Blood and Blood Related products

1. Contents:-
•Whole human blood
•Dried human plasma
•Preparation process of dried human plasma
•Other blood products
•Plasma substitutes

2. The whole human blood-
 Accepted donor – the one who is not suffering from any disease
transmitted by transfusion this includes syphilis, malaria and
serum jaundice and is not anemic.
 Collection- the blood is collected from median cubital vein in
front of elbow into a sterile container containing an anti-
coagulant solution.
 Not more than 420ml is taken at one attendance immediately
afterwards the container is sealed and cooled to 4-6 degree
centigrade.
 Testing- two tests are done ,a)serological test to confirm the
absence of , b)to determine the ABO grouping of the cells,
plasma and Rh grouping of cells.
 Storage- blood must be kept at 4-6 degree centigrade in a sterile
environment
 Uses- in cases of severe loss of blood from the body, during
hemorrhage, shock, uncontrollable diarrhea and vomiting.

3. Dried human plasma
Whole human blood has several disadvantages:-
 It has poor keeping properties necessitating use within three weeks
 It requires refrigerated storage
 It must be compatible with the blood of the recipient
Dried plasma, on the other hand ,has various
advantages:-
 Properly stored it keeps for at least five years
 If protected from light it can be stored for aleast five years
temperature provided this is below 20degrees
 It can be given to patients of any blood group
Major problems to be overcome for preparation-
 Transmission of viral jaundice-by pooling
 Neutralisation of plasma agglutinins- by cross
neutralisation by soluble agglutinogens, most
satisfactory ratio is 9 of A:9 of O:2of B or AB

4. Preparation process for dried human plasma:-
 Dried plasma is prepared from time expired citrated blood which has been centrifuged to
deposit the cell, more than 40% of supernatant fluid is siphoned off through sterile tubes
 Then pooling is done and correct ratio of blood groups is chosen to neutralize powerful
agglutinins, then samples are tested for sterility.
 Then 400ml quantities are dispensed in MRC bottles and are subjected to freeze drying
 Preliminary freezing-
 The bottles are sealed with bacteriologically efficient fabric pads covered by ring type closures and then
centrifuged at -18degree centigrade . The liquid snap-freezes and becomes distributed around the inside of the
bottle
 Primary drying –
 The bottles of frozen material are mounted horizontal in the drying chamber and high vacuum is horizontally
in the drying chamber and a high vacuum is applied. The ice sublimes on to a condensing coil kept at -50
degrees centigrade and a small heater provides the latent heat required for evaporation this stage takes about
two days, after which the residual moisture content is about 2 percent
 Secondary drying-
 This is done in another chamber by vacuum dessication over phosphorus pentoxide. It takes about a day and
the product is left with 0.5 percent moisture.
 Storage -
It is kept below 20 degrees centigrade and protected from moisture, sunlight and remains usable for at least
5years
 Usage-
 it is satisfactory alternative to whole blood in conditions where there is no loss of red cells, for
e.g. burns and scalps, where there is excessive fluid and protein loss.
 In case of emergency when whole human blood is unavailable

5. other blood products-
 Dried human serum-
 Preparation- blood is allowed to clot and
the supernatant serum being separated
after the clot has retracted
 Storage and usage- it is kept below
20degree centigrade and protected from
light, moisture and oxygen
 Usage- treatment of burns and scalps
where there is extensive fluid and protein
loss also used in cases of emergency when
whole human blood is unavailable
 Human plasma protein
fraction-
 Preparation- by fractionation of pooled
citrated plasma(not more than 0.4%), an
organic solvent is used having proper
volatility and bacteriostatic activity, a
stabiliser such as sodium caprylate whose
function is to allow the preparation to be
heated for hours at low temperature
without denaturation of protein
 For isotonicity NaCl is added, and to
control the contamination bactericide is
added
 Human fibrinogen-
 Uses – 1)to treat fibrinogen deficiency
2)in conjunction with thrombin to assist
adhesion of skin grafts
 Human thrombin-
 Use-in conjunction with fibrinogen fibrin clot is
produced which is used in surgery to suture
severed nerves and to assist adhesion of skin
grafts.

6.  Human fibrin foam-
 Uses-as haemostat in surgery by dipping the piece into thrombin and applied to bleeding
area
 Normal human immunoglobulin injection-
 Uses- Intravenous immunoglobulin is used in the treatment of imuno-thrombocytopenia, and
autoimmune hemolytic anemia, in prevention of measles, infectious hepatitis and small pox.
 RhD immunoglobulin is used to prevent exposure to D-positive red cells in D negative patients.
(usually given in pregnancy and immediately after birth).

7. Plasma substitutes:-
The limited supplies of plasma, the cost of producing the dried form and the risk of transmitting serum
hepatitis stimulated attempts to find substitutes of non-human origin that could be used to restore the
blood volume temporarily while the recipient replaced the lost protein.
Examples-gum saline, polyvinylpyrrolidone , dextran.
Properties of ideal plasma
substitutes-
Dextran:-
 Same colloidal osmotic pressure
 Same viscosity
 A fairly low rate of excretion but complete
elimination
 Freedom from toxicity
 Freedom from antigenicity , pyrogenicity .
 High stability in liquid form at the normal
sterilising temperatures and during transport
and storage
 Ease of preparation, ready availability and low
cost
 Molecular weight such that molecule do not
easily diffuse through capillary walls
 To date this is the most
satisfactory plasma substitute.
It is polysaccharide produced
when the bacterium
Leuconostoc mesenteroides
is grown in a sucrose containing
medium
 Dextran 40 injection:-
 A number of conditions , including
severe burns, crash injuries and
acute peritonitis, are accompanied
by severe degree of sludging in the
blood. This can be reduced by
administration of dextran 40
injection which ,because it contains
polymers of low molecular weight,
lowers plasma viscosity and
improves capillary flow
 Use
 short-term blood volume
expansion

8. Slide presentation by
Diksha Kumari
Roll no -22
B.Pharm 5th semester
Reference:-
1) Tutorial pharmacy by S.J Carter
2) wikipedia
3) Google