļĄāđ‚āđ‚āļĢāļĢāļ„āļ•āļ•āļīāļīāļ”āđ€āđ€āļŠāļŠāļ·āļ·āđ‰āđ‰āļ­ 
āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļŠāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ‡āļ•āđˆāļģāđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāđāļžāļĢāđˆāļāļĢāļ°āļˆāļēāļĒ 
āļ”āļģāđ€āļ™āļīāļ™āļĄāļēāļ•āļĢāļāļēāļĢContact Precaution 
āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļŠāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ‡āļŠāļđāļ‡āđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāđāļžāļĢāđˆāļāļĢāļ°āļˆāļēāļĒ āđ€āļŠāđˆāļ™ āļŦāļ­āļœāļđāđ‰āļ›āđˆāļ§āļĒāļĢāļ§āļĄ āđ€āļ‰āļžāļēāļ°āļœāļđāđ‰āļ›āđˆāļ§āļĒāļ—āļĩāđˆāļ•āļĢāļ§āļˆāļžāļšāđ€āļŠāļ·āđ‰āļ­āļ”āļ·āđ‰āļ­āļĒāļēāđ€āļ—āđˆāļēāļ™āļąāđ‰āļ™ 
â€Ē Pre-emptive Universal Contact Precautions āļœāļđāđ‰āļ›āđˆāļ§āļĒāļĢāļēāļĒāļ­āļ·āđˆāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļĄāļĩāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļŠāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ‡āđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢ 
āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļĢāļąāļšāđ€āļŠāļ·āđ‰āļ­āļ—āļļāļāļ„āļ™ 
â€Ē Universal Contact Precautions āļŦāļēāļāļžāļšāļāļēāļĢāļĢāļ°āļšāļēāļ”āđƒāļ™āļŦāļ­āļœāļđāđ‰āļ›āđˆāļ§āļĒ 
â€Ē āļ­āļēāļˆāļžāļīāļˆāļēāļĢāļ“āļēāļ‡āļ”āļĢāļąāļšāļœāļđāđ‰āļ›āđˆāļ§āļĒ āļ–āđ‰āļēāļ­āļļāļ›āļāļĢāļ“āđŒāđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ”āļđāđāļĨāļœāļđāđ‰āļ›āđˆāļ§āļĒāđ„āļĄāđˆāđ€āļžāļĩāļĒāļ‡āļžāļ­āļŠāļģāļŦāļĢāļąāļšāļāļēāļĢāđāļĒāļ 
āļœāļđāđ‰āļ›āđˆāļ§āļĒ āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­ āđ„āļĄāđˆāļŠāļēāļĄāļēāļĢāļ–āļ„āļ§āļšāļ„āļļāļĄāļāļēāļĢāļĢāļ°āļšāļēāļ”āđ„āļ”āđ‰ 
āļ”āļ”āđāļģāļēāđ€āđ€āļ™āļ™āļīāļīāļ™āļāļāļēāļēāļĢāļ•āļ•āļēāļēāļĄāļ›āļāļ•āļ•āļīāļī āļ–āļ–āđ‰āđ‰āļēāļē 
- āđ„āļĄāđˆāļĄāļĩāļœāļđāđ‰āļ›āđˆāļ§āļĒāļ—āļĩāđˆāļ•āļĢāļ§āļˆāļžāļš āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­ āļŠāļ‡āļŠāļąāļĒāđ€āļŠāļ·āđ‰āļ­āļ”āļ·āđ‰āļ­āļĒāļē āđƒāļ™āļŦāļ­ 
āļœāļđāđ‰āļ›āđˆāļ§āļĒāļ™āļąāđ‰āļ™ āļ™āļēāļ™āļĄāļēāļāļāļ§āđˆāļē 4 āļŠāļąāļ›āļ”āļēāļŦāđŒ 
Passive 
Surveillance
Potential Unintended CCoonnsseeqquueenncceess ooff 
SSiinnggllee PPaattiieenntt RRoooomm ffoorr IIssoollaattiioonn 
â€Ē Complexity for the management of beds 
â€Ē Reduction in contacts between HCWs and 
patients ~ 50% 
â€Ē Increase in feelings of isolation and loss of 
control  anxiety and depression 
â€Ē Prolong duration of stay 
â€Ē Increase in noninfectious adverse events 
â€Ē Patient dissatisfaction 
Clinical Infectious Diseases 2007; 44:1101–7
Contact Precautions SSttrraatteeggiieess ffoorr MMDDRR BBaacctteerriiaa 
Strategies Appropriate Situations 
2. Active 
surveillance 
â€Ē Low prevalence of MDR bacteria 
â€Ē Rapid & sensitive surveillance culture e.g. 
MRSA, VRE 
â€Ē Good compliance with IC practices
Elements of an Effective Active Surveillance PPrrooggrraamm 
Screening test: 
â€Ē Must be timely, affordable, and reliable 
Clinical efficacy: 
â€Ē Should reduce transmission rate to patients and HCW 
â€Ē Should reduce infection rate by preventing acquisition 
Implementation: 
â€Ē Hospital and administrative financial support 
â€Ē Systems and staff to screen patients 
â€Ē Systems and staff to monitor effectiveness and compliance 
â€Ē Education of patients, staff, and families 
â€Ē Adequate physical plant and supplies (eg. private rooms, gloves, 
gowns, and antimicrobial agents) 
â€Ē Plan to manage social isolation and safety of patients under 
contact precautions 
Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2007 Mar;28(3):249-60.
Potential Unintended CCoonnsseeqquueenncceess ooff 
AAccttiivvee SSuurrvveeiillllaannccee ffoorr MMDDRR bbaacctteerriiaa 
â€Ē Increase risk for lawsuits 
â€Ē Incapacity of the hospital for expanding contact 
precautions to many more patients 
â€Ē Laboratory workload (conventional & rapid test) 
â€Ē Extra charge (patient vs. hospital) 
â€Ē Conflict (patient refusal for active surveillance)
Contact Precautions SSttrraatteeggiieess ffoorr MMDDRR BBaacctteerriiaa 
Strategies Appropriate Situations 
3. Pre-emptive â€Ē High prevalence of multiple MDR bacteria 
â€Ē High risk patients for developing HAIs 
e.g. intubated patients in the ICU 
â€Ē Adequate staff & PPE 
â€Ē Limited laboratory diagnosis 
â€Ē Good compliance with IC practices
“Our surveillance data in the ICU revealed that intubated 
patients were at 8 times higher risk of acquiring MRSA than 
non-intubated patients, so we hypothesised that pre-emptive 
contact precautions for all intubated patients would prevent 
healthcare-associated infection by MRSA in the ICU.” 
Journal of Hospital Infection 78 (2011)
â€Ē Quasi-experimental study 
â€Ē A medical, surgical and trauma ICU at Osaka 
University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan 
â€Ē 2 private rooms and a 17-bed main area 
â€Ē The distance from bed centre to bed centre in 
the main area was 5 meters 
â€Ē January 2004 - December 2007 
415 patients 1280 
patients Journal of Hospital Infection 78 (2011)
23.7 
16.1 
12.2 
5.6 
1.1 
Journal of Hospital Infection 78 (2011)
Contact Precautions SSttrraatteeggiieess ffoorr MMDDRR BBaacctteerriiaa 
Strategies Appropriate Situations 
4. Universal â€Ē Outbreak management w/o ward closure 
â€Ē Lack of effective active surveillance 
â€Ē Good teamwork 
â€Ē Adequate staff & PPE 
â€Ē Good compliance with IC practices 
5. Reverse isolation â€Ē Initial low risk of MDR colonization in 
selected patients 
â€Ē Very high prevalence of multiple MDR 
bacteria in the unit 
â€Ē Very high risk patients for developing 
HAIs & mortality
SSuurrvveeiillllaannccee ooff 
MMuullttiiddrruugg-RReessiissttaanntt OOrrggaanniissmmss 
1. Management 
2. Benchmarking 
â€Ē definitions 
â€Ē method 
â€Ē reporting
MMuullttiiddrruugg-RReessiissttaanntt OOrrggaanniissmm SSuurrvveeiillllaannccee 
aanndd MMoonniittoorriinngg iinn HHoossppiittaall SSeettttiinngg 
1. Core Reporting 
â€Ē Laboratory-Identified Event Reporting 
â€Ē Infection Surveillance Reporting 
2. Supplemental Reporting 
â€Ē Prevention Process Measures Surveillance 
â€Ē Active Surveillance Testing Outcome Measures 
http://www.cdc.gov/nhsn/PDFs/pscManual/12pscMDRO_CDADcurrent.pdf
MMuullttiiddrruugg-RReessiissttaanntt OOrrggaanniissmm SSuurrvveeiillllaannccee 
aanndd MMoonniittoorriinngg iinn HHoossppiittaall SSeettttiinngg 
Prevention Process Measures Surveillance 
−monitoring adherence to hand hygiene 
−monitoring adherence to gown and gloves use as part of 
contact precautions 
−monitoring adherence to active surveillance testing 
−monitoring environmental cleaning 
http://www.cdc.gov/nhsn/PDFs/pscManual/12pscMDRO_CDADcurrent.pdf
MMDDRROO DDeeffiinniittiioonnss 
http://www.cdc.gov/nhsn/PDFs/pscManual/12pscMDRO_CDADcurrent.pdf
MMDDRROO DDeeffiinniittiioonnss 
CephR-Klebsiella: Any Klebsiella spp. testing non-susceptible 
(i.e., resistant or intermediate) to 
ceftazidime, cefotaxime, ceftriaxone, or cefepime. 
CRE-Klebsiella: Any Klebsiella spp. testing non-susceptible 
(i.e., resistant or intermediate) to 
imipenem, meropenem, or doripenem, by standard 
susceptibility testing methods or by a positive result 
for any method FDA-approved for carbapenemase 
detection from specific specimen sources. 
http://www.cdc.gov/nhsn/PDFs/pscManual/12pscMDRO_CDADcurrent.pdf
Antimicrobial stewardship(asp)and mdr
Antimicrobial stewardship(asp)and mdr
Antimicrobial stewardship(asp)and mdr
Antimicrobial stewardship(asp)and mdr
Antimicrobial stewardship(asp)and mdr
Antimicrobial stewardship(asp)and mdr
Antimicrobial stewardship(asp)and mdr
Antimicrobial stewardship(asp)and mdr
Antimicrobial stewardship(asp)and mdr
Antimicrobial stewardship(asp)and mdr
Antimicrobial stewardship(asp)and mdr
Antimicrobial stewardship(asp)and mdr
Antimicrobial stewardship(asp)and mdr
Antimicrobial stewardship(asp)and mdr
Antimicrobial stewardship(asp)and mdr
Antimicrobial stewardship(asp)and mdr
Antimicrobial stewardship(asp)and mdr
Antimicrobial stewardship(asp)and mdr
Antimicrobial stewardship(asp)and mdr
Antimicrobial stewardship(asp)and mdr
Antimicrobial stewardship(asp)and mdr
Antimicrobial stewardship(asp)and mdr
Antimicrobial stewardship(asp)and mdr
Antimicrobial stewardship(asp)and mdr
Antimicrobial stewardship(asp)and mdr
Antimicrobial stewardship(asp)and mdr
Antimicrobial stewardship(asp)and mdr
Antimicrobial stewardship(asp)and mdr
Antimicrobial stewardship(asp)and mdr
Antimicrobial stewardship(asp)and mdr
Antimicrobial stewardship(asp)and mdr
Antimicrobial stewardship(asp)and mdr
Antimicrobial stewardship(asp)and mdr
Antimicrobial stewardship(asp)and mdr
Antimicrobial stewardship(asp)and mdr
Antimicrobial stewardship(asp)and mdr
Antimicrobial stewardship(asp)and mdr
Antimicrobial stewardship(asp)and mdr
Antimicrobial stewardship(asp)and mdr
Antimicrobial stewardship(asp)and mdr
Antimicrobial stewardship(asp)and mdr
Antimicrobial stewardship(asp)and mdr
Antimicrobial stewardship(asp)and mdr
Antimicrobial stewardship(asp)and mdr
Antimicrobial stewardship(asp)and mdr
Antimicrobial stewardship(asp)and mdr
Antimicrobial stewardship(asp)and mdr
Antimicrobial stewardship(asp)and mdr
Antimicrobial stewardship(asp)and mdr
Antimicrobial stewardship(asp)and mdr
Antimicrobial stewardship(asp)and mdr
Antimicrobial stewardship(asp)and mdr
Antimicrobial stewardship(asp)and mdr
Antimicrobial stewardship(asp)and mdr
Antimicrobial stewardship(asp)and mdr
Antimicrobial stewardship(asp)and mdr
Antimicrobial stewardship(asp)and mdr
Antimicrobial stewardship(asp)and mdr
Antimicrobial stewardship(asp)and mdr
Antimicrobial stewardship(asp)and mdr
Antimicrobial stewardship(asp)and mdr
Antimicrobial stewardship(asp)and mdr
Antimicrobial stewardship(asp)and mdr
Antimicrobial stewardship(asp)and mdr
Antimicrobial stewardship(asp)and mdr
Antimicrobial stewardship(asp)and mdr
Antimicrobial stewardship(asp)and mdr
Antimicrobial stewardship(asp)and mdr
Antimicrobial stewardship(asp)and mdr
Antimicrobial stewardship(asp)and mdr
Antimicrobial stewardship(asp)and mdr
Antimicrobial stewardship(asp)and mdr
Antimicrobial stewardship(asp)and mdr
Antimicrobial stewardship(asp)and mdr
Antimicrobial stewardship(asp)and mdr
Antimicrobial stewardship(asp)and mdr
Antimicrobial stewardship(asp)and mdr
Antimicrobial stewardship(asp)and mdr
Antimicrobial stewardship(asp)and mdr
Antimicrobial stewardship(asp)and mdr
Antimicrobial stewardship(asp)and mdr
Antimicrobial stewardship(asp)and mdr
Antimicrobial stewardship(asp)and mdr
Antimicrobial stewardship(asp)and mdr
Antimicrobial stewardship(asp)and mdr
Antimicrobial stewardship(asp)and mdr
Antimicrobial stewardship(asp)and mdr
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āđāļ™āļ§āļ—āļēāļ‡āđ€āļ§āļŠāļ›āļāļīāļšāļąāļ•āļīāļāļēāļĢāļ­āļ­āļāļāļģāļĨāļąāļ‡āļāļēāļĒāđƒāļ™āļœāļđāđ‰āļ›āđˆāļ§āļĒāđ€āļšāļēāļŦāļ§āļēāļ™āđāļĨāļ°āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļ”āļąāļ™āđ‚āļĨāļŦāļīāļ•āļŠāļđāļ‡ 2555
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Antimicrobial stewardship(asp)and mdr

  • 1. āđ€āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡ āļŦāļ™āđ‰āļē Antimicrobial Stewardship (ASP) and MDR 1 Epidemiology of Important MDRPathogens in Thailand 72 Outbreak of Multi-drug Resistant Organisms : An Overview 120 āļāļēāļĢāļˆāļąāļ”āļāļēāļĢāļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™āļŦāđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ›āļāļīāļšāļąāļ•āļīāļāļēāļĢ 154 āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļāđ‰āļēāļĢāļ°āļ§āļąāļ‡āđ€āļŠāļ·āđ‰āļ­āļ”āļ·āđ‰āļ­āļĒāļēāļ•āđ‰āļēāļ™āļˆāļļāļĨāļŠāļĩāļž āļŠāļģāļŦāļĢāļąāļšāđāļžāļ—āļĒāđŒ āđāļĨāļ°āļžāļĒāļēāļšāļēāļĨ 198 āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļāđ‰āļēāļĢāļ°āļ§āļąāļ‡āđ€āļŠāļ·āđ‰āļ­āļ”āļ·āđ‰āļ­āļĒāļēāļ•āđ‰āļēāļ™āļˆāļļāļĨāļŠāļĩāļž āļŦāļĨāļąāļāļāļēāļĢāđāļĨāļ°āđ€āļŦāļ•āļļāļœāļĨ 237 Prevention and Control of MDROs in Healthcare Settings 275 āļāļēāļĢāļ›āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļāļąāļ™āļāļēāļĢāđāļžāļĢāđˆāļāļĢāļ°āļˆāļēāļĒāđ€āļŠāļ·āđ‰āļ­āļ”āļ·āđ‰āļ­āļĒāļē 321 āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļāđ‰āļēāļĢāļ°āļ§āļąāļ‡āđ€āļŠāļ·āđ‰āļ­āļ”āļ·āđ‰āļ­āļĒāļēāļ•āđ‰āļēāļ™āļˆāļļāļĨāļŠāļĩāļž 334
  • 2. Antimicrobial Stewardship (ASP) and MDR āļœ.āļĻ. āļ™.āļž. āļāļģāļ˜āļĢ āļĄāļēāļĨāļēāļ˜āļĢāļĢāļĄ āļ›āļĢāļ°āļ˜āļēāļ™āļ„āļ“āļ°āļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļāļēāļĢāļ„āļ§āļšāļ„āļļāļĄāđāļĨāļ°āļ›āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļāļąāļ™āđ‚āļĢāļ„āļ•āļīāļ”āđ€āļŠāļ·āđ‰āļ­āđƒāļ™āđ‚āļĢāļ‡āļžāļĒāļēāļšāļēāļĨ āļ„āļ“āļ°āđāļžāļ—āļĒāļĻāļēāļŠāļ•āļĢāđŒ āđ‚āļĢāļ‡āļžāļĒāļēāļšāļēāļĨāļĢāļēāļĄāļēāļ˜āļīāļšāļ”āļĩ Email: mkumthorn@yahoo.com 1
  • 3. Outline of the Talk â€Ē Basic concept â€Ē Strategies â€Ē Administrative issue, collaboration between clinician, pharmacist, microbiologist â€Ē Outcome 2
  • 4. Definitions of ASP â€Ē An ongoing effort to optimize antimicrobial use in order to – Improve patient outcomes – Ensure cost-effective therapy – Reduce adverse sequelae of antimicrobial use (including antimicrobial resistance) MacDougall C. & Polk RE Clin Microbiol Rev. 2005; 18 (4):638–656
  • 5. Goals of ASP â€Ē Optimize clinical outcomes while minimizing unintended consequences of antimicrobial use – Toxicity – Selection of pathogenic organisms (such as Clostridium difficile) – Emergence of resistance â€Ē Reduce health care costs without adversely impacting quality of care Dellit TH et al. Clin Infect Dis 2007; 44:159–77
  • 6. Antimicrobial Resistance: Key Prevention Strategies Antimicrobial Resistance Antimicrobial Use Infection Campaign to Prevent Antimicrobial Resistance in Healthcare Settings 5 Pathogen
  • 7. Antimicrobial Resistance: Key Prevention Strategies Prevent Transmission Optimize Use Prevent Infection Effective Diagnosis & Treatment Antimicrobial Resistance Antimicrobial Use Infection Campaign to Prevent Antimicrobial Resistance in Healthcare Settings 6 Antimicrobial-Resistant Pathogen
  • 8. Percent susceptibility of A. baumannii CFP CPS CAZ IMP PTZ CPX AMK GEN IPD 2010 17 37 22 20 16 17 32 29 ICU 2010 11 35 13 12 10 13 23 21 Total 2010 (1411) 19 39 22 21 18 19 32 29 Total 2011 (1630) 15 20 16 15 13 13 22 21 Jan-Jun 2012 (772) 19 20 19 19 18 17 27 21 Ramathibodi Microbiology Lab Data CFP, cefepime; CPS, cefoperazone/sulbactam; CAZ, ceftazidime; IMP, imipenem; PTZ, piperacillin/tazobactam; CPX, ciprofloxacin; AMK, amikacin; GEN, gentamicin 7
  • 9. 50 40 30 20 10 8 Ceftazidime- (CAZ) & ceftriaxone- (CRO) resistant E. coli and rate of ATB use 0 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 % resistance DDD/1000 pt day 3rd ceph Ceftriaxone Ceftazidime CAZ-R CRO-R Microbiology Lab Data, Department of Pathology
  • 10. āļ­āļąāļ•āļĢāļēāļāļēāļĢāļ”āļ·āđ‰āļ­āļĒāļēāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āđ€āļŠāļ·āđ‰āļ­ A. baumannii āđāļĨāļ°āļ­āļąāļ•āļĢāļēāļāļēāļĢāđƒāļŠāđ‰āļĒāļēāļāļĨāļļāđˆāļĄ carbapenem 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 % resistance DDD/1000 pt day Carbapenem use A. baumannii Microbiology Lab Data, Department of Pathology The Antimicrobial Committee
  • 11. Das I et al J Hosp Infect 2002; 50:110-114 10
  • 12. Reasons for antimicrobial stewardship programs â€Ē Increasing healthcare cost: antibiotic accounts for â‰Ĩ 30% of hospital pharmacy budget – DRG, Health assurance â€Ē Increasing incidence of MDR MacDougall C. & Polk RE Clin Microbiol Rev. 2005; 18 (4):638–656
  • 13. Are these measures ATB stewardship? â€Ē Substitution among antimicrobials in the same class for cost-saving purposes â€Ē Intravenous-to-oral switching programs for highly bioavailable drugs â€Ē Pharmacokinetic consultation services Affect antimicrobial use, but less likely to have an impact on overall antimicrobial use or antimicrobial resistance MacDougall C. & Polk RE Clin Microbiol Rev. 2005; 18 (4):638–656
  • 14. Scope of ATB stewardship â€Ē Antimicrobial stewardship includes – Limiting inappropriate use – Optimizing antimicrobial selection, dosing, route, & duration of therapy – Limiting the unintended consequences, (emergence of resistance, adverse drug events, and cost) Dellit TH et al. Clin Infect Dis 2007; 44:159–77
  • 15. Short-course Empiric Antibiotic Therapy for Patients with Pulmonary Infiltrates in the Intensive Care Unit: A Proposed Solution for Indiscriminate Antibiotic Prescription NINA SINGH, PAUL ROGERS, CHARLES W. ATWOOD, MARILYN M. WAGENER, and VICTOR L. YU Am J Respir Crit Care Med Vol 162. pp 505–511, 2000
  • 16. NINA SINGH, et al Am J Respir Crit Care Med Vol 162. pp 505–511, 2000
  • 17. NINA SINGH, et al Am J Respir Crit Care Med Vol 162. pp 505–511, 2000
  • 18. NINA SINGH, et al Am J Respir Crit Care Med Vol 162. pp 505–511, 2000
  • 19. NINA SINGH, et al Am J Respir Crit Care Med Vol 162. pp 505–511, 2000
  • 20. Which of the following is the most common inappropriate use? A. Use antibiotics without evidence of bacterial infections B. Inappropriate surgical prophylaxis C. Redundant spectrum D. Bacterial resistance E. Narrow spectrum was available 19
  • 21. Effectiveness of Education and an Antibiotic-Control Program in a Tertiary Care Hospital in Thailand Apisarnthanarak A et al Clin Infect Dis 2006; 42:768–75
  • 22. Reasons for inappropriateness Variables Number (%) Inappropriate surgical prophylaxisb 452 (25) Use of antibiotic without any 723 (0) evidence of infection Redundant spectrum 217 (12) Bacterial resistance 235 (13) Narrow spectrum was available 181 (10) bIncludes dose, interval, and duration of treatment before and after surgery. Apisarnthanarak A et al Clin Infect Dis 2006; 42:768–75
  • 23. Where does ASP start? 22
  • 24. Simple ASP â€Ē Limit the use of antibiotics – Fever of “unknown” origin – Upper respiratory tract infections – Acute diarrhea in normal host – Chronic diarrhea – Asymptomatic bacteriuria â€Ē Appropriate surgical prophylaxis 23
  • 25. Fever of Unknown Origin â€Ē Various cause, both ID and non-ID â€Ē āļĒāļīāđˆāļ‡āļ™āļēāļ™ āļĒāļīāđˆāļ‡āļĄāļĩāđ‚āļ­āļāļēāļŠāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™ Pyogenic infection āļ™āđ‰āļ­āļĒ 24
  • 26. Fever of Unknown Origin â€Ē āļ•āļąāļ§āļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡ bacterial infection with prolonged fever – Melioidosis – Infective endocarditis – Partially treated occult infection – Brucellosis/Tb 25
  • 27. Fever of Unknown Origin â€Ē Assess āļ›āļĢāļ°āļ§āļąāļ•āļī āļ•āļĢāļ§āļˆāļĢāđˆāļēāļ‡āļāļēāļĒ – hidden areas â€Ē Vital signs, sick? â€Ē CBC: leucocytosis, leucopenia â€Ē LFT â€Ē UA â€Ē CXR 26
  • 28. Example â€Ē āļŠāļēāļĒāļ­āļēāļĒāļļ 40 āļ›āļĩ āļ āļđāļĄāļīāļĨāļģāđ€āļ™āļēāļ™āļ„āļĢāļĻāļĢāļĩāļ˜āļĢāļĢāļĄāļĢāļēāļŠ āđ€āļ„āļĒāđ„āļ”āđ‰āļĢāļąāļšāļāļēāļĢāļ§āļīāļ™āļīāļˆāļ‰āļąāļĒ rheumatoid arthritis āļ›āļĢāļ°āļĄāļēāļ“ 3 āļ›āļĩāļāđˆāļ­āļ™ āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļĢāļąāļšāļĒāļē cyclophosphamide, methotrexate low dose â€Ē āļĄāļēāļĢāļž.āļ„āļĢāļąāđ‰āļ‡āļ™āļĩāđ‰āļ”āđ‰āļ§āļĒāļ­āļēāļāļēāļĢāđ„āļ‚āđ‰ āļ›āļ§āļ”āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļĄāļē 2 āđ€āļ”āļ·āļ­āļ™ 27
  • 29. Example â€Ē āđ€āļĢāļīāđˆāļĄāļ›āļ§āļ” āļšāļ§āļĄāļ—āļĩāđˆāļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļĄāļ·āļ­āļ‹āđ‰āļēāļĒ āļ•āđˆāļ­āļĄāļēāđ„āļĄāđˆāļāļĩāđˆāļ§āļąāļ™āļāđ‡ āļ›āļ§āļ”āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļĄāļ·āļ­āļ‚āļ§āļēāđāļĨāļ°āđ€āļ‚āđˆāļēāļ‚āļ§āļē āđ‚āļ”āļĒāļ‚āđ‰āļ­āđ€āļ”āļīāļĄāļāđ‡āļĒāļąāļ‡ āļ›āļ§āļ” āļĢāđˆāļ§āļĄāļāļąāļšāļĄāļĩāđ„āļ‚āđ‰āļŠāļđāļ‡āļŦāļ™āļēāļ§āļŠāļąāđˆāļ™āļ•āļ­āļ™āļāļĨāļēāļ‡āļ„āļ·āļ™ āļžāļ­āđ„āļ‚āđ‰āļĨāļ‡āļāđ‡āļŠāļšāļēāļĒāļ”āļĩ āđ„āļĄāđˆāļĄāļĩāļ­āļēāļāļēāļĢāļĢāļ°āļšāļšāļ­āļ·āđˆāļ™ 28
  • 30. Example â€Ē āļ•āļĢāļ§āļˆāļĢāđˆāļēāļ‡āļāļēāļĒāļžāļšāļ§āđˆāļēāļĄāļĩāđ„āļ‚āđ‰ 38oC, not pale, no oral lesion, no lymphadenopathy, swollen and tender right knee and both wrist joints â€Ē CBC: WBC 12,800 with 80% PMN â€Ē Joint fluid: WBC 45,000 with 78% PMN â€Ē X-ray: narrowing of interphalangeal joint space 29
  • 32. Example â€Ē Dx? â€Ē Treatment? 31
  • 33. Example 2 â€Ē āđ€āļ”āđ‡āļ 3 āļ‚āļ§āļš āļĄāļēāļĢāļž.āļ”āđ‰āļ§āļĒ āđ€āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āđ€āļˆāđ‡āļšāļ›āļēāļāļĄāļē 5 āļ§āļąāļ™ āđ„āļĄāđˆāļĄāļĩ āļœāļ·āđˆāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļ—āđ‰āļēāđāļĨāļ°āļĄāļ·āļ­ â€Ē Dx? â€Ē Rx? 32
  • 34. What antibiotic would you give? 33
  • 35. Upper Respiratory Tract Infection â€Ē >80% caused by virus â€Ē Symptomatic treatment only â€Ē Centor criteria 34
  • 36. Modified Centor Criteria Feature Score History of fever +1 Tonsillar exudates +1 Tender anterior cervical adenopathy +1 Absence of cough +1 Age <15 add 1 point +1 Age >44 subtract 1 point -1 35
  • 37. Modified Centor Criteria â€Ē <2 points - No antibiotic or throat culture necessary â€Ē 2-3 points - throat culture, antibiotic if culture is positive â€Ē >3 points – Empiric antibiotic 36 â€Ē + 4 variables ï‚ŧ 40 - 60% PPV for Group A Streptococcus infection â€Ē The absence of all four variables ï‚ŧPPV> 80%
  • 38. What antibiotic would you give? 37
  • 39. What antibiotic would you give? 38
  • 40. Acute rhinosinusitis 39 European Position Paper on Rhinosinusitis and Nasal Polyps 2012 Fokkens WJ
  • 41. Acute rhinosinusitis 40 Chow AW Clinical Infectious Diseases 2012;54(8):1041–5
  • 42. Acute rhinosinusitis: Treat for how long? 41 Chow AW Clinical Infectious Diseases 2012;54(8):1041–5
  • 43. Antibiotics in Out-patient Settings 42 Boonyasiri A and Thamlikitkul V 2012
  • 44. Antibiotics in Out-patient Settings 43 Boonyasiri A and Thamlikitkul V 2012
  • 45. 44 Clinical Infectious Diseases 2012;55(6):771–7
  • 46. Clinical and Microbiological Data at Each Follow-up Baseline (Enrollment) First (3 months) Group A Group B Group A Group B Symptomatic 0 0 11 32 Asymptomatic 312 361 301 329 QoL score (ÂąSD) 0.82 Âą 0.03 0.81 Âą 0.06 0.79 Âą 0.07 0.50 Âą 0.01 No bacterial growth 0 0 15 (4.9) 27 (8.2) Escherichia coli 120 (38.4) 142 (39.3) 107 (35.7) 131 (39.8) Enterococcus faecalis 102 (32.7) 120 (33.2) 101 (33.7) 92 (27.9) Enteroccocus faecium 38 (12.2) 47 (13.1) 30 (10.0) 45 (13.6) Klebsiella spp 19 (6.1) 22 (6.1) 18 (6.0) 19 (5.8) Streptococcus 17 (5.5) 16 (4.5) 15 (4.9) 8 (2.4) agalactiae 45 Clinical Infectious Diseases 2012;55(6):771–7
  • 47. Clinical and Microbiological Data at Each Follow-up Second (6 months) Third (12 months) Group A Group B Group A Group B Symptomatic 23 98 41 169 Asymptomatic 278 231 237 62 QoL score (ÂąSD) 0.81 Âą 0.06 0.52 Âą 0.01 0.82 Âą 0.03 0.51 Âą 0.02 No bacterial growth 27 (9.7) 21 (9.0) 31 (13.1) 19 (30.7) Escherichia coli 68 (24.4) 142 (61.5) 26 (11.0) 17 (27.5) Enterococcus faecalis 149 (53.5) 36 (15.6) 177 (74.7) 11 (17.8) Enteroccocus faecium 10 (3.5) 10 (4.3) 1 (0.4) 3 (4.8) Klebsiella spp 9 (3.4) 6 (2.7) â€Ķ â€Ķ Streptococcus 7 (2.6) 5 (2.2) â€Ķ â€Ķ agalactiae 46 Clinical Infectious Diseases 2012;55(6):771–7
  • 48. 47 Clinical Infectious Diseases 2012;55(6):771–7
  • 49. Surgical Prophylaxis â€Ē āļāļēāļĢāđƒāļŦāđ‰āļĒāļēāđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ›āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļāļąāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ•āļīāļ”āđ€āļŠāļ·āđ‰āļ­āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āđāļœāļĨāļœāđˆāļēāļ•āļąāļ” – āđ„āļĄāđˆāļĄāļĩāļāļēāļĢāļ•āļīāļ”āđ€āļŠāļ·āđ‰āļ­āļĄāļēāļāđˆāļ­āļ™ – āļŦāļĨāļąāļ‡āļœāđˆāļēāļ•āļąāļ” āđāļœāļĨāļ­āļēāļˆāļˆāļ°āļ•āļīāļ”āđ€āļŠāļ·āđ‰āļ­āđ„āļ”āđ‰ āđāļĨāļ°āļĄāļĩāļœāļĨāļāļĢāļ°āļ—āļšāļĄāļēāļ â€Ē āđƒāļŠāđ‰āļĒāļēāļ—āļĩāđˆāļ„āļĢāļ­āļšāļ„āļĨāļļāļĄāđ€āļŠāļ·āđ‰āļ­āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļžāļ­āļŠāļĄāļ„āļ§āļĢ – Skin: staph ïƒĻ cefazolin – GI/GU: GNR ïƒĻ cefuroxime 48
  • 50. Itani K.M.F., et al N Engl J Med 2006;355:2640-51
  • 51. NNIS index category 3 SSI rate ï‚ŧ13.3% during 2002-2004 Itani K.M.F., et al N Engl J Med 2006;355:2640-51
  • 52. Risk factors for the acquisition of carbapenem-resistant E. coli among hospitalized patients Variables Odds ratio 95% C.I. P Carbapenem use 6.50 2.33–18.16 <.001 Metronidazole use 4.25 1.56–11.59 0.005 Presence of biliary 4.59 1.18–17.78 0.028 drainage catheter Prior hospital stay (<1 year) 1.02 1.00–1.03 0.012 M.-H. Jeon et al. / Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease 62 (2008) 402–406
  • 53. Example 3 â€Ē āļŠāļēāļĒāļ­āļēāļĒāļļ 82 āļ›āļĩ admit āļ”āđ‰āļ§āļĒāļ›āļąāļāļŦāļē heart failure â€Ē āļ—āļģ cardiac cath āļžāļšāļ§āđˆāļēāļĄāļĩ triple vessel disease; plan āļ—āļģ CABG â€Ē āļœāļđāđ‰āļ›āđˆāļ§āļĒāļ›āļąāļŠāļŠāļēāļ§āļ°āđ„āļĄāđˆāļ­āļ­āļāļĢāļ°āļŦāļ§āđˆāļēāļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļ—āļģ cath āļˆāļķāļ‡āļ„āļē āļŠāļēāļĒāļŠāļ§āļ™āļ›āļąāļŠāļŠāļēāļ§āļ°āđ„āļ§āđ‰ â€Ē āļŦāļĨāļąāļ‡āļˆāļēāļāļ™āļąāđ‰āļ™ 1 āļ§āļąāļ™ āļœāļđāđ‰āļ›āđˆāļ§āļĒāļĄāļĩāļ­āļēāļāļēāļĢāđ„āļ‚āđ‰āļŦāļ™āļēāļ§āļŠāļąāđˆāļ™ UA āļĄāļĩ WBC 50-100/HPF
  • 54. Example 3 â€Ē āļŠāđˆāļ‡ blood, urine culture â€Ē Start antibiotic – ???? â€Ē āļœāļđāđ‰āļ›āđˆāļ§āļĒāđ„āļ”āđ‰ meropenem 3 āļ§āļąāļ™ āļŦāđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ›āļāļīāļšāļąāļ•āļīāļāļēāļĢ āļĢāļēāļĒāļ‡āļēāļ™āļœāļĨāļāļēāļĢāđ€āļžāļēāļ°āđ€āļŠāļ·āđ‰āļ­ āļžāļš “simple” E. coli āļˆāļķāļ‡ āđ€āļ›āļĨāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ™ Antibiotic āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™ ceftriaxone āļ­āļĩāļ 10 āļ§āļąāļ™ āđ„āļ‚āđ‰ āļĨāļ‡āļ”āļĩ UA āļ›āļāļ•āļī â€Ē āļ—āļģ CABG āļŦāļĨāļąāļ‡āļˆāļēāļāļ™āļąāđ‰āļ™āļ­āļĩāļ 2 āļ§āļąāļ™
  • 55. Example 3 â€Ē Which antibiotic for surgical prophylaxis? â€Ē What else could, and should we do?
  • 56. Example 3 â€Ē Nasal swab (and perianal swab) for MRSA â€Ē Standard precautions: Hand hygiene, etc. â€Ē Pre-op bath with chlorhexidine soap BID X 3 days â€Ē Cefazolin 2 g IV 30 min prior to incision, then 2 g IV q 8 h for 48 h â€Ē No SSI, VAP, UTI, etc. afterward
  • 57. Key Principles of AMP in Surgery â€Ē Use narrow spectrum, preserve agents used for treatment for further needs â€Ē Optimal time of administration: 30-60 min before incision â€Ē Adequate dose, additional dose intra-op for prolonged procedure or massive bleeding â€Ē Do not give beyond 24 hours post op (the feast is over!!!!) 56
  • 59. Which antimicrobial agents should be included in ASP? A. High cost B. Narrow therapeutic index C. Availability of generic preparation D. Broad-spectrum agents that are risks for difficult-to-treat MDR 58
  • 60. Component of ASP Active strategies â€Ē Prospective audit with intervention and feedback â€Ē Formulary restriction and preauthorization Additional strategies â€Ē Education â€Ē Guideline and clinical pathways â€Ē Antimicrobial order form â€Ē Streamlining or de-escalation 59
  • 61. Who should initiate the program? A. Hospital director B. Infection control chair C. Infection control nurse D. Pharmacist E. Microbiologist F. Financial Manager 60
  • 62. Core members of a multidisciplinary antimicrobial stewardship team â€Ē Infectious diseases physicians â€Ē Clinical pharmacist with infectious diseases training â€Ē Clinical microbiologist â€Ē Information system specialist â€Ē Infection control professional â€Ē Hospital epidemiologist Dellit TH et al. Clin Infect Dis 2007; 44:159–77
  • 63. Core members of a multidisciplinary antimicrobial stewardship team â€Ē Any MD who are interested in AMR/ASP â€Ē Pharmacist with infectious diseases interest â€Ē Lab tech â€Ē Information system specialist â€Ē Infection control team â€Ē Hospital epidemiologist Dellit TH et al. Clin Infect Dis 2007; 44:159–77
  • 64. Roles of each member â€Ē The clinical microbiology laboratory – Providing patient-specific culture and susceptibility data to optimize individual antimicrobial management – Surveillance of resistant organisms – Molecular epidemiologic investigation of outbreaks Dellit TH et al. Clin Infect Dis 2007; 44:159–77
  • 65. Roles of each member â€Ē Clinical and Hospital Pharmacists – Processing medication orders – Dispensing drugs – Notify the prescriber that authorization is required – Flag orders for review by infectious diseases specialists MacDougall C. & Polk RE Clin Microbiol Rev. 2005; 18 (4):638–656
  • 66. Organization of ASP Pharmacist 65 CEO/Admin ATB Users ASP Team LAB IT IC Team
  • 67. Evaluation â€Ē Process measures – Did the intervention result in the desired change in antimicrobial use? â€Ē Outcome measures – Did the process implemented reduce or prevent resistance or other unintended consequences of antimicrobial use?
  • 68. Rate of use over time 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 āļĢāļ§āļĄāļĄāļđāļĨāļ„āđˆāļē Carbapenems (āļĨāđ‰āļēāļ™āļšāļēāļ—) 30.46 69.44 33.21 42.73 44.74 35.85 āļĢāļ§āļĄ DDD/1000 pt-day 37.29 83.58 40.02 50.05 54.82 44.93 67
  • 69. Challenges for Antimicrobial Stewardship Programs â€Ē Cooperation of stakeholders – Internist – Surgeon – Intensivist – General Practitioners â€Ē Collaboration – Microbiology Lab – Pharmacist – MD – IC 68
  • 70. āļāļĢāļēāļŸāđ€āļ›āļĢāļĩāļĒāļšāđ€āļ—āļĩāļĒāļšāļ­āļąāļ•āļĢāļēāļāļēāļĢāļ•āļīāļ”āđ€āļŠāļ·āđ‰āļ­āļ”āļ·āđ‰āļ­āļĒāļē Acinetobacter baumannii (MDR) āļĢāļž.āļĻāļđāļ™āļĒāđŒāļāļēāļĢāđāļžāļ—āļĒāđŒ āļĄ.āļ„.52 – āļ.āļž..54 āļ„āļĢāļąāđ‰āļ‡ / 1000 āļ§āļąāļ™āļ™āļ­āļ™ āđ‚āļĢāļ‡āļžāļĒāļēāļšāļēāļĨ 0.26 0.55 āđ€āļāļīāļ”āļāļēāļĢāļĢāļ°āļšāļēāļ”āļˆāļēāļāļāļēāļĢāļĢāļąāļš Refer āļĢāļž.āļāļšāļīāļ™āļ—āļĢāđŒāļšāļļāļĢāļĩ 1.02 0.42 1.72 0.62 1.51 1.14 1.66 0.52 0.89 0.99 0.89 0.69 0.56 0.73 0.00 0.14 2.04 0.41 0.49 0.27 1.11 0.48 0.87 0.67 2.50 2.00 1.50 1.00 0.50 0.00 āļĄ.āļ„.-52 āļ.āļž.-52 āļĄāļĩ.āļ„.-52 āđ€āļĄ.āļĒ.-52 āļž.āļ„.-52 āļĄāļī.āļĒ.-52 āļ.āļ„.-52 āļŠ.āļ„.-52 āļ.āļĒ.-52 āļ•.āļ„.-52 āļž.āļĒ.-52 āļ˜.āļ„.-52 āļĄ.āļ„.-53 āļ.āļž.-53 āļĄāļĩ.āļ„.-53 āđ€āļĄ.āļĒ.-53 āļž.āļ„.-53 āļĄāļī.āļĒ.-53 āļ.āļ„.-53 āļŠ.āļ„.-53 āļ.āļĒ.-53 āļ•.āļ„.-53 āļž.āļĒ.-53 āļ˜.āļ„.-53 āļĄ.āļ„.-54 āļ.āļž.-54 āļ§āļĢāļžāļˆāļ™āđŒ āļ•āļąāļ™āļ•āļīāļĻāļīāļĢāļīāļ§āļąāļ’āļ™āđŒ 2554, personal communication 69
  • 71. āļāļĢāļēāļŸāđ€āļ›āļĢāļĩāļĒāļšāđ€āļ—āļĩāļĒāļšāļ­āļąāļ•āļĢāļēāļāļēāļĢāļ•āļīāļ”āđ€āļŠāļ·āđ‰āļ­āļ”āļ·āđ‰āļ­āļĒāļē Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MDR) āļĢāļž.āļĻāļđāļ™āļĒāđŒāļāļēāļĢāđāļžāļ—āļĒāđŒ āļĄ.āļ„.52 – āļ•.āļ„.53 āļ„āļĢāļąāđ‰āļ‡ / 1000 āļ§āļąāļ™āļ™āļ­āļ™ āđ‚āļĢāļ‡āļžāļĒāļēāļšāļēāļĨ 0.60 0.00 0.47 0.16 0.78 0.41 0.20 1.38 0.43 0.25 0.52 0.14 0.28 0.38 0.40 0.28 0.00 0.28 0.42 0.27 0.58 0.80 0.41 0.14 0.00 0.12 0.49 0.13 0.14 1.00 1.20 1.40 1.60 āļĄ.āļ„.-52 āļ.āļž.-52 āļĄāļĩ.āļ„.-52 āđ€āļĄ.āļĒ.-52 āļž.āļ„.-52 āļĄāļī.āļĒ.-52 āļ.āļ„.-52 āļŠ.āļ„.-52 āļ.āļĒ.-52 āļ•.āļ„.-52 āļž.āļĒ.-52 āļ˜.āļ„.-52 āļĄ.āļ„.-53 āļ.āļž.-53 āļĄāļĩ.āļ„.-53 āđ€āļĄ.āļĒ.-53 āļž.āļ„.-53 āļĄāļī.āļĒ.-53 āļ.āļ„.-53 āļŠ.āļ„.-53 āļ.āļĒ.-53 āļ•.āļ„.-53 āļž.āļĒ.-53 āļ˜.āļ„.-53 Pseudomanas aeruginosa(MDR) āļ§āļĢāļžāļˆāļ™āđŒ āļ•āļąāļ™āļ•āļīāļĻāļīāļĢāļīāļ§āļąāļ’āļ™āđŒ 2554, personal communication 70
  • 72. 71
  • 73. Epidemiology of Important MDR-Pathogens in Thailand āļœ.āļĻ. āļ™.āļž. āļāļģāļ˜āļĢ āļĄāļēāļĨāļēāļ˜āļĢāļĢāļĄ āļŠāļēāļ‚āļēāļ§āļīāļŠāļēāđ‚āļĢāļ„āļ•āļīāļ”āđ€āļŠāļ·āđ‰āļ­ āļ āļēāļ„āļ§āļīāļŠāļēāļ­āļēāļĒāļļāļĢāļĻāļēāļŠāļ•āļĢāđŒ āļ„āļ“āļ°āđāļžāļ—āļĒāļĻāļēāļŠāļ•āļĢāđŒ āđ‚āļĢāļ‡āļžāļĒāļēāļšāļēāļĨāļĢāļēāļĄāļēāļ˜āļīāļšāļ”āļĩ 1
  • 74. Outline â€Ē Definitions of MDR â€Ē Emerging Resistance â–Ŧ International â–Ŧ Domestic â–Ŧ Evolving epidemiology of MDR â€Ē Prevalence of MDR in Thailand â€Ē Adaptation to the new challenges 2
  • 75. General definition of MDR MDR XDR The isolate is non-susceptible to â‰Ĩ1 agent in â‰Ĩ3 antimicrobial categories The isolate is non-susceptible to â‰Ĩ1 agent in all but 2 or fewer antimicrobial categories A.-P Magiorakos et al Clin Microbiol Infect 2012; 18: 268–281 3
  • 76. Antimicrobial categories for Enterobacteriaceae â€Ē Penicillins â–Ŧ Penicillins + b-lactamase inhibitors â–Ŧ Antipseudomonal penicillins + b-lactamase inhibitors â€Ē 1st, 2nd generation cephalosporins, cephamycins â€Ē Extended-spectrum cephalosporins; 3rd- 4th generation cephalosporins A.-P Magiorakos et al Clin Microbiol Infect 2012; 18: 268–281 4
  • 77. Antimicrobial categories for Pseudomonas aeruginosa A.-P Magiorakos et al Clin Microbiol Infect 2012; 18: 268–281 5 Antipseudomonal penicillins + b-lactamase inhibitors Ticarcillin-clavulanic acid Piperacillin-tazobactam Antipseudomonal cephalosporins Ceftazidime, cefepime Antipseudomonal carbapenems Imipenem, meropenem Doripenem
  • 78. Antimicrobial categories for Pseudomonas aeruginosa Aminoglycosides Gentamicin, tobramycin, amikacin, netilmicin Antipseudomonal fluoroquinolones Ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin Polymyxins Colistin Polymyxin B A.-P Magiorakos et al Clin Microbiol Infect 2012; 18: 268–281 6
  • 79. Antimicrobial categories for Acinetobacter spp. Penicillins + b-lactamase Ampicillin-sulbactam inhibitors Antipseudomonal penicillins + b-lactamase inhibitors Piperacillin-tazobactam, Ticarcillin-clavulanic acid Antipseudomonal carbapenems Imipenem, Meropenem, Doripenem Extended-spectrum cephalosporins Ceftriaxone, Cefotaxime, Ceftazidime, Cefepime A.-P Magiorakos et al Clin Microbiol Infect 2012; 18: 268–281 7
  • 80. Antimicrobial categories for Acinetobacter spp. Aminoglycosides Gentamicin, Tobramycin, Amikacin, Netilmicin Antipseudomonal fluoroquinolones Ciprofloxacin, Levofloxacin Folate pathway inhibitors Trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole Polymyxins Colistin, Polymyxin B A.-P Magiorakos et al Clin Microbiol Infect 2012; 18: 268–281 8
  • 81. Emerging resistance â€Ē Community-onset/acquired ESBL producers â€Ē Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae â–Ŧ Combined mechanism â–Ŧ Carbapenemase  KPC (class A carbapenemase)  NDM-1  Other enzymes 9
  • 82. ESBL-Positive Enterobacteria Isolates in Drinking Water â€Ē Aim of study: assess the presence of ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae isolates in sachet packaged water bags sold as drinking water in the streets of Kinshasa, the capital of Democratic Republic of the Congo. 10 De Boeck H et al. Emerg Infect Dis 2012; 18(6):1019-20
  • 83. ESBL-Positive Enterobacteria Isolates in Drinking Water â€Ē 101 sachet-packaged water bags were bought from street vendors â€Ē 150 non-duplicate Enterobacteriaceae identified â€Ē Eight isolates (5.3 %) were confirmed as ESBL producers â€Ē Five isolates carried blaCTX-M1 11 De Boeck H et al. Emerg Infect Dis 2012; 18(6):1019-20
  • 84. Carbapenem-Resistant Enterobacteriaceae â€Ē Production of ESBL + modification of cell membrane protein â€Ē Production of new b-lactamases â–Ŧ OXA-type (Acinetobacter baumannii) â–Ŧ KPC (K. pneumoniae) â–Ŧ NDM-1 (Enterobactericeae) â–Ŧ VIM, SIM, etc. 12
  • 85. Key features of organisms that produce KPC enzymes Feature Details Affected antibiotics Direct: Îē−lactam; Indirect: fluoroquinolones, aminoglycosides, TMP/SMX Bacterial species K. pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Enterobacter, Citrobacter and Salmonella species Risk factors Similar to other R traits Mechanism of resistance Plasmid-encoded gene (blaKPC ) enables hydrolysis of Îē-lactam antibiotics Toye B et al CMAJ 2009; 180:1225-6 13
  • 86. Global distribution of KPC b-lactamases Walsh TR Intern J Antimicrob Agents 2010: 36S3; S8–S14
  • 87. Global distribution of mobile metallo-b-lactamases Walsh TR Intern J Antimicrob Agents 2010: 36S3; S8–S14
  • 88. 16
  • 89. āļĨāļąāļāļĐāļ“āļ°āļŠāļģāļ„āļąāļāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āđ€āļŠāļ·āđ‰āļ­ superbug NDM-1 āđƒāļ™āđ€āļ­āđ€āļ‹āļĩāļĒāđƒāļ•āđ‰ â€Ē āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āđ€āļŠāļ·āđ‰āļ­āļāđˆāļ­āđ‚āļĢāļ„āđƒāļ™āļ„āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ„āļĄāđˆāđ„āļ”āđ‰āđ€āļ‚āđ‰āļēāļĢāļąāļšāļāļēāļĢ āļĢāļąāļāļĐāļēāđƒāļ™āđ‚āļĢāļ‡āļžāļĒāļēāļšāļēāļĨ (āđ€āļŠāļ·āđ‰āļ­āļāđˆāļ­āđ‚āļĢāļ„āļˆāļēāļ āļŠāļļāļĄāļŠāļ™) Kumarasamy KK et al Published Online August 11, 2010 DOI:10.1016/S1473-3099(10)70143-217
  • 90. āļ—āļĩāđˆāļĄāļēāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āđ€āļŠāļ·āđ‰āļ­ superbug NDM-1 āđƒāļ™ āđ€āļ­āđ€āļ‹āļĩāļĒāđƒāļ•āđ‰ â€Ē āđ€āļŠāļ·āđ‰āļ­āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ­āļēāļĻāļąāļĒāđƒāļ™āļ—āļēāļ‡āđ€āļ”āļīāļ™āļ­āļēāļŦāļēāļĢāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ„āļ™āđƒāļ™ āļŠāļļāļĄāļŠāļ™āļ­āļīāļ™āđ€āļ”āļĩāļĒāļŦāļĨāļēāļĒāđāļŦāđˆāļ‡ (āļšāļēāļ‡āļ„āļĢāļąāđ‰āļ‡āļŠāļēāļĄāļēāļĢāļ– āļāđˆāļ­āđ‚āļĢāļ„āđ„āļ”āđ‰) āļĄāļĩāļāļēāļĢāļ”āļ·āđ‰āļ­āļĒāļēāļ–āļķāļ‡āļĢāđ‰āļ­āļĒāļĨāļ° 70–901 â€Ē āļĄāļĩāļāļēāļĢāđƒāļŠāđ‰āļĒāļēāļ›āļāļīāļŠāļĩāļ§āļ™āļ°āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ­āļ­āļāļĪāļ—āļ˜āļīāđŒāļāļ§āđ‰āļēāļ‡ (āļĒāļē āđāļĢāļ‡) āļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āļāļ§āđ‰āļēāļ‡āļ‚āļ§āļēāļ‡ āļ‚āļēāļ”āļāļēāļĢāļ„āļ§āļšāļ„āļļāļĄāļ—āļĩāđˆāļ”āļĩ āđƒāļ™āļŠāļļāļĄāļŠāļ™āđƒāļ™āđ€āļ­āđ€āļ‹āļĩāļĒāđƒāļ•āđ‰2 1. Hawkey PM. Clin Microbiol Infect 2008; 14 (suppl 1): 159–65 2. Ghafur AK. J Assoc Physician India 2010; 58: 143–44. 18
  • 91. Hawser S P. et al (SMART 2007) Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2009; 53:3280–328419
  • 92. Intra-abdominal isolates 20 Hsueh PR et al International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents 36 (2010) 408–414
  • 93. ESBL producing GNR in travelers diarrhea Region ESBL-pos (n) Proportion positive p-Value compared to Europe World 58 (58/242)=0.24 Europe excl. Sweden 2 (2/63)=0.03 Egypt 19 (19/38)=0.50 <0.0001 Thailand 8 (8/36)=0.22 0.0042 India 11 (11/14)=0.79 <0.0001 Middle East 4 (4/10)=0.40 0.0025 Southeast Asia incl. Australia 5 (5/13)=0.38 0.0012 Africa excl. Egypt 2 (2/17)=0.12 0.1965 (NS) America incl. West Indies 1 (1/10)=0.10 0.3615 (NS) Unspecified 6 (6/42)=0.15 0.0550 (NS) Tham J et al Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases, 2010; 42: 275–280 21
  • 94. Features of NDM-1: Concerns â€Ē Plasmids carrying the gene for this carbapenemase, blaNDM-1, can have up to 14 other antibiotic resistance determinants â€Ē Transferrable to other bacteria Walsh T R et al Lancet Infect Dis 2011; 11:355–62 22
  • 95. 23/58
  • 96. āļœāļĨāļāļēāļĢāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļē â€Ē āļāļēāļĢāļŠāļģāļĢāļ§āļˆāđƒāļ™āđ€āļ”āļ·āļ­āļ™āļ•āļļāļĨāļēāļ„āļĄ – āļžāļĪāļĻāļˆāļīāļāļēāļĒāļ™ 2551 āđ‚āļ”āļĒāđ€āļžāļēāļ°āđ€āļŠāļ·āđ‰āļ­āļˆāļēāļāļ­āļļāļˆāļˆāļēāļĢāļ°āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ„āļ™āđƒāļ™ āļŠāļļāļĄāļŠāļ™āđāļŦāđˆāļ‡āļŦāļ™āļķāđˆāļ‡ āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ„āļĄāđˆāđ€āļ„āļĒāđ„āļ”āđ‰āļĢāļąāļšāļĒāļēāļ›āļāļīāļŠāļĩāļ§āļ™āļ° āđƒāļ™āļŠāđˆāļ§āļ‡ 3 āđ€āļ”āļ·āļ­āļ™āļāđˆāļ­āļ™āļŦāļ™āđ‰āļēāļ™āļĩāđ‰ āļˆāļģāļ™āļ§āļ™ 160 āļ„āļ™ â€Ē āļāļĨāļļāđˆāļĄāļ•āļąāļ§āļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āļĄāļĩāļ­āļēāļĒāļļāļĢāļ°āļŦāļ§āđˆāļēāļ‡ 25–86 āļ›āļĩ 24
  • 97. āļœāļĨāļāļēāļĢāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļē â€Ē āļžāļšāđ€āļŠāļ·āđ‰āļ­āļ”āļ·āđ‰āļ­āļĒāļē 87 āļĢāļēāļĒ (āļĢāđ‰āļ­āļĒāļĨāļ° 57.4) â€Ē āļŠāļąāļ™āļ™āļīāļĐāļāļēāļ™āļ§āđˆāļēāđ€āļŠāļ·āđ‰āļ­āļ”āļ·āđ‰āļ­āļĒāļēāļ­āļēāļˆāļĄāļĩāļŠāđˆāļ§āļ™āđ€āļāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ§āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļ‡ āļāļąāļšâ€œ “āļ­āļēāļŦāļēāļĢ” āļ—āļĩāđˆāļĢāļąāļšāļ›āļĢāļ°āļ—āļēāļ™ 25
  • 98. ESBL producers among ER patients â€Ē Rectal swab cultures from ER patients â€Ē 125 +ve screen for ESBL, of these, 79 +ve by confirmatory test (74 were E. coli) â€Ē ï‚ŧ 80% did not take ATB in the past three months and never been admitted â€Ē Many were regular patients of hospitals (OPD)
  • 99. MDR in Community Hospitals â€Ē Referred from provincial/regional hospitals with known MDR â€Ē Referred from provincial/regional hospitals with occult MDR â€Ē Broad-spectrum antibiotics are also supplied ïƒĻ further increased selective pressure 27
  • 100. CRE in Thailand â€Ē Case reported from hospitals in NE, E, central, and Bangkok region â€Ē Most commonly found in NE â€Ē Number of isolates range 1-15/hospital â€Ē Variety of resistance genes â–Ŧ VIM, SIM, etc. â–Ŧ Plus NDM (number to be assigned) 28
  • 101. Walsh T R et al Lancet Infect Dis 2011; 11:355–62 29
  • 102. Key findings â€Ē Bacteria with blaNDM-1 were grown from 12 of 171 seepage samples and two of 50 water samples â€Ē 11 species has not been known to carry NDM-1 (Shigella boydii and Vibrio cholerae) Walsh T R et al Lancet Infect Dis 2011; 11:355–62 30
  • 103. Key findings â€Ē Carriage by enterobacteria, aeromonads, and V. cholerae was stable, generally transmissible, and associated with resistance patterns typical for NDM-1 Walsh T R et al Lancet Infect Dis 2011; 11:355–62 31
  • 104. Global distribution of mobile metallo-b-lactamases Walsh TR Intern J Antimicrob Agents 2010: 36S3; S8–S14
  • 106. 34
  • 107. 35
  • 108. 36
  • 109. 37
  • 110. 38
  • 111. 39
  • 112. 40
  • 113. 41
  • 114. 42
  • 115. Basic information â€Ē 1,023 hospitals â€Ē 6,830,843 admissions â€Ē NI rates: 2.07-7.60 % â€Ē Infections: 268,628 episodes â€Ē Caused by MDR 87,751 episodes 43
  • 116. Key findings â€Ē Total extra LOS: 3.2 million days â€Ē 38,481 death â€Ē ATB cost 2,539-6,084 million Bht â€Ē Indirect cost (morbidity, premature death) 40,000 million Bht. 44
  • 119.
  • 120. How should we adapt our selves? â€Ē More stringent antimicrobial stewardship program to encompass all healthcare sectors, including in farms â€Ē Stronger IC â–Ŧ Surveillance â–Ŧ Isolation precautions 48
  • 121. 1 Emerging Antimicrobial resistance Amari airport Hotel 9 Jan 2013 Outbreak of Multi-drug Resistant Organisms : An Overview Y. Rongrungruang, MD Department of Medicine Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital Mahidol University
  • 122. Focus Overview of MDR agents Outbreak vs endemic MDR agents From evidence to practice strategies Conclusions
  • 123. Emerging MDR Gram Negative organisms in health-care facilities â€Ē ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae â€Ē Carbapenem-resistant A. baumannii & P. aeruginosa â€Ē Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae â€Ē Colistin-resistant A. baumannii & P. aeruginosa
  • 124. Emerging MDR Gram Positive organisms in health-care facilities â€Ē Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) with reduced susceptibility to glycopepetide â€Ē Ampicillin & high level gentamicin-resistant Enterococci â€Ē Vancomycin-resistant Enterococci (VRE)
  • 125. Epidemic vs Endemic Epidemic â€Ē Occurrence of more cases of a disease than expected among a given group of people over a specific time period Endemic â€Ē Usual or expected number of cases within a specific geographic location or population
  • 126. Epidemic rate AAvveerraaggee TTiimmee AAttttaacckk RRaattee Endemic rate
  • 127. Is there an outbreak? â€Ē Usually occurs over short time period â€Ē Affects specific population with common exposure/risk factor â€Ē Caused by single strain of organism
  • 128. Is there an Outbreak? â€Ē One case of an uncommon disease – Group A Strep SSI â€Ē A “cluster” of unusual pathogen – Pseudomonas cepacia BSI – Carbapenem-R Acinetobacter baumannii (new strain) â€Ē Increase of incidence in specific ward – Pneumonia in psychiatric unit
  • 129. Epidemic curve: transmission mode Category Possible Modes Point (common) source Gastroenteric illness Person-to-person (propagated) source Respiratory illness Continuous source* (endemic) Vector-borne, zoonotic, nosocomial, etc.
  • 130. Common Source Single Exposure 10 8 6 4 2 0 IInnddeexx ccaassee 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 DDaayyss NNoo.. ooff CCaasseess CCuurrvvee:: NNoorrmmaall ddiissttrriibbuuttiioonn iiff aaddeeqquuaattee ## ccaasseess && sshhoorrtt iinnccuubbaattiioonn 
  • 131. Common Source Intermittent Exposure 10 8 6 4 2 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 DDaayyss NNoo.. ooff CCaasseess CCuurrvvee:: iirrrreegguullaarrllyy ssppaacceedd ppeeaakkss
  • 132. Epidemic Curve: Outbreak of Pseudomonas picketti Bacteremia and Contaminated Infusate Traced to Contaminated Fentanyl 4 3 D No. of Cases January February March April 2 1 0 6 13 20 27 3 10 17 24 3 10 17 24 31 7 14 21 WWeeeekk ooff SSuurrggeerryy,, 22000011 P D P P P B B B PPrroobbaabbllee CCaassee DDeeffiinniittee CCaassee DDeeffiinniittee CCaassee wwiitthh BBaacctteerreemmiiaa P D B
  • 133. Propogated Source Single Exposure with Secondary & Tertiary Cases 10 8 6 4 2 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 WWeeeekk NNoo.. ooff CCaasseess CCuurrvvee:: iirrrreegguullaarr ppeeaakkss oovveerr lloonngg ppeerriioodd ooff ttiimmee
  • 134.
  • 135. Intervention to reduce KPC-III â€Ē Efficacy assessment during 2006-2010 using quasi-experimental study â€Ē Intervention included – patient isolation, cohorting – environment cleaning – education of staff, hand hygiene – computerized notification system that flags CRKP carriers and provides instructions
  • 136. Cleaning/disinfecting CRKP â€Ē During hosp stay & after discharge â€Ē Use of hypochlorite 1,000 ppm provided to all housekeeping staff â€Ē Vacated rooms had to be certified for reuse by the infection control nurse â€Ē Same procedure applied to station that had been used by CRKP cases/carriers
  • 137.
  • 138. Outbreak of Imipenem-Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii at Songklanagarind Silom Jamulitrat, Somchit Thongpiyapoom , Nonglak Suwalak J Med Assoc Thai 2007; 90 (10): 2181-91
  • 139. Incidence of colonized or infected with CR or CS A. baumannii & carbapenem consumption 1997 to 1998 Corbella X. J Clin Microb 2000:38; 4086–95 19
  • 140. 20 A B B C D D D D D D E E Patterns obtained by PFGE for A. baumannii after digestion with SmaI Corbella X. J Clin Microb 2000:38;4086–95
  • 141. Temporal trends in environmental contamination with A. baumannii clones before and after interventions Corbella X. J Clin Microb 2000:38;4086–95 21
  • 142. Endemic MRSA & intervention â€Ē MRSA bundle” was implemented in 2007 in acute care VA hospitals nationwide in an effort to decrease MRSA HAI. â€Ē Bundle consisted of universal nasal surveillance for MRSA, contact precautions, hand hygiene, and a change in the institutional culture during October 2007 through June 2010
  • 143. Endemic MRSA & intervention â€Ē 1,934,598 admissions and 8,318,675 patient-days â€Ē Screening at admission 82% to 96%, transfer/discharge 72% to 93% â€Ē Mean colonization/infection = 13.6 Âą 3.7% â€Ē MRSA HAI declined from 1.64 to 0.62 per 1000 pt-days (62%, P<0.001)
  • 144. ICU MRSA 1.64 to 0.62 per 1000 patient-days in October 2007 to June 2010, a decrease of 62% (P<0.001) non-ICUs fell from 0.47 per 1000 patient-days to 0.26 per 1000 patient-days, a decrease of 45% (P<0.001) Rates of Health Care–Associated Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Veterans Affairs (VA) Facilities & MRSA bundle Jain R, et al. N Engl J Med 2011;364:1419-30.
  • 145. Skin bath with 4% chlorhexidine & VRE, MRSA colonization, blood stream infections Climo MW. Crit Care Med 2009; 37:1858–65
  • 146. Skin bath with 4% chlorhexidine & VRE, MRSA colonization, blood stream infections Climo MW. Crit Care Med 2009; 37:1858–65
  • 147. Outbreak vs endemic MDR organisms in health-care facilities â€Ē New strain, single clone, small cluster , specific unit favor outbreak > endemic & success of eradicate/control â€Ē Oligoclonal/polyclonal strains, late, prolonged outbreak or endemic MDR associated with higher rate of failure to eradicate/control
  • 148. 28 Control & Prevention Strategy in MDRo
  • 149. multifaceted, evidence-based approach on MDRo guideline 2006 Infection prevention Accurate/prompt diagnosis and treatment Prudent use of antimicrobials Prevention of transmission
  • 150. Intervention on MDRo transmission 2006 Category Grade Hand hygiene Recommended Contact precaution Recommended Environment cleaning Recommended Communication between Recommended unit/hospitals
  • 151. Intervention on MDRo transmission 2006 Category Grade Single room or cohorting Preferred Intensified precaution in Considered uncontrolled transmission Active culture surveillance Considered Decolonization Considered
  • 152. 32 Priority on MDR Enterobacteriaceae prevention & control Category Rationale & Comments Standard and contact precautions Essential, especially hand hygiene compliance. behavioral aspects of compliance warranted Active surveillance Indicated, but be tailored to at-risk groups and resources, esp laboratory, isolation facilities, incidence fell after enhanced screening, isolation/cohort in studies Khan AS, et al. J Hosp Infect 82 (2012:82;85-93.
  • 153. 33 Priority on MDR Enterobacteriaceae prevention & control Category Rationale & Comments Environment cleaning Reduced susceptibility to chlorhexidine among XDR KP Decolonization No recognized methods, antibiotic stewardship vs GI decolonization with antibiotics Antimicrobial stewardship Effective control of antibiotic use inside and outside hospital Khan AS, et al. J Hosp Infect 82 (2012:82;85-93.
  • 154. Conclusion New strain, single clone, small cluster , early intervention favor outbreak > endemic & success of eradicate/control Oligoclonal/polyclonal strains, late intervention, prolonged outbreak or endemic MDR associated with higher rate of failure to eradicate/control Enhanced & sustained implementation of MDR bundles in certain settings
  • 155. 20/12/55 āļāļēāļĢāļ­āļšāļĢāļĄ āļāļēāļĢāļšāļĢāļīāļŦāļēāļĢāļˆāļąāļ”āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļĄāļ·āđˆāļ­āļžāļšāđ€āļŠāļ·āđ‰āļ­āļ”āļ·āđ‰āļ­āļĒāļē 9 āļĄāļāļĢāļēāļ„āļĄ 2556 āđ‚āļĢāļ„āļ•āļīāļ”āđ€āļŠāļ·āđ‰āļ­āđƒāļ™āđ‚āļĢāļ‡āļžāļĒāļēāļšāļēāļĨāđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļŠāļ­āļšāļŠāļ§āļ™āļāļēāļĢāļĢāļ°āļšāļēāļ” āļāļēāļĢāļˆāļąāļ”āļāļēāļĢāļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™āļŦāđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ›āļāļīāļšāļąāļ•āļīāļāļēāļĢ āļĢāļĻ. āđ‚āļŠāļ•āļīāļŠāļ™āļ° āļ§āļīāđ„āļĨāļĨāļąāļāļ‚āļ“āļē āļ„āļ“āļ°āđ€āļ—āļ„āļ™āļīāļ„āļāļēāļĢāđāļžāļ—āļĒāđŒ āļĄāļŦāļēāļ§āļīāļ—āļĒāļēāļĨāļąāļĒāļ‚āļ­āļ™āđāļāđˆāļ™
  • 157. āļŠāļ–āļēāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ“āđŒāļ›āļĢāļāļ•āļī āļāļĢāļ°āļšāļ§āļ™āļāļēāļĢ āļāļāļēāļēāļĢāļšāļĢāļĢāļīāļīāļŦāļŦāļēāļēāļĢāļˆāļˆāļąāļąāļ”āļāļāļēāļēāļĢ āļ•āļąāļ§āļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āļŠāđˆāļ‡āļ•āļĢāļ§āļˆ āļšāļĢāļīāļŦāļēāļĢāļˆāļąāļ”āļāļēāļĢāđƒāļŦāđ‰āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļ•āļąāļ§āļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āļŠāđˆāļ‡āļ•āļĢāļ§āļˆāļ—āļĩāđˆāļĄāļĩāļ„āļļāļ“āļ āļēāļž, āļˆāļąāļ”āļ—āļģāļ„āļđāđˆāļĄāļ·āļ­ āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļāđ‡āļš āļĢāļąāļāļĐāļē āļ™āļģāļŠāđˆāļ‡āļ•āļąāļ§āļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡ āđāļĨāļ°āļˆāļąāļ”āļāļēāļĢāļ•āļąāļ§āļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āđƒāļŦāđ‰ āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āđ„āļ›āļ•āļēāļĄāļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļāļģāļŦāļ™āļ”āļĄāļēāļ•āļĢāļāļēāļ™ āļžāļīāļŠāļđāļˆāļ™āđŒāļŠāļ™āļīāļ” āđāļšāļ„āļ—āļĩāđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒ āļžāļīāļŠāļđāļˆāļ™āđŒāļŠāļ™āļīāļ”āļ•āļēāļĄāļ§āļīāļ˜āļĩāļĄāļēāļ•āļĢāļāļēāļ™, āļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļē āļˆāļąāļ”āļŦāļēāļāļēāļĢāļ•āļĢāļ§āļˆ āļ§āļīāđ€āļ„āļĢāļēāļ°āļŦāđŒāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļžāļīāđˆāļĄāļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļīāļ—āļ˜āļīāļ āļēāļž āđ€āļŠāđˆāļ™ āļĢāļ°āļšāļšāļ­āļąāļ•āđ‚āļ™āļĄāļąāļ•āļī āļ—āļ”āļŠāļ­āļšāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ„āļ§ āļ•āđˆāļ­āļŠāļēāļĢāļ•āđ‰āļēāļ™āļˆāļļāļĨāļŠāļĩāļž āļ„āļąāļ”āđ€āļĨāļ·āļ­āļāļŠāļ™āļīāļ”āļĒāļēāļ—āļ”āļŠāļ­āļš āļāļģāļŦāļ™āļ”āļ§āļīāļ˜āļĩāļāļēāļĢāļ—āļ”āļŠāļ­āļš āđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļ„āļąāļ” āļāļĢāļ­āļ‡āļ•āļēāļĄāļĄāļēāļ•āļĢāļāļēāļ™ (CLSI) āđ‚āļĢāļ„āļ•āļīāļ”āđ€āļŠāļ·āđ‰āļ­āđƒāļ™āđ‚āļĢāļ‡āļžāļĒāļēāļšāļēāļĨāđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļŠāļ­āļšāļŠāļ§āļ™āļāļēāļĢāļĢāļ°āļšāļēāļ” 2
  • 158. āļŠāļ–āļēāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ“āđŒāļ›āļĢāļāļ•āļī āļāļĢāļ°āļšāļ§āļ™āļāļēāļĢ āļāļāļēāļēāļĢāļšāļĢāļĢāļīāļīāļŦāļŦāļēāļēāļĢāļˆāļˆāļąāļąāļ”āļāļāļēāļēāļĢ āļĢāļ°āļšāļšāļŠāļēāļĢ āļŠāļ™āđ€āļ—āļĻ āļŠāļēāļĢāļŠāļ™āđ€āļ—āļĻāļ•āđˆāļēāļ‡ āđ† āđ€āļŠāđˆāļ™ āļŠāļ™āļīāļ”āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āđāļšāļ„āļ—āļĩāđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒāļ—āļĩāđˆāđāļĒāļāđ„āļ”āđ‰ āļ­āļąāļ•āļĢāļē āļāļēāļĢāļ”āļ·āđ‰āļ­āļĒāļē āđāļšāļ„āļ—āļĩāđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒāđ€āļāđ‰āļēāļĢāļ°āļ§āļąāļ‡ āļĢāļ°āļšāļšāļšāļĢāļīāļŦāļēāļĢ āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļŠāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ‡ Infection control: āļĢāļ°āļšāļšāđ€āļāđ‰āļēāļĢāļ°āļ§āļąāļ‡āđ€āļŠāļ·āđ‰āļ­āļ”āļ·āđ‰āļ­āļĒāļē, āļĢāļ°āļšāļš āļŠāļ™āļąāļšāļŠāļ™āļļāļ™āļ‡āļēāļ™ IC (Surveillance system, typing system) āļĢāļ°āļšāļšāļ›āļĢāļ°āļāļąāļ™āđāļĨāļ° āļ„āļ§āļšāļ„āļļāļĄāļ„āļļāļ“āļ āļēāļž āļ„āļļāļ“āļ āļēāļžāļ•āļąāļ§āļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āļŠāđˆāļ‡āļ•āļĢāļ§āļˆ, āļĢāļ°āļšāļšāļ„āļ§āļšāļ„āļļāļĄāļ„āļļāļ“āļ āļēāļžāļ āļēāļĒāđƒāļ™āđāļĨāļ° āļ āļēāļĒāļ™āļ­āļ, āļĢāļ°āļšāļšāļšāļĢāļīāļŦāļēāļĢāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļŠāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ‡āļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļšāļĢāļīāļāļēāļĢ... āļŊāļĨāļŊ āđ‚āļĢāļ„āļ•āļīāļ”āđ€āļŠāļ·āđ‰āļ­āđƒāļ™āđ‚āļĢāļ‡āļžāļĒāļēāļšāļēāļĨāđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļŠāļ­āļšāļŠāļ§āļ™āļāļēāļĢāļĢāļ°āļšāļēāļ” 3
  • 159. āļŠāļ–āļēāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ“āđŒāļ›āļĢāļāļ•āļī āļĢāļ°āļšāļšāđ€āļāđ‰āļēāļĢāļ°āļ§āļąāļ‡āļˆāļļāļĨāļŠāļĩāļžāđ€āļ›āđ‰āļēāļŦāļĄāļēāļĒ: āļ•āļąāļ§āļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āđ€āļŠāļ·āđ‰āļ­āļ”āļ·āđ‰āļ­āļĒāļēāđ€āļāđ‰āļēāļĢāļ°āļ§āļąāļ‡ Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae Extended Spectrum ïĒ-lactamase producing Enterobacteriaceae Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus Vancomycin-intermediate resistant S. aureus Vancomycin-reistant Enterococcus Penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae Stenotrophomonas maltophilia āđ‚āļĢāļ„āļ•āļīāļ”āđ€āļŠāļ·āđ‰āļ­āđƒāļ™āđ‚āļĢāļ‡āļžāļĒāļēāļšāļēāļĨāđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļŠāļ­āļšāļŠāļ§āļ™āļāļēāļĢāļĢāļ°āļšāļēāļ” 4
  • 160. āļšāļ—āļšāļēāļ—āļŦāđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ›āļāļīāļšāļąāļ•āļīāļāļēāļĢāļˆāļļāļĨāļŠāļĩāļ§āļ§āļīāļ—āļĒāļēāļ„āļĨāļīāļ™āļīāļ Conventional cultivation Conventional identification āđ‚āļĢāļ„āļ•āļīāļ”āđ€āļŠāļ·āđ‰āļ­āđƒāļ™āđ‚āļĢāļ‡āļžāļĒāļēāļšāļēāļĨāđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļŠāļ­āļšāļŠāļ§āļ™āļāļēāļĢāļĢāļ°āļšāļēāļ” 5
  • 161. āļšāļ—āļšāļēāļ—āļŦāđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ›āļāļīāļšāļąāļ•āļīāļāļēāļĢāļˆāļļāļĨāļŠāļĩāļ§āļ§āļīāļ—āļĒāļēāļ„āļĨāļīāļ™āļīāļ Antimicrobial sensitivity and screening method Automated antimicrobial susceptibility test āđ‚āļĢāļ„āļ•āļīāļ”āđ€āļŠāļ·āđ‰āļ­āđƒāļ™āđ‚āļĢāļ‡āļžāļĒāļēāļšāļēāļĨāđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļŠāļ­āļšāļŠāļ§āļ™āļāļēāļĢāļĢāļ°āļšāļēāļ” 6
  • 162. āļŠāļ–āļēāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ“āđŒāļ›āļĢāļāļ•āļī Infection Control team IInnffoorrmmaattiioonn Prevalence and Incidence of multidrug resistance isolates in specific populations or patient care locations IInnffeeccttiioonn CCoonnttrrooll NNuurrssee Laboratory Antimicrobial susceptibility reports: IInnffoorrmmaattiioonn Pathogen-specific prevalence of resistance among clinical isolates āđ‚āļĢāļ„āļ•āļīāļ”āđ€āļŠāļ·āđ‰āļ­āđƒāļ™āđ‚āļĢāļ‡āļžāļĒāļēāļšāļēāļĨāđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļŠāļ­āļšāļŠāļ§āļ™āļāļēāļĢāļĢāļ°āļšāļēāļ” 7
  • 163. āđ€āļŠāļ·āđ‰āļ­āļ”āļ·āđ‰āļ­āļĒāļēāđ€āļāđ‰āļēāļĢāļ°āļ§āļąāļ‡ Gram-negative bacilli EEsscchheerriicchhiiaa ccoollii,, KKlleebbssiieellllaa ppnneeuummoonniiaaee āđāļšāļ„āļ—āļĩāđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒāļ›āļĢāļ°āļˆāļģāļ–āļīāđˆāļ™āđƒāļ™āļĢāļ°āļšāļšāļ—āļēāļ‡āđ€āļ”āļīāļ™āļ­āļēāļŦāļēāļĢ āļāļēāļĢāļ•āļīāļ”āđ€āļŠāļ·āđ‰āļ­āđ€āļŦāļĨāđˆāļēāļ™āļĩāđ‰ āļ­āļēāļˆāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™ endogenous pathogens āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­ exogenous pathogens āļ›āļąāļˆāļˆāļļāļšāļąāļ™āđ€āļŠāļ·āđ‰āļ­āļāļĨāļļāđˆāļĄāļ™āļĩāđ‰āļ”āļ·āđ‰āļ­āļĒāļēāļŦāļĨāļēāļĒāļ‚āļ™āļēāļ™: extended-spectrum ïĒ-lactamase (ESBL) producer āļāļĨāļļāđˆāļĄāļ™āļĩāđ‰āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āđ€āļŠāļ·āđ‰āļ­āļāđˆāļ­āđ‚āļĢāļ„ āļ•āļīāļ”āđ€āļŠāļ·āđ‰āļ­āđƒāļ™āđ‚āļĢāļ‡āļžāļĒāļēāļšāļēāļĨāļ—āļĩāđˆāļŠāļģāļ„āļąāļ āļœāļđāđ‰āļ›āđˆāļ§āļĒāļĄāļĩāđ‚āļ­āļāļēāļŠāđ€āļŠāļĩāļĒāļŠāļĩāļ§āļīāļ•āļŠāļđāļ‡ āđ‚āļĢāļ„āļ•āļīāļ”āđ€āļŠāļ·āđ‰āļ­āđƒāļ™āđ‚āļĢāļ‡āļžāļĒāļēāļšāļēāļĨāđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļŠāļ­āļšāļŠāļ§āļ™āļāļēāļĢāļĢāļ°āļšāļēāļ” 8
  • 164. Gram-negative bacilli āđ€āļŠāļ·āđ‰āļ­āļ”āļ·āđ‰āļ­āļĒāļēāđ€āļāđ‰āļēāļĢāļ°āļ§āļąāļ‡ EEsscchheerriicchhiiaa ccoollii,, KKlleebbssiieellllaa ppnneeuummoonniiaaee EE..ccoollii KK.. ppnneeuummoonniiaaee āđ‚āļĢāļ„āļ•āļīāļ”āđ€āļŠāļ·āđ‰āļ­āđƒāļ™āđ‚āļĢāļ‡āļžāļĒāļēāļšāļēāļĨāđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļŠāļ­āļšāļŠāļ§āļ™āļāļēāļĢāļĢāļ°āļšāļēāļ” 9
  • 165. āđāļšāļ„āļ—āļĩāđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒāļāđˆāļ­āđ‚āļĢāļ„āļ•āļīāļ”āđ€āļŠāļ·āđ‰āļ­āđƒāļ™āđ‚āļĢāļ‡āļžāļĒāļēāļšāļēāļĨ GGrraamm-nneeggaattiivvee bbaacciillllii Enterobacter sspppp.. SSeerrrraattiiaa Enterobacter āļžāļšāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āđāļšāļ„āļ—āļĩāđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒāļ›āļĢāļ°āļˆāļģāļ–āļīāđˆāļ™āđƒāļ™āļĢāļ°āļšāļšāļ—āļēāļ‡āđ€āļ”āļīāļ™ āļ­āļēāļŦāļēāļĢ āđāļĨāļ°āļžāļšāđƒāļ™āļŠāļīāđˆāļ‡āđāļ§āļ”āļĨāđ‰āļ­āļĄāđƒāļ™āļ˜āļĢāļĢāļĄāļŠāļēāļ•āļī āļ›āļ™āđ€āļ›āļ·āđ‰āļ­āļ™āđƒāļ™āļŠāļšāļđāđˆāļĨāđ‰āļēāļ‡ āļĄāļ·āļ­ āļ”āļ·āđ‰āļ­āļĒāļēāļŦāļĨāļēāļĒāļŠāļ™āļīāļ” Serratia āļžāļšāđƒāļ™āļ˜āļĢāļĢāļĄāļŠāļēāļ•āļī āļāļēāļĢāļ•āļĢāļ§āļˆāļžāļšāđ€āļŠāļ·āđ‰āļ­āđƒāļ™āļ•āļąāļ§āļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āļŠāđˆāļ‡āļ•āļĢāļ§āļˆ āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļœāļđāđ‰āļ›āđˆāļ§āļĒ āļ•āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āđƒāļŦāđ‰āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļŠāļ™āđƒāļˆ āļ­āļēāļˆāļĄāļĩāļāļēāļĢāļ›āļ™āđ€āļ›āļ·āđ‰āļ­āļ™āļˆāļēāļāļŠāļīāđˆāļ‡āđāļ§āļ”āļĨāđ‰āļ­āļĄ āđ‚āļĢāļ„āļ•āļīāļ”āđ€āļŠāļ·āđ‰āļ­āđƒāļ™āđ‚āļĢāļ‡āļžāļĒāļēāļšāļēāļĨāđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļŠāļ­āļšāļŠāļ§āļ™āļāļēāļĢāļĢāļ°āļšāļēāļ” 10
  • 167. āđāļšāļ„āļ—āļĩāđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒāļāđˆāļ­āđ‚āļĢāļ„āļ•āļīāļ”āđ€āļŠāļ·āđ‰āļ­āđƒāļ™āđ‚āļĢāļ‡āļžāļĒāļēāļšāļēāļĨ GGrraamm-nneeggaattiivvee bbaacciillllii Pseudomonas aaeerruuggiinnoossaa āđāļšāļ„āļ—āļĩāđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒāļ—āļĩāđˆāļžāļšāđƒāļ™āļ˜āļĢāļĢāļĄāļŠāļēāļ•āļī āļžāļšāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āđāļšāļ„āļ—āļĩāđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒāļ›āļĢāļ°āļˆāļģāļ–āļīāđˆāļ™āđƒāļ™āļĢāļ°āļšāļš āļ—āļēāļ‡āđ€āļ”āļīāļ™āļ­āļēāļŦāļēāļĢāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ„āļ™āđ„āļ”āđ‰ āļ—āļ™āļ—āļēāļ™āļ•āđˆāļ­āļ™āđ‰āļģāļĒāļēāļ†āđˆāļēāđ€āļŠāļ·āđ‰āļ­āđāļĨāļ°āļ”āļ·āđ‰āļ­āļĒāļēāļŦāļĨāļēāļĒāļŠāļ™āļīāļ” āļ›āļ™āđ€āļ›āļ·āđ‰āļ­āļ™āđƒāļ™āļ™āđ‰āļģ āļ™āđ‰āļģāļĒāļē āļŠāļēāļĢāđ€āļ„āļĄāļĩ āļ§āļąāļŠāļ”āļļāļāļēāļĢāđāļžāļ—āļĒāđŒ āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āđ€āļŠāļ·āđ‰āļ­āļ‰āļ§āļĒāđ‚āļ­āļāļēāļŠāļ—āļĩāđˆāļāđˆāļ­āđ‚āļĢāļ„āļĢāļļāļ™āđāļĢāļ‡ āđ€āļŠāđˆāļ™ āļ•āļīāļ”āđ€āļŠāļ·āđ‰āļ­āđƒāļ™āđ€āļĨāļ·āļ­āļ” āđāļœāļĨ āļœāđˆāļēāļ•āļąāļ” āđāļœāļĨāđ„āļŸāđ„āļŦāļĄāđ‰ āđāļĨāļ°āļ•āļģāđāļŦāļ™āđˆāļ‡āļ­āļ·āđˆāļ™ āđ† āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļĢāđˆāļēāļ‡āļāļēāļĒ āđ‚āļĢāļ„āļ•āļīāļ”āđ€āļŠāļ·āđ‰āļ­āđƒāļ™āđ‚āļĢāļ‡āļžāļĒāļēāļšāļēāļĨāđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļŠāļ­āļšāļŠāļ§āļ™āļāļēāļĢāļĢāļ°āļšāļēāļ” 12
  • 168. āđāļšāļ„āļ—āļĩāđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒāļāđˆāļ­āđ‚āļĢāļ„āļ•āļīāļ”āđ€āļŠāļ·āđ‰āļ­āđƒāļ™āđ‚āļĢāļ‡āļžāļĒāļēāļšāļēāļĨ GGrraamm-nneeggaattiivvee bbaacciillllii Pseudomonas aaeerruuggiinnoossaa āđ‚āļĢāļ„āļ•āļīāļ”āđ€āļŠāļ·āđ‰āļ­āđƒāļ™āđ‚āļĢāļ‡āļžāļĒāļēāļšāļēāļĨāđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļŠāļ­āļšāļŠāļ§āļ™āļāļēāļĢāļĢāļ°āļšāļēāļ” 13
  • 169. āđāļšāļ„āļ—āļĩāđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒāļāđˆāļ­āđ‚āļĢāļ„āļ•āļīāļ”āđ€āļŠāļ·āđ‰āļ­āđƒāļ™āđ‚āļĢāļ‡āļžāļĒāļēāļšāļēāļĨ GGrraamm-nneeggaattiivvee bbaacciillllii Acinetobacter bbaauummaannnniiii āđāļšāļ„āļ—āļĩāđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒāļ—āļĩāđˆāļžāļšāđƒāļ™āļ˜āļĢāļĢāļĄāļŠāļēāļ•āļīāđāļĨāļ°āļŠāļīāđˆāļ‡āđāļ§āļ”āļĨāđ‰āļ­āļĄāđƒāļ™āđ‚āļĢāļ‡āļžāļĒāļēāļšāļēāļĨ āļžāļšāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āđāļšāļ„āļ—āļĩāđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒāļ›āļĢāļ°āļˆāļģāļ–āļīāđˆāļ™āđƒāļ™āļ„āļ™āļ›āļāļ•āļī āļ›āļ™āđ€āļ›āļ·āđ‰āļ­āļ™āđƒāļ™āļ™āđ‰āļģ āļ™āđ‰āļģāļĒāļē āļŠāļēāļĢāđ€āļ„āļĄāļĩ āļ§āļąāļŠāļ”āļļāļāļēāļĢāđāļžāļ—āļĒāđŒ āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āđ€āļŠāļ·āđ‰āļ­āļ‰āļ§āļĒāđ‚āļ­āļāļēāļŠ āļ›āļąāļˆāļˆāļļāļšāļąāļ™āļžāļšāļ”āļ·āđ‰āļ­āļĒāļēāļāļĨāļļāđˆāļĄ carbapenem āđ‚āļĢāļ„āļ•āļīāļ”āđ€āļŠāļ·āđ‰āļ­āđƒāļ™āđ‚āļĢāļ‡āļžāļĒāļēāļšāļēāļĨāđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļŠāļ­āļšāļŠāļ§āļ™āļāļēāļĢāļĢāļ°āļšāļēāļ” 14
  • 170. āđāļšāļ„āļ—āļĩāđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒāļāđˆāļ­āđ‚āļĢāļ„āļ•āļīāļ”āđ€āļŠāļ·āđ‰āļ­āđƒāļ™āđ‚āļĢāļ‡āļžāļĒāļēāļšāļēāļĨ GGrraamm-ppoossiittiivvee bbaacciillllii MMeetthhiicciilllliinn-rreessiissttaanntt SSttaapphhyyllooccooccccuuss aauurreeuuss āđāļšāļ„āļ—āļĩāđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒāđāļāļĢāļĄāļšāļ§āļāļ­āļąāļ™āļ”āļąāļš 1 āļ—āļĩāđˆāļāđˆāļ­āđ‚āļĢāļ„āļ•āļīāļ”āđ€āļŠāļ·āđ‰āļ­āđƒāļ™āđ‚āļĢāļ‡āļžāļĒāļēāļšāļēāļĨ āļ”āļ·āđ‰āļ­āļ•āđˆāļ­āļĒāļēāļāļĨāļļāđˆāļĄ penicillin, cloxacillin āļ­āļēāļĻāļąāļĒāļ­āļĒāļđāđˆāđƒāļ™āđ‚āļžāļĢāļ‡āļˆāļĄāļđāļ āļœāļīāļ§āļŦāļ™āļąāļ‡ āđāļĨāļ°āļ—āļēāļ‡āđ€āļ”āļīāļ™āļ­āļēāļŦāļēāļĢāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ„āļ™ āļ›āļąāļˆāļˆāļļāļšāļąāļ™āļžāļšāļ§āđˆāļēāđ„āļ§āļ•āđˆāļ­āļĒāļē vancomycin āļĨāļ”āļĨāļ‡āļĄāļēāļ
  • 171. āđāļšāļ„āļ—āļĩāđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒāļāđˆāļ­āđ‚āļĢāļ„āļ•āļīāļ”āđ€āļŠāļ·āđ‰āļ­āđƒāļ™āđ‚āļĢāļ‡āļžāļĒāļēāļšāļēāļĨ GGrraamm-ppoossiittiivvee bbaacciillllii EEnntteerrooccooccccuuss sspppp āļ­āļēāļĻāļąāļĒāļ­āļĒāļđāđˆāđƒāļ™āļ—āļēāļ‡āđ€āļ”āļīāļ™āļ­āļēāļŦāļēāļĢāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ„āļ™āđāļĨāļ°āļĢāļ°āļšāļšāļŠāļ·āļšāļžāļąāļ™āļ˜āļļāđŒāđ€āļžāļĻāļŦāļāļīāļ‡ āļžāļšāļ§āđˆāļēāļ”āļ·āđ‰āļ­āļĒāļē vancomycin āļĄāļēāļāļ‚āļķāđ‰āļ™ āļāļēāļĢāļ„āļ§āļšāļ„āļļāļĄ Enterococcus āļ—āļģāđ„āļ”āđ‰āļĒāļēāļāđ€āļ™āļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļˆāļēāļāļĄāļąāļāļžāļšāđƒāļ™ āļ—āļēāļ‡āđ€āļ”āļīāļ™āļ­āļēāļŦāļēāļĢ āļ‹āļķāđˆāļ‡āļ­āļļāļˆāļˆāļēāļĢāļ°āļœāļđāđ‰āļ›āđˆāļ§āļĒāļĄāļąāļāļ›āļ™āđ€āļ›āļ·āđ‰āļ­āļ™āļ—āļąāđˆāļ§āđ„āļ›āļĢāļ­āļšāđ€āļ•āļĩāļĒāļ‡ āļœāļđāđ‰āļ›āđˆāļ§āļĒ āđāļĨāļ°āļ—āļ™āļ—āļēāļ™āļ•āđˆāļ­āļŠāļīāđˆāļ‡āđāļ§āļ”āļĨāđ‰āļ­āļĄāļ āļēāļĒāļ™āļ­āļāđ„āļ”āđ‰āļ™āļēāļ™ āđ‚āļĢāļ„āļ•āļīāļ”āđ€āļŠāļ·āđ‰āļ­āđƒāļ™āđ‚āļĢāļ‡āļžāļĒāļēāļšāļēāļĨāđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļŠāļ­āļšāļŠāļ§āļ™āļāļēāļĢāļĢāļ°āļšāļēāļ” 16
  • 172. Habitat of antibiotic resistant bacteria Organism Clinical specimen Environmental Sources Gram-negative bacilli Escherichia coli All sites, feces most common contaminated food, water Citrobacter freundii All sites, feces most common water, soil, fish, animals, food Citrobacter diversus All sites, CSF Unknown Enterobacter aerogenes All sites Water, soil, sewage, animals, dairy products Enterobacter cloacae All sites Water, soil, sewage, meat Klebsiella pneumoniae All sites, respiratory tract/urinary Ubiquitous, include foods and water tract most common Serratia marcescens All sites, respiratory tract common Water, soil, plants, vegetables, animals, insects Proteus mirabilis Urinary tract, blood, CSF Animals, birds, fresh- and saltwater fish Proteus vulgaris Urinary tract, wound, stool, similar to P. mirabilis respiratory tract Gram-positive bacteria Methicillin-resistant All sites, skin and soft tissue Foods Staphylococcus aureus common Enterococcus All sites, feces most common soil, water, food, plants, animals āđ‚āļĢāļ„āļ•āļīāļ”āđ€āļŠāļ·āđ‰āļ­āđƒāļ™āđ‚āļĢāļ‡āļžāļĒāļēāļšāļēāļĨāđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļŠāļ­āļšāļŠāļ§āļ™āļāļēāļĢāļĢāļ°āļšāļēāļ” 17
  • 174. āļŠāļ–āļēāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ“āđŒāļĢāļ°āļšāļēāļ” Case definition Environmental factors Literature Specific agent reviews GGeenneerraall bbaacckkggrroouunndd NNaattuurree ooff mmiiccrroooorrggaanniissmm CCuullttiivvaattiioonn SSuuppppoorrttiivvee llaabb ddiiaaggnnoossiiss SSuurrvveeiillllaannccee ssyysstteemm TTyyppiinngg tteecchhnniiqquuee SSttoorraaggee ooff iissoollaatteess OOtthheerrss āđ‚āļĢāļ„āļ•āļīāļ”āđ€āļŠāļ·āđ‰āļ­āđƒāļ™āđ‚āļĢāļ‡āļžāļĒāļēāļšāļēāļĨāđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļŠāļ­āļšāļŠāļ§āļ™āļāļēāļĢāļĢāļ°āļšāļēāļ” 19
  • 175. āļŠāļ–āļēāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ“āđŒāļĢāļ°āļšāļēāļ” 1. Surveillance and early warning system (clusters of infections, resistance patterns) 2. Establish case definition including lab diagnosis 3. Characterize isolates; store all sterile site isolates and epidemiologically important isolates Diekema DJ, Pfaller MA. Infection control and clinical microbiology. Manual of Clinical Microbiology. 8th eds, ASM press 2003 āđ‚āļĢāļ„āļ•āļīāļ”āđ€āļŠāļ·āđ‰āļ­āđƒāļ™āđ‚āļĢāļ‡āļžāļĒāļēāļšāļēāļĨāđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļŠāļ­āļšāļŠāļ§āļ™āļāļēāļĢāļĢāļ°āļšāļēāļ” 20
  • 176. āļŠāļ–āļēāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ“āđŒāļĢāļ°āļšāļēāļ” 4. Perform typing of involved strains . Perform supplementary studies or 5. ccuullttuurree aass need (only if justified by epidemiologic link to transmission) 6. Adjust lab procedure as necessary 7. Maintain surveillance and early-warning system āđ‚āļĢāļ„āļ•āļīāļ”āđ€āļŠāļ·āđ‰āļ­āđƒāļ™āđ‚āļĢāļ‡āļžāļĒāļēāļšāļēāļĨāđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļŠāļ­āļšāļŠāļ§āļ™āļāļēāļĢāļĢāļ°āļšāļēāļ” 21
  • 177. āļŠāļ–āļēāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ“āđŒāļĢāļ°āļšāļēāļ” Table Active surveillance culture method Source method Blood products Broth culture incubated aerobically and anaerobically at 30-32 C for 10 days Environmental surface Swab-rinse Disinfectants and antiseptics Plating of serial dilutions of the product with and without specific neutralizers Air Mechanical air sampler; settling plates Water Membrane filter for water samples, swab of faucets and showerheads Hands of personnel Broth-bag; 10-20 ml nutrient broth in sterile plastic bag; wash hands in broth, and plate semiquantitatively Anterior nares of personnel Swab culture Diekema DJ, Pfaller MA. Infection control and clinical microbiology. Manual of Clinical Microbiology. 8th eds, ASM press 2003 āđ‚āļĢāļ„āļ•āļīāļ”āđ€āļŠāļ·āđ‰āļ­āđƒāļ™āđ‚āļĢāļ‡āļžāļĒāļēāļšāļēāļĨāđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļŠāļ­āļšāļŠāļ§āļ™āļāļēāļĢāļĢāļ°āļšāļēāļ” 22
  • 178. āļŠāļ–āļēāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ“āđŒāļĢāļ°āļšāļēāļ” selective/enrichment media commercial screening media Identification system/: conventional methods Antimicrobial commercial/automated method Susceptibility including antibiogram as typing CDC 2006 Microbiology Isolation system: conventional methods āđ‚āļĢāļ„āļ•āļīāļ”āđ€āļŠāļ·āđ‰āļ­āđƒāļ™āđ‚āļĢāļ‡āļžāļĒāļēāļšāļēāļĨāđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļŠāļ­āļšāļŠāļ§āļ™āļāļēāļĢāļĢāļ°āļšāļēāļ” 23
  • 179. Detection of MRSA āļŠāļ–āļēāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ“āđŒāļĢāļ°āļšāļēāļ” Cefoxitin disk (30 g/disk): <21 mm inhibition zone Cefoxitin MIC: < 4 g/mL Selective media: BBLâ„Ē CHROMagarâ„Ē MRSA : Oxacillin Resistant Screening Agar (ORSA) Selective broth : Oxacillin-Mueller Hinton broth Rapid Identification: Latex agglutination kit for S. aureus Latex MRSA screen āđ‚āļĢāļ„āļ•āļīāļ”āđ€āļŠāļ·āđ‰āļ­āđƒāļ™āđ‚āļĢāļ‡āļžāļĒāļēāļšāļēāļĨāđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļŠāļ­āļšāļŠāļ§āļ™āļāļēāļĢāļĢāļ°āļšāļēāļ” 24
  • 180. āļŠāļ–āļēāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ“āđŒāļĢāļ°āļšāļēāļ” Detection of carbapenem resistant GNB Carbapenemase Class A penicillinase: KPC (K. pneumoniae) Class B Metallo-ïĒ-lactamase (NDM-1, IMP, VIM) Class C Cephalosporinase or AmpC Class D Oxacillinase (Oxa-23, Oxa-48) āđ‚āļĢāļ„āļ•āļīāļ”āđ€āļŠāļ·āđ‰āļ­āđƒāļ™āđ‚āļĢāļ‡āļžāļĒāļēāļšāļēāļĨāđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļŠāļ­āļšāļŠāļ§āļ™āļāļēāļĢāļĢāļ°āļšāļēāļ” 25
  • 181. āļŠāļ–āļēāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ“āđŒāļĢāļ°āļšāļēāļ” Carbapenemase Livermore DM. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2012;39:283-294. āđ‚āļĢāļ„āļ•āļīāļ”āđ€āļŠāļ·āđ‰āļ­āđƒāļ™āđ‚āļĢāļ‡āļžāļĒāļēāļšāļēāļĨāđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļŠāļ­āļšāļŠāļ§āļ™āļāļēāļĢāļĢāļ°āļšāļēāļ” 26
  • 182. Detection of NDM-1 āļŠāļ–āļēāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ“āđŒāļĢāļ°āļšāļēāļ” Routine detection SSccrreeeenniinngg ooff CCaarrrriieerr//oouuttbbrreeaakk MMaaccCCoonnkkeeyy aaggaarr CCHHRROOMMaaggaarr KKPPCC Susceptibility testing (<21 mm ETP; <20 mm IMP) ETP/ETP + EDTA (IMP/IMP + EDTA) Molecular identification of carbapenemase genes MMooddiiffiieedd ffrroomm NNoorrddmmaannnn PP.. JJ CClliinn MMiiccrroobbiiooll 22001111;; 4499::771188--2211 āđ‚āļĢāļ„āļ•āļīāļ”āđ€āļŠāļ·āđ‰āļ­āđƒāļ™āđ‚āļĢāļ‡āļžāļĒāļēāļšāļēāļĨāđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļŠāļ­āļšāļŠāļ§āļ™āļāļēāļĢāļĢāļ°āļšāļēāļ” 27
  • 183. āļŠāļ–āļēāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ“āđŒāļĢāļ°āļšāļēāļ” Carbapenemase 104 positive screening Enterobacteriaceae isolates in Khon Kaen āļžāļš blaNDM-1 6 isolates (Escherichia coli, 2; K. pneumo-niae, 2; Citrobacter freundii, 2) āđ‚āļĢāļ„āļ•āļīāļ”āđ€āļŠāļ·āđ‰āļ­āđƒāļ™āđ‚āļĢāļ‡āļžāļĒāļēāļšāļēāļĨāđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļŠāļ­āļšāļŠāļ§āļ™āļāļēāļĢāļĢāļ°āļšāļēāļ” 28
  • 184. Detection of ESBL āļŠāļ–āļēāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ“āđŒāļĢāļ°āļšāļēāļ” Disk diffusion Ceftazidime (30 g) zone < 22 mm Cefotaxime zone (30 g) < 27 mm Ceftriaxone zone (30 g) < 25 mm Double disk diffusion Ceftazidime (30g) + Ceftazidime-clavulanic acid(10g) Cefotaxime (30g) + Ceftazidime-clavulanic acid(10g) > 5 mm increase in a zone diameter āđ‚āļĢāļ„āļ•āļīāļ”āđ€āļŠāļ·āđ‰āļ­āđƒāļ™āđ‚āļĢāļ‡āļžāļĒāļēāļšāļēāļĨāđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļŠāļ­āļšāļŠāļ§āļ™āļāļēāļĢāļĢāļ°āļšāļēāļ” 29
  • 185. Detection of ESBL āļŠāļ–āļēāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ“āđŒāļĢāļ°āļšāļēāļ” ESBL positive ESBL negative āđ‚āļĢāļ„āļ•āļīāļ”āđ€āļŠāļ·āđ‰āļ­āđƒāļ™āđ‚āļĢāļ‡āļžāļĒāļēāļšāļēāļĨāđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļŠāļ­āļšāļŠāļ§āļ™āļāļēāļĢāļĢāļ°āļšāļēāļ” 30
  • 186. Fact 1. Literature review āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āđ€āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļŠāļģāļ„āļąāļāļĄāļēāļ Outbreak āļ­āļēāļˆ terminate āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļ”āđ‰āļ§āļĒāļ§āļīāļ˜āļĩāļ„āļ§āļšāļ„āļļāļĄāļ›āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļāļąāļ™ āđ‚āļ”āļĒāđ„āļĄāđˆāļˆāļģāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ•āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ—āļĢāļēāļš āļŠāļēāđ€āļŦāļ•āļļ 2. Outbreak āļĄāļąāļāļĄāļĩāđ€āļŠāļ·āđ‰āļ­āļĄāļēāļāļāļ§āđˆāļē 1 āļŠāļēāļĒāļžāļąāļ™āļ˜āļļāđŒ āļāļēāļĢāļ—āļģ molecular typing āļĄāļĩāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļŠāļģāļ„āļąāļāļ—āļĩāđˆāļŠāļēāļĄāļēāļĢāļ–āļĢāļ°āļšāļļāļŠāļēāļĒāļžāļąāļ™āļ˜āļļāđŒāļ—āļĩāđˆāļŠāļąāļ”āđ€āļˆāļ™ 3. āļāļēāļĢāđāļĨāļāđ€āļ›āļĨāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ™āļŠāļēāļĢāļŠāļ™āđ€āļ—āļĻāļĢāļ°āļŦāļ§āđˆāļēāļ‡ ICT āļāļąāļšāļŦāđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ›āļāļīāļšāļąāļ•āļīāļāļēāļĢ āđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒāļ™āļĢāļđāđ‰ āļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļēāļāļĨāđ„āļ āļāļĢāļ°āļšāļ§āļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ„āļ§āļšāļ„āļļāļĄāđ‚āļĢāļ„ āļ—āļąāđ‰āļ‡āļĢāļ°āļŦāļ§āđˆāļēāļ‡ āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļāļīāļ” outbreak āđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļ„āļ§āļšāļ„āļļāļĄāļ›āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļāļąāļ™ āđ‚āļĢāļ„āļ•āļīāļ”āđ€āļŠāļ·āđ‰āļ­āđƒāļ™āđ‚āļĢāļ‡āļžāļĒāļēāļšāļēāļĨāđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļŠāļ­āļšāļŠāļ§āļ™āļāļēāļĢāļĢāļ°āļšāļēāļ” 31
  • 187. Chotechana Wilailuckana wchote@kku.ac.th āļĻ āļ§ āļ› CCMMDDLL
  • 188. Detection of ESBL āļŠāļ–āļēāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ“āđŒāļĢāļ°āļšāļēāļ” Selective commercial culture medium Brilliant ESBL Agar (Oxoid) āđ‚āļĢāļ„āļ•āļīāļ”āđ€āļŠāļ·āđ‰āļ­āđƒāļ™āđ‚āļĢāļ‡āļžāļĒāļēāļšāļēāļĨāđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļŠāļ­āļšāļŠāļ§āļ™āļāļēāļĢāļĢāļ°āļšāļēāļ” 5
  • 189. Appendix B. Intrinsic resistance-Enterobacteriaceae (CLSI 2012) āđ‚āļĢāļ„āļ•āļīāļ”āđ€āļŠāļ·āđ‰āļ­āđƒāļ™āđ‚āļĢāļ‡āļžāļĒāļēāļšāļēāļĨāđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļŠāļ­āļšāļŠāļ§āļ™āļāļēāļĢāļĢāļ°āļšāļēāļ” 29
  • 191. āļšāļ—āļšāļēāļ—āļŦāđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ›āļāļīāļšāļąāļ•āļīāļāļēāļĢāļāļąāļšāđ‚āļĢāļ„āļ•āļīāļ”āđ€āļŠāļ·āđ‰āļ­āđƒāļ™āđ‚āļĢāļ‡āļžāļĒāļēāļšāļēāļĨ āļšāļĢāļīāļŦāļēāļĢāļˆāļąāļ”āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļāđ‡āļšāļ•āļąāļ§āļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āļŠāđˆāļ‡āļ•āļĢāļ§āļˆāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļŦāļĄāļēāļ°āļŠāļĄāļŠāļģāļŦāļĢāļąāļšāļāļēāļĢāļ§āļīāļ™āļīāļˆāļ‰āļąāļĒ āļ—āļēāļ‡āļˆāļļāļĨāļŠāļĩāļ§āļ§āļīāļ—āļĒāļē āļˆāļąāļ”āļ—āļģāļ„āļđāđˆāļĄāļ·āļ­āđ€āļāđ‡āļš āļĢāļąāļāļĐāļē āđāļĨāļ°āļ™āļģāļŠāđˆāļ‡āļ•āļąāļ§āļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āļŠāđˆāļ‡āļ•āļĢāļ§āļˆ āļšāļĢāļīāļŦāļēāļĢāļˆāļąāļ”āļāļēāļĢāļŦāđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ›āļāļīāļšāļąāļ•āļīāļāļēāļĢāđƒāļŦāđ‰āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āđ„āļ›āļ•āļēāļĄāļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļāļģāļŦāļ™āļ”āļĄāļēāļ•āļĢāļāļēāļ™ āļāļģāļŦāļ™āļ”āļĄāļēāļ•āļĢāļāļēāļĢāļ›āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļāļąāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ•āļīāļ”āđ€āļŠāļ·āđ‰āļ­āđƒāļ™āļŦāđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ›āļāļīāļšāļąāļ•āļīāļāļēāļĢ āļ—āļ”āļŠāļ­āļšāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ„āļ§ āļĢāļ§āļšāļĢāļ§āļĄāđāļĨāļ°āļ§āļīāđ€āļ„āļĢāļēāļ°āļŦāđŒāļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļĄāļđāļĨāļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļĢāļ°āļšāļš āđƒāļŦāđ‰āļāļēāļĢāļŠāļ™āļąāļšāļŠāļ™āļļāļ™āļ‡āļēāļ™ IC āļ•āļīāļ”āļ•āļēāļĄ āļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļēāļāļēāļĢāļ•āļĢāļ§āļˆāļ§āļīāđ€āļ„āļĢāļēāļ°āļŦāđŒāļ—āļēāļ‡āļŦāđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ›āļāļīāļšāļąāļ•āļīāļāļēāļĢ āđ‚āļĢāļ„āļ•āļīāļ”āđ€āļŠāļ·āđ‰āļ­āđƒāļ™āđ‚āļĢāļ‡āļžāļĒāļēāļšāļēāļĨāđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļŠāļ­āļšāļŠāļ§āļ™āļāļēāļĢāļĢāļ°āļšāļēāļ” 2
  • 192. āļšāļ—āļšāļēāļ—āļŦāđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ›āļāļīāļšāļąāļ•āļīāļāļēāļĢāļāļąāļšāđ‚āļĢāļ„āļ•āļīāļ”āđ€āļŠāļ·āđ‰āļ­āđƒāļ™āđ‚āļĢāļ‡āļžāļĒāļēāļšāļēāļĨ āļšāļĢāļīāļŦāļēāļĢāļˆāļąāļ”āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļāđ‡āļšāļ•āļąāļ§āļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āļŠāđˆāļ‡āļ•āļĢāļ§āļˆāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļŦāļĄāļēāļ°āļŠāļĄāļŠāļģāļŦāļĢāļąāļšāļāļēāļĢāļ§āļīāļ™āļīāļˆāļ‰āļąāļĒ āļ—āļēāļ‡āļˆāļļāļĨāļŠāļĩāļ§āļ§āļīāļ—āļĒāļē āļˆāļąāļ”āļ—āļģāļ„āļđāđˆāļĄāļ·āļ­āđ€āļāđ‡āļš āļĢāļąāļāļĐāļē āđāļĨāļ°āļ™āļģāļŠāđˆāļ‡āļ•āļąāļ§āļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āļŠāđˆāļ‡āļ•āļĢāļ§āļˆ āļšāļĢāļīāļŦāļēāļĢāļˆāļąāļ”āļāļēāļĢāļŦāđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ›āļāļīāļšāļąāļ•āļīāļāļēāļĢāđƒāļŦāđ‰āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āđ„āļ›āļ•āļēāļĄāļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļāļģāļŦāļ™āļ”āļĄāļēāļ•āļĢāļāļēāļ™ āļāļģāļŦāļ™āļ”āļĄāļēāļ•āļĢāļāļēāļĢāļ›āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļāļąāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ•āļīāļ”āđ€āļŠāļ·āđ‰āļ­āđƒāļ™āļŦāđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ›āļāļīāļšāļąāļ•āļīāļāļēāļĢ āļ—āļ”āļŠāļ­āļšāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ„āļ§ āļĢāļ§āļšāļĢāļ§āļĄāđāļĨāļ°āļ§āļīāđ€āļ„āļĢāļēāļ°āļŦāđŒāļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļĄāļđāļĨāļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļĢāļ°āļšāļš āđƒāļŦāđ‰āļāļēāļĢāļŠāļ™āļąāļšāļŠāļ™āļļāļ™āļ‡āļēāļ™ IC āļ•āļīāļ”āļ•āļēāļĄ āļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļēāļāļēāļĢāļ•āļĢāļ§āļˆāļ§āļīāđ€āļ„āļĢāļēāļ°āļŦāđŒāļ—āļēāļ‡āļŦāđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ›āļāļīāļšāļąāļ•āļīāļāļēāļĢ āđ‚āļĢāļ„āļ•āļīāļ”āđ€āļŠāļ·āđ‰āļ­āđƒāļ™āđ‚āļĢāļ‡āļžāļĒāļēāļšāļēāļĨāđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļŠāļ­āļšāļŠāļ§āļ™āļāļēāļĢāļĢāļ°āļšāļēāļ” 1
  • 194. āļšāļĢāļīāļŦāļēāļĢāļˆāļąāļ”āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļāđ‡āļšāļ•āļąāļ§āļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āļŠāđˆāļ‡āļ•āļĢāļ§āļˆāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļŦāļĄāļēāļ°āļŠāļĄāļŠāļģāļŦāļĢāļąāļšāļāļēāļĢāļ§āļīāļ™āļīāļˆāļ‰āļąāļĒ āļ—āļēāļ‡āļˆāļļāļĨāļŠāļĩāļ§āļ§āļīāļ—āļĒāļē āļˆāļąāļ”āļ—āļģāļ„āļđāđˆāļĄāļ·āļ­āđ€āļāđ‡āļš āļĢāļąāļāļĐāļē āđāļĨāļ°āļ™āļģāļŠāđˆāļ‡āļ•āļąāļ§āļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āļŠāđˆāļ‡āļ•āļĢāļ§āļˆ āļšāļĢāļīāļŦāļēāļĢāļˆāļąāļ”āļāļēāļĢāļŦāđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ›āļāļīāļšāļąāļ•āļīāļāļēāļĢāđƒāļŦāđ‰āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āđ„āļ›āļ•āļēāļĄāļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļāļģāļŦāļ™āļ”āļĄāļēāļ•āļĢāļāļēāļ™ āļāļģāļŦāļ™āļ”āļĄāļēāļ•āļĢāļāļēāļĢāļ›āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļāļąāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ•āļīāļ”āđ€āļŠāļ·āđ‰āļ­āđƒāļ™āļŦāđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ›āļāļīāļšāļąāļ•āļīāļāļēāļĢ āļ—āļ”āļŠāļ­āļšāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ„āļ§ āļĢāļ§āļšāļĢāļ§āļĄāđāļĨāļ°āļ§āļīāđ€āļ„āļĢāļēāļ°āļŦāđŒāļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļĄāļđāļĨāļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļĢāļ°āļšāļš āđƒāļŦāđ‰āļāļēāļĢāļŠāļ™āļąāļšāļŠāļ™āļļāļ™āļ‡āļēāļ™ IC āļ•āļīāļ”āļ•āļēāļĄ āļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļēāļāļēāļĢāļ•āļĢāļ§āļˆāļ§āļīāđ€āļ„āļĢāļēāļ°āļŦāđŒāļ—āļēāļ‡āļŦāđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ›āļāļīāļšāļąāļ•āļīāļāļēāļĢ āđ‚āļĢāļ„āļ•āļīāļ”āđ€āļŠāļ·āđ‰āļ­āđƒāļ™āđ‚āļĢāļ‡āļžāļĒāļēāļšāļēāļĨāđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļŠāļ­āļšāļŠāļ§āļ™āļāļēāļĢāļĢāļ°āļšāļēāļ” 1
  • 195. āļšāļĢāļīāļŦāļēāļĢāļˆāļąāļ”āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļāđ‡āļšāļ•āļąāļ§āļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āļŠāđˆāļ‡āļ•āļĢāļ§āļˆāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļŦāļĄāļēāļ°āļŠāļĄāļŠāļģāļŦāļĢāļąāļšāļāļēāļĢāļ§āļīāļ™āļīāļˆāļ‰āļąāļĒ āļ—āļēāļ‡āļˆāļļāļĨāļŠāļĩāļ§āļ§āļīāļ—āļĒāļē āļˆāļąāļ”āļ—āļģāļ„āļđāđˆāļĄāļ·āļ­āđ€āļāđ‡āļš āļĢāļąāļāļĐāļē āđāļĨāļ°āļ™āļģāļŠāđˆāļ‡āļ•āļąāļ§āļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āļŠāđˆāļ‡āļ•āļĢāļ§āļˆ āļšāļĢāļīāļŦāļēāļĢāļˆāļąāļ”āļāļēāļĢāļŦāđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ›āļāļīāļšāļąāļ•āļīāļāļēāļĢāđƒāļŦāđ‰āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āđ„āļ›āļ•āļēāļĄāļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļāļģāļŦāļ™āļ”āļĄāļēāļ•āļĢāļāļēāļ™ āļāļģāļŦāļ™āļ”āļĄāļēāļ•āļĢāļāļēāļĢāļ›āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļāļąāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ•āļīāļ”āđ€āļŠāļ·āđ‰āļ­āđƒāļ™āļŦāđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ›āļāļīāļšāļąāļ•āļīāļāļēāļĢ āļ—āļ”āļŠāļ­āļšāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ„āļ§ āļĢāļ§āļšāļĢāļ§āļĄāđāļĨāļ°āļ§āļīāđ€āļ„āļĢāļēāļ°āļŦāđŒāļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļĄāļđāļĨāļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļĢāļ°āļšāļš āđƒāļŦāđ‰āļāļēāļĢāļŠāļ™āļąāļšāļŠāļ™āļļāļ™āļ‡āļēāļ™ IC āļ•āļīāļ”āļ•āļēāļĄ āļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļēāļāļēāļĢāļ•āļĢāļ§āļˆāļ§āļīāđ€āļ„āļĢāļēāļ°āļŦāđŒāļ—āļēāļ‡āļŦāđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ›āļāļīāļšāļąāļ•āļīāļāļēāļĢ
  • 196. Detection of NDM-1 āļŠāļ–āļēāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ“āđŒāļĢāļ°āļšāļēāļ” Table Detection of carbapenemases by phenotypic and genotypic tests in the 104 positive screening Enterobacteriaceae isolates Multiplex PCRb positive with No. isolates positive by Phenotypic testsa Organisms No. isolates tested (%) MHT PBA OXA EDTA bla NDM bla IMP Enterobacter spp. 59 (56.7) 17 31 21 - - - K. pneumoniae 12 (11.5) 4 1 - 4 2 2 Klebsiella spp. 12 (11.5) - 3 1 - - - E. coli 11 (10.6) 3 1 1 2 2 - M. morganii 6 (5.8) - - - - - - C. freundii 2 (1.9) 2 - - 2 2 - C. k oseri 1 (1.0) - - - - - - P. rettgeri 1 (1.0) 1 - - - - - Total 104 (100) 27 36 23 8 6 2 aPBA, phenylboronic acid-carbapenem combined disc test; EDTA, EDTA-carbapenem combined disc test; MHT, modified Hodge test;OX, oxacillin-carbapenem combined disc test. bTwo sets of multiplex PCR, one for blaIMP, blaVIM, blaSPM-1, blaGIM-1 blaSIM-1 and the other for blaNDM, blaKPC and bla OXA-48. āđ‚āļĢāļ„āļ•āļīāļ”āđ€āļŠāļ·āđ‰āļ­āđƒāļ™āđ‚āļĢāļ‡āļžāļĒāļēāļšāļēāļĨāđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļŠāļ­āļšāļŠāļ§āļ™āļāļēāļĢāļĢāļ°āļšāļēāļ” 5
  • 199. āđ‚āļ„āļĢāļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļ­āļšāļĢāļĄāđāļžāļ—āļĒāđŒ āļžāļĒāļēāļšāļēāļĨāļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ›āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļāļąāļ™āđāļĨāļ°āļ„āļ§āļšāļ„āļļāļĄāđ‚āļĢāļ„āļ•āļīāļ”āđ€āļŠāļ·āđ‰āļ­āđƒāļ™āđ‚āļĢāļ‡āļžāļĒāļēāļšāļēāļĨ āđ€āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡ “āļāļēāļĢāļšāļĢāļīāļŦāļēāļĢāļˆāļąāļ”āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļĄāļ·āđˆāļ­āļžāļšāđ€āļŠāļ·āđ‰āļ­āļ”āļ·āđ‰āļ­āļĒāļē” āļ§āļąāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆ 9 āļĄāļāļĢāļēāļ„āļĄ 2556 āļ“ āđ‚āļĢāļ‡āđāļĢāļĄāļ­āļĄāļēāļĢāļĩ āđāļ­āļĢāđŒāļžāļ­āļĢāđŒāļ— āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļāđ‰āļēāļĢāļ°āļ§āļąāļ‡āđ€āļŠāļ·āđ‰āļ­āļ”āļ·āđ‰āļ­āļĒāļēāļ•āđ‰āļēāļ™āļˆāļļāļĨāļŠāļĩāļž āļŠāļģāļŦāļĢāļąāļšāđāļžāļ—āļĒāđŒ āđāļĨāļ°āļžāļĒāļēāļšāļēāļĨ āļŠāļļāļĢāļēāļ‡āļ„āđŒ āđ€āļ”āļŠāļĻāļīāļĢāļīāđ€āļĨāļīāļĻ surang_dej@yahoo.com āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ›āļĢāļķāļāļĐāļēāđ‚āļ„āļĢāļ‡āļāļēāļĢ Thai – IBIS āļŠāļ–āļēāļšāļąāļ™āļ§āļīāļˆāļąāļĒāļ§āļīāļ—āļĒāļēāļĻāļēāļŠāļ•āļĢāđŒāļŠāļēāļ˜āļēāļĢāļ“āļŠāļļāļ‚ āļāļĢāļĄāļ§āļīāļ—āļĒāļēāļĻāļēāļŠāļ•āļĢāđŒāļāļēāļĢāđāļžāļ—āļĒāđŒ
  • 200. Topics â€Ē Strategy on Prevention and Containment of Antimicrobial Resistance â€Ē Surveillance Activities â€Ē Monitor resistance in microorganisms (lab data) – Ensure performance of lab testings – Recognize emerging microorganisms and mechanisms of resistance
  • 201. WHO Strategy on Prevention and Containment of Antimicrobial Resistance 2001 2010 2011 Global Regional National
  • 202. Strategy on Prevention and Containment of Antimicrobial Resistance
  • 203. Strategy on Prevention and Containment of Antimicrobial Resistance OBJECTIVES: 1. To establish a national alliance for the prevention and control of antimicrobial resistance 2. To institute a surveillance system that captures the emergence of resistance, trends in its spread and utilization of antimicrobial agents in different settings 3. To promote rational use of antimicrobial agents at all levels of health-care and veterinary settings 4. To strenghten infection prevention and control measures to reduce the disease burden 5. To promote research in the area of antimicrobial resistance
  • 204.
  • 205. Surveillance Surveillance of antimicrobial resistance is fundamental to understanding trends in resistance, to developing treatment guidelines accurately and to assessing the effectiveness of interventions appropriately. Without adequate surveillance, the majority of efforts to contain emerging antimicrobial resistance will be difficult.
  • 206. ACTIVITIES: 1. Monitor resistance in microorganisms 2. Monitor use of antimicrobials 3. Monitor disease and economic burden due to resistant organisms
  • 207. Activity of monitor resistance pattern in microorganisms ïą Establish a national and regional surveillance system on AM use, resistance and information dissemination mechanisms ïą Support standardization of laboratory methodologies (develop SOP), quality assurance techniques and improve availability and reliability of microbiology laboratory facilities ïą Support and conduct culture and sensitivity tests on targeted microorganisms and AMs ïą Support and conduct series of population-based, real time surveillance systems to monitor resistance patterns to demonstrate the extent of the problem in both human and animal health ïą Ensure the establishment of surveillance network to develop linkages between human and veterinary sectors at national and regional levels ïą Quantify resistance patterns of clinically important microorganisms through networks of laboratories equipped with the capacity to perform quality assured AM susceptibility testing ïą Disseminate data to users, national and regional focal points and stakeholders ïą Encourage healthcare providers to utilize resistance data efficiently
  • 208. Lab data 1. Ensure performance and quality assurance of appropriate diagnostic tests, microbial identification, antimicrobial susceptibility tests of key pathogens, and timely and relevant reporting of results. Detection / Identification /antimirobial susceptibility test of bacterial pathogens Report
  • 209. Always use up-to-date standard guideline â€Ē For therapeutic purpose â€Ē For surveillance purpose Surang (NARST )
  • 211. M39-A3 : Analysis and Presentation of Cumulative Antimicrobial Susceptility Test Data; Approved Guideline – Third Edition (2009) Member: 60$ Surang (NARST ) Nonmember: 120 $
  • 212. SSttaapphhyyllooccooccccuuss sspppp.. MMeetthhiicciilllliinn rreessiissttaanntt SS.. aauurreeuuss (MMRRSSAA)) Oxacillin disk : S â‰Ĩ 13, I =11-12, R â‰Ī 10 mm Cefoxitin disk: S â‰Ĩ 22, I = - , R â‰Ī 21 mm MMeetthhiicciilllliinn rreessiissttaanntt SSttaapphhyyllooccooccccuuss ccooaagguullaassee nneeggaattiivvee ((MMRRSSCCNN)) Cefoxitin disk: S â‰Ĩ 25, I = - , R â‰Ī 24 mm If oxacillin – intermediate results are obtained for S. aureus, perform testing for mec A, or PBP 2a, the , the cefoxitin MIC or cefoxitin disk test, an oxacillin MIC test or the oxacillin-salt agar screening Test, Report the result of the alternative test rather than the oxacillin intermediate result. NARST data
  • 213. SSttaapphhyyllooccooccccuuss sspppp.. Vancomycin: Zone >= 7 mm. āļāļēāļĢāđāļ›āļĨāļœāļĨāļ­āļēāļˆāđ„āļĄāđˆāļ™āđˆāļēāđ€āļŠāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ–āļ·āļ­ MIC Breakpoint (ug/mL) S I R Staphylococcus spp. â‰Ī 2 4-8 â‰Ĩ16 Staphylococcus coagulase negative â‰Ī 4 8-16 â‰Ĩ32 āļ•āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ—āļ”āļŠāļ­āļšāđāļĨāļ°āļĢāļēāļĒāļ‡āļēāļ™āļœāļĨāļ”āđ‰āļ§āļĒāļ„āđˆāļē MIC āđ€āļ—āđˆāļēāļ™āļąāđ‰āļ™
  • 214. 9000 8000 7000 6000 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 0 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 oxa cefox CLSI 2006 : āđ€āļĢāļīāđˆāļĄāđāļ™āļ°āļ™āļģāđƒāļŦāđ‰āđƒāļŠāđ‰ cefoxitin āđāļ—āļ™ oxacillin āļŦāļē MRSA & MRSCN āđ€āļžāļĢāļēāļ°āļ­āđˆāļēāļ™āļœāļĨāļ‡āđˆāļēāļĒāļāļ§āđˆāļē āļˆāļģāļ™āļ§āļ™āđ€āļŠāļ·āđ‰āļ­ Staphylococcus āļ—āļĩāđˆāļĢāļž.āđ€āļ„āļĢāļ·āļ­āļ‚āđˆāļēāļĒ NARST āļ—āļ”āļŠāļ­āļšāļ•āđˆāļ­āļĒāļē oxacillin āđāļĨāļ° cefoxitin (data from NARST 28 hospitals) Surang (NARST )
  • 215. 17 Enterobacteriaceae Revisedâ€Ķ Carbapenem Zone Diameters Breakpoints (mm) Agent CLSI M100-S19 (2009) CLSI M100-S20 (2010) CLSI M100-S20U (2010) CLSI M100-S21 (2011) CLSI M100-S22 (2012) S I R S I R Doripenem - - - â‰Ĩ23 20-22 â‰Ī19 Ertapenem â‰Ĩ19 16-18 â‰Ī15 â‰Ĩ23 20-22 â‰Ī19 Imipenem â‰Ĩ16 14-15 â‰Ī13 â‰Ĩ23 20-22 â‰Ī19 Meropenem â‰Ĩ16 14-15 â‰Ī13 â‰Ĩ23 20-22 â‰Ī19 MHT-positive R R R Report as appear MHT-negative Report as appear Report as I appear Surang (NARST )
  • 216. 18 Enterobacteriaceae Revisedâ€Ķ Carbapenem MIC Breakpoints (ug/mL) Agent CLSI M100-S19 (2009) CLSI M100-S20 (2010) CLSI M100-S20U (2010) CLSI M100-S21 (2011) CLSI M100-S22 (2012) S I R S I R Doripenem - - - â‰Ī1 2 â‰Ĩ4 Ertapenem â‰Ī2 4 â‰Ĩ8 â‰Ī0.5 1 â‰Ĩ2 Imipenem â‰Ī4 8 â‰Ĩ16 â‰Ī1 2 â‰Ĩ4 Meropenem â‰Ī4 8 â‰Ĩ16 â‰Ī1 2 â‰Ĩ4 Report as appear MHT-positive R R R MHT-negative Report as appear I Report as appear Surang (NARST )
  • 217. Streptococcus pneumoniae Penicillin āđ„āļĄāđˆāļĄāļĩāļĢāļēāļĒāļ‡āļēāļ™ “I” āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­ “R” āđ‚āļ”āļĒ disk diffusion (āđ€āļĄāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ—āļ”āļŠāļ­āļšāļ”āđ‰āļ§āļĒ oxacillin disk 1 ug) Zone(mm) āļāļēāļĢāđāļ›āļĨāļœāļĨ â‰Ĩ 20 S < 20 āļ­āļēāļˆāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™ S/I/R āļ•āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ§āļąāļ”āļ„āđˆāļē MIC āļŠāļģāļŦāļĢāļąāļšāđ€āļŠāļ·āđ‰āļ­āļ—āļĩāđˆāđāļĒāļāđ„āļ”āđ‰āļˆāļēāļ CSF (meningitis) āļ•āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļĢāļēāļĒāļ‡āļēāļ™āļ„āđˆāļē MIC āļ•āđˆāļ­āļĒāļē Penicillin āđāļĨāļ° Cefotaxime āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­ Ceftriaxone āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­ Meropenem
  • 218. āđ€āļŠāļ·āđ‰āļ­āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ•āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ—āļ”āļŠāļ­āļšāļ”āđ‰āļ§āļĒāļ§āļīāļ˜āļĩāļŦāļē MIC āđ€āļ—āđˆāļēāļ™āļąāđ‰āļ™ Organisms MIC determination Acinetobacter Colistin Enterococcus Vancomycin Vancomcin 15-16 mm (I) Staphylococcus Vancomycin S. pneumoniae penicillin (Penicillin <20mm) S. pneumoniae cefotaxime, cetriaxone, cefuroxime, cefipime, amoxicillin, amoxicillin/clavulinic acid Streptococcus viridans group Vancomycin Burkholderia pseudomallei
  • 219. Lab data 2. The lab should be able to recognize emerging microorganisms and mechanisms of resistance. NDM-positive by hospital in each region 21 of 48 hosp. NDM-positive, 39 Jan-Sep 2012 33 North East Central East Bangkok North South 2 2 1 1 11 3 2 1 1 7 2 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 NE 1 NE 2 NE 3 NE 4 NE 5 NE 6 C 1 C 2 C 3 C 4 C 5 E BKK 1 BKK 2 BKK 3 N 1 N 2 N 3 N 4 N 5 S
  • 220. NDM-positive (by isolates) Species NDM pos % Klebsiella pneumoniae 88 63.3 Enterobacter cloacae 17 12.2 Escherichia coli 14 10.1 Citrobacter freundii 3 2.2 Escherichia hermannii 1 0.7 species to be confirmed 16 11.5 Total 139 100.0 Specimens NDM pos % Urine 71 51.1 Sputum 33 23.7 Throat swab 5 3.6 NP suction 2 1.4 Pleural fluid 1 0.7 Pus 13 9.4 Hemoculture 10 7.2 unknown 4 2.9 Total 139 100.0 41 29.5%
  • 221. Lab data 3. Ensure that laboratory data are recorded, preferably on a database, and are used to produce clinically- and epidemiologically-useful surveillance reports of resistance patterns among common pathogens and infections in a timely manner with feedback to prescribers and to the infection control programme.
  • 222. Consensus on Minimal Data Set â€Ē Patient ID (HN no.) â€Ē Specimen no. (lab no) â€Ē Location (ward) â€Ē Location type (IN, OPD, ICU, COM etc.) â€Ē Specimen type (site of infection) â€Ē name of all isolates (genus species, no growth, normal flora, mix) â€Ē Quantitative susceptibilty data (diameter or MIC) â€Ē AAggee â€Ē Sex â€Ē DDiiaaggnnoossiiss ((CCII oorr NNII)) â€Ē UUnnddeerrllyyiinngg DDiisseeaassee Surang (NARST )
  • 224. Clinical information Infection control Data Fields in WHONET Standard Microbiology Patient information Surang (NARST )
  • 225. AAnnttiibbiiooggrraamm National Antibiogram Magnitude of resistance to a given drug  āđƒāļŦāđ‰āļ—āļĢāļēāļšāļŠāļ–āļēāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ“āđŒāđ€āļŠāļ·āđ‰āļ­āļ”āļ·āđ‰āļ­āļĒāļēāļĢāļ°āļ”āļąāļšāļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ—āļĻ āđ€āļ›āļĢāļĩāļĒāļšāđ€āļ—āļĩāļĒāļšāļĢāļ°āļŦāļ§āđˆāļēāļ‡ āļˆāļąāļ‡āļŦāļ§āļąāļ”/āļ āļēāļ„  āđāļ™āļ§āļ—āļēāļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļĢāļąāļāļĐāļēāđ‚āļĢāļ„āļ•āļīāļ”āđ€āļŠāļ·āđ‰āļ­āđƒāļ™āļŠāļļāļĄāļŠāļ™,  āđāļ™āļ§āļ—āļēāļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļ„āļ§āļšāļ„āļļāļĄāđ€āļŠāļ·āđ‰āļ­āļ”āļ·āđ‰āļ­āļĒāļēāļĢāļ°āļ”āļąāļšāļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ—āļĻ,  āđāļ™āļ§āļ—āļēāļ‡āļˆāļąāļ”āļ—āļģāļšāļąāļāļŠāļĩāļĒāļēāļŦāļĨāļąāļāđāļŦāđˆāļ‡āļŠāļēāļ•āļī,  āđāļ™āļ§āļ—āļēāļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļ—āļģ clinical guideline Hospital Antibiogram More valuable to clinicians when managing the patients āđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āđƒāļŠāđ‰āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āđāļ™āļ§āļ—āļēāļ‡āđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļĨāļ·āļ­āļāļĒāļēāļĢāļąāļāļĐāļēāļœāļđāđ‰āļ›āđˆāļ§āļĒāļ•āļīāļ”āđ€āļŠāļ·āđ‰āļ­āđāļšāļ„āļ—āļĩāđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļŦāļĄāļēāļ°āļāļąāļšāļ—āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ–āļīāđˆāļ™
  • 226. NNaattiioonnaall SSuurrvveeiillllaannccee NNeettwwoorrkk NARST 1998 ARI 1993 Thai IBIS 2004 Organism All organism (from routine isolation) S. pneumoniae H. influenzae S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae, N. meningitidis, Salmonella spp., Streptococcus spp., Listeria monocytogenes Specimen All specimens Nasopharyngeal swab Sterile site Patient All age ï‚Ģ5 year old ARI and healthy All age with invasive infection Hospital network 60 hospitals 6 hospitals (6 provinces) 57 hospitals Time Frame Continuously One year period (every 2-5 year) 93 / 94 / 97 / 00 / 05 /10 Continuously Purpose Resistance situation Resistance Trend Etiologic incidence Resistance situation Carrier rate Clinical + Lab data Bacterial characteristics Resistance patterns
  • 227. Sample size estimates for prevalence of antimicrobial resistance in a large population
  • 229. PPeerrcceenntt rreessiissttaanntt ooff AA.. ccaallccooaacceettiiccuuss-bbaauummaannnniiii ccoommpplleexx %% RR Gentamicin Ceftazidime Amikacin Cefepime Ciprofloxacin AAmmiinnooggllyyccoossiiddee ïĒ- LLaaccttaamm NQQAuuRSiinnT oodllaootannee Piperacillin/Tazobactam Cefeperazone/Sulbatam Imipenem Meropenem Ampicillin/ Sulbactam ïĒ- LLaaccttaamm,, ïĒ-LLaaccttaammaassee iinnhhiibbiittoorr CCaarrbbaappeenneemm 61 57 67 62 66 63 52 41 63 64 (2288 hhoossppiittaallss,, 22000000-22001111)
  • 230. NARST data 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Imipenem Cefoperazone/Sulbactam %R A B C D E F N S1 S2 NE1 NE2 E PPeerrcceenntt RReessiissttaannccee ooff AAcciinneettoobbaacctteerr sspppp.. IInn 66 hhoossppiittaallss ((22000088)
  • 231. NARST data Isolation RRaattee ooff MMRRSSAA && VVRREE ffrroomm 66 hhoossppiittaallss (22000000-22000088)) 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 MRSA tested by Oxacillin MRSA tested by Cefoxitin A B C D E F
  • 232. Rate of vancomycin resistance enterococci (2288 hhoossppiittaallss,, 11999988-22000077) E.faecalis E.faecium Aug 1999: Use of Avoparcin as growth promotor was banned in Thailand NARST data 0.1 1.5 8.1 1.5 1.4 0.5 0.6 1 1.4 2 0.3 1.2 1.6 0.4 0.6 1.9 0.5 1.1 7.1 1.1 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 % R
  • 233. AAnnttiibbiiooggrraamm National Antibiogram Magnitude of resistance to a given drug  āđƒāļŦāđ‰āļ—āļĢāļēāļšāļŠāļ–āļēāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ“āđŒāđ€āļŠāļ·āđ‰āļ­āļ”āļ·āđ‰āļ­āļĒāļēāļĢāļ°āļ”āļąāļšāļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ—āļĻ āđ€āļ›āļĢāļĩāļĒāļšāđ€āļ—āļĩāļĒāļšāļĢāļ°āļŦāļ§āđˆāļēāļ‡ āļˆāļąāļ‡āļŦāļ§āļąāļ”/āļ āļēāļ„  āđāļ™āļ§āļ—āļēāļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļĢāļąāļāļĐāļēāđ‚āļĢāļ„āļ•āļīāļ”āđ€āļŠāļ·āđ‰āļ­āđƒāļ™āļŠāļļāļĄāļŠāļ™,  āđāļ™āļ§āļ—āļēāļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļ„āļ§āļšāļ„āļļāļĄāđ€āļŠāļ·āđ‰āļ­āļ”āļ·āđ‰āļ­āļĒāļēāļĢāļ°āļ”āļąāļšāļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ—āļĻ,  āđāļ™āļ§āļ—āļēāļ‡āļˆāļąāļ”āļ—āļģāļšāļąāļāļŠāļĩāļĒāļēāļŦāļĨāļąāļāđāļŦāđˆāļ‡āļŠāļēāļ•āļī,  āđāļ™āļ§āļ—āļēāļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļ—āļģ clinical guideline Hospital Antibiogram More valuable to clinicians when managing the patients āđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āđƒāļŠāđ‰āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āđāļ™āļ§āļ—āļēāļ‡āđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļĨāļ·āļ­āļāļĒāļēāļĢāļąāļāļĐāļēāļœāļđāđ‰āļ›āđˆāļ§āļĒāļ•āļīāļ”āđ€āļŠāļ·āđ‰āļ­āđāļšāļ„āļ—āļĩāđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļŦāļĄāļēāļ°āļāļąāļšāļ—āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ–āļīāđˆāļ™
  • 234. Hospital antibiogram â€Ē Primary aim: prepare a report to guide clinicians in the selection of “empirical antimicrobial therapy” for initial infection. â€Ē Include only diagnostic isolates (not surveillance) â€Ē Eliminate duplicate by including only the first isolate of a species/patient/analysis period, irrespective of body site or antimicrobial profile. â€Ē Not aim for emergence of resistance during therapy, empirical for later infection â€Ē Include only species with testing data for â‰Ĩ30 isolates. â€Ē Include only antimicrobial agents routinely tested and clinical useful â€Ē do not report supplemental agents selectively tested on resistant isolates only â€Ē
  • 235. National/Hospital antibiogram Whether the isolates were from Health care associated infection or Community infection
  • 236. AAnnttiibbiiooggrraammss ddiivveerrssiittyy ffrroomm ddiiffffeerreenntt hhoossppiittaallss NNaattiioonnaall gguuiiddeelliinnee ffoorr aannttiibbiiooggrraamm ?
  • 237.
  • 238. āļāļāļēāļēāļĢāđ€āđ€āļāļāđ‰āđ‰āļēāļēāļĢāļĢāļ°āļ°āļ§āļ§āļąāļąāļ‡āđ€āđ€āļŠāļŠāļ·āļ·āđ‰āđ‰āļ­āļ”āļ”āļ·āļ·āđ‰āđ‰āļ­āļĒāļĒāļēāļēāļ•āļ•āđ‰āđ‰āļēāļēāļ™āļˆāļˆāļļāļļāļĨāļŠāļŠāļĩāļĩāļž āļ™āļž. āļŠāļļāļŠāļąāļ“āļŦāđŒ āļ­āļēāļĻāļ™āļ°āđ€āļŠāļ™ āļŠāļēāļ‚āļēāļ§āļīāļ§āļēāđ‚āļĢāļ„āļ•āļīāļ”āđ€āļŠāļ·āđ‰āļ­āđāļĨāļ°āļ­āļēāļĒāļļāļĢāļĻāļēāļŠāļ•āļĢāđŒāđ€āļ‚āļ•āļĢāđ‰āļ­āļ™ āļ āļēāļ„āļ§āļīāļŠāļēāļ­āļēāļĒāļļāļĢāļĻāļēāļŠāļ•āļĢāđŒ āļ„āļ“āļ°āđāļžāļ—āļĒāļĻāļēāļŠāļ•āļĢāđŒāļĻāļīāļĢāļīāļĢāļēāļŠāļžāļĒāļēāļšāļēāļĨ āđ™ āļĄāļāļĢāļēāļ„āļĄ āđ’āđ•āđ•āđ– āļŦāļĨāļĨāļąāļąāļāļāļāļēāļēāļĢāđāđāļĨāļĨāļ°āļ°āđ€āđ€āļŦāļŦāļ•āļ•āļļāļļāļœāļĨ
  • 239.
  • 240. 1 2 â€Ē NNaattuurraall rreessiissttaannccee â€Ē NNeeww mmuuttaattiioonn â€Ē GGeenneettiicc ttrraannssffeerr ooff rreessiissttaannccee ggeennee AATTBB eexxppoossuurree â€Ē Selective pressure â€Ē Resistance gene expression â€Ē Transfer of multiple resistant gene HCWs Pts. Visitors
  • 241. 3 Clinical Infectious Diseases 2008; 46:686–8
  • 242. EEppiiddeemmiioollooggyy ooff EEnnddeemmiicc NNoossooccoommiiaall iinnffeeccttiioonnss Factor Relative Contribution (%) Gram + Gram - â€Ē “Community” acquired 5-10 5-20 â€Ē Antibiotic pressure 10-20 30-40 â€Ē Cross-transmission 60-100 50-60 - hands 60-80 30-40 - other sources: 0-20 20 environment, food, etc Weinstein RA, IC measures : Challenges of compliance & containment
  • 243. MMDDRR bbaacctteerriiaa SSttrraatteeggiieess 1. Develop newer antibiotics 2. Minimize drug resistance â€Ē ATB stewardship (healthcare & agriculture industry) 3. Prevent cross-transmission â€Ē New design of hospital equipment & environment â€Ē Hand hygiene & Contact precautions â€Ē Active surveillance & Rapid alert system â€Ē Decolonization & Decontamination 4. Prevent infections â€Ē Good clinical practice â€Ē Device-associated bundle
  • 244. MMRRSSAA iinn tthhee NNeetthheerrllaannddss â€Ē 0.03- 0.06 % asymptomatic MRSA-nasal carriage â€Ē 1-2% of all hospital S.aureus is MRSA â€Ē 1% of blood isolations of S.aureus is MRSA Low prevalence due to â€Ē Low use of human antibiotics (Lowest in Europe) â€Ē Search-and-destroy policy (since end 80th): measures for patients and staff based on risk categories 1. Isolation of patients proven and at risk 2. Screening of asymptomatic carriers 3. Cohorting of patients and personnel 4. Eradication of carriership 5. Education of personnel 6. Disinfection http://www.infection-prevention.eu/Nutzerdaten/File/meetings/2010_April_Berlin_MrsaInTheNetherlands.pdf http://www.wip.nl/UK/free_content/Richtlijnen/MRSA%20hospital.pdf
  • 245. PPaattiieennttss rriisskk ccaatteeggoorryy ooff tthhee pprreesseennccee ooff MMRRSSAA Category 1: proven MRSA carrier Category 2 : high risk of being a carrier â€Ē Patients who were cared for in a foreign hospital for more than 24 hours less than 2 months ago â€Ē Foreign patients in the dialysis department â€Ē Patients who have stayed in the same room with an unexpected MRSA carrier Category 3 : moderately elevated risk of being a carrier â€Ē Patients during the first year following treatment for carrying MRSA, with negative control cultures â€Ē Patients cared for in a foreign hospital more than 2 months ago, who still have persistent skin lesions and/or risk factors, such as chronic respiratory or urinary tract infections Category 4 : no elevated risk of being a carrier â€Ē Patients cared for in a foreign hospital more than 2 months ago, who have no persistent skin lesions and/or risk factors, such as chronic respiratory or urinary tract infections
  • 246. Procedure ffoorr ((ppootteennttiiaallllyy)) ccoonnttaammiinnaatteedd ssttaaffff Category 1 staff â€Ē Staff with MRSA Category 2 staff: e.g. â€Ē staff member who was admitted to a foreign hospital < 2 months â€Ē unprotected contact with an MRSA-positive patient. Category 3 staff : e.g. â€Ē regularly work in foreign hospitals Category 4 staff: e.g. â€Ē Cultures remain negative for > 1 year http://www.wip.nl/UK/free_content/Richtlijnen/MRSA%20hospital.pdf
  • 247. CCoommmmoonn HHaabbiittaatt ooff BBaacctteerriiaa OOrrggaanniissmmss CCoommmmoonn HHaabbiittaatt SSccrreeeenniinngg MRSA VISA VRSA Anterior nare> pharynx > skin > GI tract Swab culture from â€Ē anterior vestibule of the nose ï‚ą throat â€Ē areas of skin breakdown â€Ē Perirectal/perineal area VRE C. Difficile Enterobacteriaceae Rectum > perineum Stool samples Swab samples from â€Ē the rectum or â€Ē perirectal area A. baumannii Skin> Sputum Sponge/swab culture from 3 skin sites Sputum culture
  • 248. SSuurrvveeiillllaannccee ooff MMuullttiiddrruugg-RReessiissttaanntt OOrrggaanniissmmss 1. Management â€Ē treatment â€Ē infection control 2. Benchmarking
  • 249. HAP&VAP MedicineHAP&Medicine,, SSiirriirraajj HHoossppiittaall 22000077-22000099 VAP (n=110) HAP (n=36) A. baumannii 50.9 25.0 80% resistant to Carbapenems K. pneumoniae 24.5 47.2 66% ESBL + P. aeruginosa 34.5 11.1 7% resistant to Carbapenems S. aureus 12.7 22.2 50% MRSA E. coli 6.4 13.9 58% ESBL + S. maltophilia 0.9 11.1 J Med Assoc Thai 2010; 93 (Suppl. 1): S126-138
  • 250. SSuurrvveeiillllaannccee ooff MMuullttiiddrruugg-RReessiissttaanntt OOrrggaanniissmmss 1. Management â€Ē treatment â€Ē infection control 2. Benchmarking
  • 251. Contact Precautions SSttrraatteeggiieess ffoorr MMDDRR BBaacctteerriiaa Strategies Appropriate Situations 1. Passive surveillance â€Ē Very low prevalence of MDR bacteria â€Ē Lack of effective active surveillance â€Ē Good compliance with IC practices
  • 252. Adherence rates on room entry and exit: â€Ē Hand hygiene 19 and 48 % â€Ē Gloves 68 and 64 % â€Ē Gowns 68 and 77 % Am J Infect Control 2010;38:105-11
  • 253. RRiisskk AAsssseessssmmeenntt GGrriidd ffoorr MMDDRR bbaacctteerriiaa Risk Probability of occurence Severity Potential change Preparedness Score Colistin-resistant A. baumannii +++ +++ +++ ++ 11 Carbapenem-resistant Enterobactereceae +++ ++ +++ ++ 10 VRE, VRSA ++ ++ +++ ++ 9 Colistin-resistant + +++ +++ ++ 9 P.aeruginosa Pan-resistant S.maltophilia + +++ +++ ++ 9 Imipenem-resistant A. baumannii ++++ ++ + + 8 MRSA +++ + + + 6 ESBL organisms +++ + + + 6
  • 254. āļŦāđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ›āļāļīāļšāļąāļ•āļīāļāļēāļĢāđāļšāļ„āļ—āļĩāđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒ āļ•āļĢāļ§āļˆāļžāļšāđ€āđ€āļŠāļŠāļ·āļ·āđ‰āđ‰āļ­āđāđāļšāļšāļ„āļ—āļ—āļĩāļĩāđ€āđ€āļĢāļĢāļĩāļĩāļĒāļ”āļ”āļ·āļ·āđ‰āđ‰āļ­āļĒāļĒāļēāļēāļĢāļĢāļļāļļāļ™āđāđāļĢāļĢāļ‡ āđ‚āļ—āļĢāļĻāļąāļžāļ—āđŒāđāļˆāđ‰āļ‡āļ­āļēāļˆāļēāļĢāļĒāđŒāļŠāļēāļ‚āļēāđ‚āļĢāļ„āļ•āļīāļ”āđ€āļŠāļ·āđ‰āļ­ āđāļˆāđ‰āļ‡āđāļžāļ—āļĒāđŒāļ—āļĩāđˆāļ”āļđāđāļĨāļœāļđāđ‰āļ›āđˆāļ§āļĒ āđāļĨāļ° āļ­āļēāļˆāļēāļĢāļĒāđŒāđāļžāļ—āļĒāđŒāđ€āļˆāđ‰āļēāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āđ„āļ‚āđ‰āļœāļđāđ‰āļ›āđˆāļ§āļĒ āļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļēāļ™āļ‡āļēāļ™āļāļąāļšāļāđˆāļēāļĒāļāļēāļĢāļžāļĒāļēāļšāļēāļĨ āđ„āļ”āđ‰āđāļāđˆ āļŦāļąāļ§āļŦāļ™āđ‰āļēāļžāļĒāļēāļšāļēāļĨ ward, āļœāļđāđ‰āļ•āļĢāļ§āļˆāļāļēāļĢ, āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­ āļŦāļąāļ§āļŦāļ™āđ‰āļēāđ€āļ§āļĢ (āļ™āļ­āļāđ€āļ§āļĨāļēāļĢāļēāļŠāļāļēāļĢ) āđāļˆāđ‰āļ‡āļāđˆāļēāļĒāļšāļĢāļīāļāļēāļĢāļœāļđāđ‰āļ›āđˆāļ§āļĒāđƒāļ™ āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ āļēāļ„āļ§āļīāļŠāļēāļ™āļąāđ‰āļ™āđ† 1. āđƒāļŦāđ‰āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļĄāļđāļĨāļšāļļāļ„āļĨāļēāļāļĢāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ§āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļ‡, āļœāļđāđ‰āļ›āđˆāļ§āļĒāđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļ•āļī āļ•āļēāļĄāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļŦāļĄāļēāļ°āļŠāļĄ 2. āđ€āļžāļīāđˆāļĄāļĄāļēāļ•āļĢāļāļēāļĢāđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ›āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļāļąāļ™āļāļēāļĢāđāļžāļĢāđˆāļāļĢāļ°āļˆāļēāļĒāđ€āļŠāļ·āđ‰āļ­āļ—āļąāļ™āļ—āļĩāļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āđ€āļ„āļĢāđˆāļ‡āļ„āļĢāļąāļ” āļ›āļĢāļĢāļ°āļ°āđ€āđ€āļĄāļĄāļīāļīāļ™āļ„āļ§āļ§āļēāļēāļĄāđ€āđ€āļŠāļŠāļĩāļĩāđˆāđˆāļĒāļ‡āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āđāđāļžāļžāļĢāļĢāđˆāđˆāļāļĢāļĢāļ°āļ°āļˆāļˆāļēāļēāļĒāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āđ€āđ€āļŠāļŠāļ·āļ·āđ‰āđ‰āļ­ āđāđāļˆāļˆāđ‰āđ‰āļ‡āļžāļĒāļĒāļēāļēāļšāļšāļēāļēāļĨāļ„āļ§āļšāļ„āļ„āļļāļļāļĄāđ‚āđ‚āļĢāļĢāļ„āļ•āļ•āļīāļīāļ”āđ€āđ€āļŠāļŠāļ·āļ·āđ‰āđ‰āļ­ āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļŠāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ‡āļ•āđˆāļģāđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāđāļžāļĢāđˆāļāļĢāļ°āļˆāļēāļĒ āļ”āļģāđ€āļ™āļīāļ™āļĄāļēāļ•āļĢāļāļēāļĢContact Precaution āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļŠāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ‡āļŠāļđāļ‡āđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāđāļžāļĢāđˆāļāļĢāļ°āļˆāļēāļĒ āđ€āļŠāđˆāļ™ āļŦāļ­āļœāļđāđ‰āļ›āđˆāļ§āļĒāļĢāļ§āļĄ āđ€āļ‰āļžāļēāļ°āļœāļđāđ‰āļ›āđˆāļ§āļĒāļ—āļĩāđˆāļ•āļĢāļ§āļˆāļžāļšāđ€āļŠāļ·āđ‰āļ­āļ”āļ·āđ‰āļ­āļĒāļēāđ€āļ—āđˆāļēāļ™āļąāđ‰āļ™ â€Ē Pre-emptive Universal Contact Precautions āļœāļđāđ‰āļ›āđˆāļ§āļĒāļĢāļēāļĒāļ­āļ·āđˆāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļĄāļĩāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļŠāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ‡āđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢ āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļĢāļąāļšāđ€āļŠāļ·āđ‰āļ­āļ—āļļāļāļ„āļ™ â€Ē Universal Contact Precautions āļŦāļēāļāļžāļšāļāļēāļĢāļĢāļ°āļšāļēāļ”āđƒāļ™āļŦāļ­āļœāļđāđ‰āļ›āđˆāļ§āļĒ â€Ē āļ­āļēāļˆāļžāļīāļˆāļēāļĢāļ“āļēāļ‡āļ”āļĢāļąāļšāļœāļđāđ‰āļ›āđˆāļ§āļĒ āļ–āđ‰āļēāļ­āļļāļ›āļāļĢāļ“āđŒāđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ”āļđāđāļĨāļœāļđāđ‰āļ›āđˆāļ§āļĒāđ„āļĄāđˆāđ€āļžāļĩāļĒāļ‡āļžāļ­āļŠāļģāļŦāļĢāļąāļšāļāļēāļĢāđāļĒāļ āļœāļđāđ‰āļ›āđˆāļ§āļĒ āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­ āđ„āļĄāđˆāļŠāļēāļĄāļēāļĢāļ–āļ„āļ§āļšāļ„āļļāļĄāļāļēāļĢāļĢāļ°āļšāļēāļ”āđ„āļ”āđ‰ āļ”āļ”āđāļģāļēāđ€āđ€āļ™āļ™āļīāļīāļ™āļāļāļēāļēāļĢāļ•āļ•āļēāļēāļĄāļ›āļāļ•āļ•āļīāļī āļ–āļ–āđ‰āđ‰āļēāļē - āđ„āļĄāđˆāļĄāļĩāļœāļđāđ‰āļ›āđˆāļ§āļĒāļ—āļĩāđˆāļ•āļĢāļ§āļˆāļžāļš āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­ āļŠāļ‡āļŠāļąāļĒāđ€āļŠāļ·āđ‰āļ­āļ”āļ·āđ‰āļ­āļĒāļē āđƒāļ™āļŦāļ­ āļœāļđāđ‰āļ›āđˆāļ§āļĒāļ™āļąāđ‰āļ™ āļ™āļēāļ™āļĄāļēāļāļāļ§āđˆāļē 4 āļŠāļąāļ›āļ”āļēāļŦāđŒ Passive Surveillance
  • 255. Potential Unintended CCoonnsseeqquueenncceess ooff SSiinnggllee PPaattiieenntt RRoooomm ffoorr IIssoollaattiioonn â€Ē Complexity for the management of beds â€Ē Reduction in contacts between HCWs and patients ~ 50% â€Ē Increase in feelings of isolation and loss of control  anxiety and depression â€Ē Prolong duration of stay â€Ē Increase in noninfectious adverse events â€Ē Patient dissatisfaction Clinical Infectious Diseases 2007; 44:1101–7
  • 256. Contact Precautions SSttrraatteeggiieess ffoorr MMDDRR BBaacctteerriiaa Strategies Appropriate Situations 2. Active surveillance â€Ē Low prevalence of MDR bacteria â€Ē Rapid & sensitive surveillance culture e.g. MRSA, VRE â€Ē Good compliance with IC practices
  • 257. Elements of an Effective Active Surveillance PPrrooggrraamm Screening test: â€Ē Must be timely, affordable, and reliable Clinical efficacy: â€Ē Should reduce transmission rate to patients and HCW â€Ē Should reduce infection rate by preventing acquisition Implementation: â€Ē Hospital and administrative financial support â€Ē Systems and staff to screen patients â€Ē Systems and staff to monitor effectiveness and compliance â€Ē Education of patients, staff, and families â€Ē Adequate physical plant and supplies (eg. private rooms, gloves, gowns, and antimicrobial agents) â€Ē Plan to manage social isolation and safety of patients under contact precautions Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2007 Mar;28(3):249-60.
  • 258. Potential Unintended CCoonnsseeqquueenncceess ooff AAccttiivvee SSuurrvveeiillllaannccee ffoorr MMDDRR bbaacctteerriiaa â€Ē Increase risk for lawsuits â€Ē Incapacity of the hospital for expanding contact precautions to many more patients â€Ē Laboratory workload (conventional & rapid test) â€Ē Extra charge (patient vs. hospital) â€Ē Conflict (patient refusal for active surveillance)
  • 259. Contact Precautions SSttrraatteeggiieess ffoorr MMDDRR BBaacctteerriiaa Strategies Appropriate Situations 3. Pre-emptive â€Ē High prevalence of multiple MDR bacteria â€Ē High risk patients for developing HAIs e.g. intubated patients in the ICU â€Ē Adequate staff & PPE â€Ē Limited laboratory diagnosis â€Ē Good compliance with IC practices
  • 260. “Our surveillance data in the ICU revealed that intubated patients were at 8 times higher risk of acquiring MRSA than non-intubated patients, so we hypothesised that pre-emptive contact precautions for all intubated patients would prevent healthcare-associated infection by MRSA in the ICU.” Journal of Hospital Infection 78 (2011)
  • 261. â€Ē Quasi-experimental study â€Ē A medical, surgical and trauma ICU at Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan â€Ē 2 private rooms and a 17-bed main area â€Ē The distance from bed centre to bed centre in the main area was 5 meters â€Ē January 2004 - December 2007 415 patients 1280 patients Journal of Hospital Infection 78 (2011)
  • 262. 23.7 16.1 12.2 5.6 1.1 Journal of Hospital Infection 78 (2011)
  • 263. Contact Precautions SSttrraatteeggiieess ffoorr MMDDRR BBaacctteerriiaa Strategies Appropriate Situations 4. Universal â€Ē Outbreak management w/o ward closure â€Ē Lack of effective active surveillance â€Ē Good teamwork â€Ē Adequate staff & PPE â€Ē Good compliance with IC practices 5. Reverse isolation â€Ē Initial low risk of MDR colonization in selected patients â€Ē Very high prevalence of multiple MDR bacteria in the unit â€Ē Very high risk patients for developing HAIs & mortality
  • 264. SSuurrvveeiillllaannccee ooff MMuullttiiddrruugg-RReessiissttaanntt OOrrggaanniissmmss 1. Management 2. Benchmarking â€Ē definitions â€Ē method â€Ē reporting
  • 265. MMuullttiiddrruugg-RReessiissttaanntt OOrrggaanniissmm SSuurrvveeiillllaannccee aanndd MMoonniittoorriinngg iinn HHoossppiittaall SSeettttiinngg 1. Core Reporting â€Ē Laboratory-Identified Event Reporting â€Ē Infection Surveillance Reporting 2. Supplemental Reporting â€Ē Prevention Process Measures Surveillance â€Ē Active Surveillance Testing Outcome Measures http://www.cdc.gov/nhsn/PDFs/pscManual/12pscMDRO_CDADcurrent.pdf
  • 266. MMuullttiiddrruugg-RReessiissttaanntt OOrrggaanniissmm SSuurrvveeiillllaannccee aanndd MMoonniittoorriinngg iinn HHoossppiittaall SSeettttiinngg Prevention Process Measures Surveillance −monitoring adherence to hand hygiene −monitoring adherence to gown and gloves use as part of contact precautions −monitoring adherence to active surveillance testing −monitoring environmental cleaning http://www.cdc.gov/nhsn/PDFs/pscManual/12pscMDRO_CDADcurrent.pdf
  • 268. MMDDRROO DDeeffiinniittiioonnss CephR-Klebsiella: Any Klebsiella spp. testing non-susceptible (i.e., resistant or intermediate) to ceftazidime, cefotaxime, ceftriaxone, or cefepime. CRE-Klebsiella: Any Klebsiella spp. testing non-susceptible (i.e., resistant or intermediate) to imipenem, meropenem, or doripenem, by standard susceptibility testing methods or by a positive result for any method FDA-approved for carbapenemase detection from specific specimen sources. http://www.cdc.gov/nhsn/PDFs/pscManual/12pscMDRO_CDADcurrent.pdf