2. Introduction
• Major non-cereal food crop, ranks 4th in
production in the world after wheat, maize and
rice.
• Originated in Andean region i.e. Southern Peru
and Bolivia where it is domesticated 7000-
10000 year ago.
• Europeans introduced potato in India during
late 16th century or early 17th century
• The Great Famine, due to blight in the 1845
which resulted in 1 million Irish people dying
and another 1 million migrating.
3. •Family Solanaceae
•Important cultivated species
Solanum tuberosum ssp. tuberosum
Solanum tuberosum ssp. andigena
•2n= 48, tetraploid
•Cross pollinated
•About 60 cm high culm
•Green cherry fruits (300 seed in each)
•Potato stolons: lateral stems grow horizontally
•Potato tubers: modified stem, initiation of
young tubers at the tip of stolons at 35-40 DAP,
process called tuberization.
•Minute scale leaves with buds (eyes)
Stolon Tuber
Taxonomy & Morphology
Fruit
Flower
4. Area, Production & Productivity
World
Total Production = 368.1 m t
China = 88.9 m t
India = 44.31 m t
Russia = 30.2 m t
India
Area = 2.02 m ha
Production = 44.31 m t
Productivity = 219.6 q/ha
Punjab
Area = 85250 ha
Production = 2.13 m t
Productivity = 249.8 q/ha Source: FAO, 2013-14
www.indiastat.com
1/3 of total produced by
China and India.
Major potato producing states:
U.P., W.B., Bihar, Punjab, Haryana
5. 0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
1949-50 1959-60 1969-70 1979-80 1989-90 1999-00 2003-04 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13
Area (Lakh ha)
Production (mt)
Yield (t/ha)
Increase in area, production and productivity of Potato in India
(1949/50 – 2012-13)
www.indiastat.com
6. Current Scenario
India is producing 45.34 m tons (2012-13) from
1.99 m ha at an average productivity of 21.9
t/ha.
2.96 m tons (8.5%) of the produce is used as
seed.
2.8 m tons (7.5%) of the produce is processed.
0.1 m tons are exported
Post harvest losses are nearly 16% of the total
produce.
www.indiastat.com
7. Potato Research in India
Central Potato Research Institute, Shimla (CPRI)
established in 1949
It has 7 research centres
• CPRIC, Modipuram, Meerut (UP)
• CPRS, Jalandhar (Punjab)
• CPRS, Gwalior (MP)
• CPRS, Patna (Bihar)
• CPRS, Kufri-Fagu, Shimla (HP)
• CPRS, Udagamandalam (Tamilnadu)
• CPRS, Shillong (Meghlaya)
All India Coordinated Reseaech Project Potato (AICRP),1970
has headquarter at CPRI, Shimla has a nationwide network of 25
centers (7 CPRI based centers, 17 SAU based centers and 1 Voluntary
center)
9. Microtubers: 50-60% survival
Field multiplication-1 Field multiplication-2 Basic or Breeder Seed
Microplants
Microtubers Minitubers
Culturing in liquid media Microtuber in vitro
Micro Propagation
10. VIRUSES
Potato Virus X Potato Virus S Potato Virus M
Potato Virus Y Potato Leaf Roll Virus Potato Virus A
Tuber Indexing by ELISA
11. Clonal field multiplication
100 x 100 cm, 100% tested, individual
harvest
STAGE - I STAGE - II
Separate clones in rows in field
100 x 20 cm; rogue; 100% tested in
composite sample; bulk harvest
Breeder seed Stage III and IV, 60X20 cm,
rogue, bulk harvested
12. SYSTEM OF SEED PRODUCTION
Tuber selection and indexing (Nucleus seed)
Nucleus seed
13. True Potato Seed (TPS)
True Potato Seed (TPS) can be used in 3
ways:-
1. Direct seeding of TPS in the field
2. Transplanting TPS derived seedlings
3. Planting seedling tubers raised from TPS
Problems:
1. Low germination %age
2. Heavy weed problems
3. Slow growth of plants
4. Dormancy period of 4-6 months
5. Isolation: 50m
14. SEED POTATO
Potato tuber of definite size are used
for further multiplication
Should be free from all viral diseases
Should not have been grown in areas
where wart, cyst nematode and other
quarantine diseases are endemic
Should be either free from soil and
tuber borne diseases or carry them
within permissible limits
Should be of proper physiological age
15. Advantages
• Seed has a high % germination
• Crop has a better rate of
establishment
• Seed has a higher yield
• Seed is true to type
• Fewer pests and diseases
• Easier to market the crop
• Quite expensive
•Isolation required
•Non availability
•Transportation
•Lack of awareness
•Requirement non-infested field
from pathogens
Disadvantages
Certified seed
16. General Seed Certification Standards for Seed
Potato
I. Classification :
1. Hill Seed (HS): 2500 m ASL
2. Plains seed (PS): where low aphid infestation during the crop growing season
II. Land Requirements : not infested with wart , cyst forming nematodes, brown
rot within the previous 3 years or common scab.
III. Field Inspection: Minimum 4 inspections :
First inspection:
In the hills- 45 DAP
In Plains- 35 DAP
Second inspection: 60-70 DAP
Third inspection: Immediately after haulms cutting/destruction
Fourth inspection:10 days after haulms cutting/destruction
IV. Isolation: 5 m for FS and CS
17. Seed Standards for seed potato
Size Mean length and two widths at the
middle of tuber
Corresponding weight
Hill seed (HS)
Seed size 30mm-60mm 25-150gm
Large size above 60mm above 150gm
Plains seed (HS)
Small size 30 mm- 55 mm 25-125gm
Large size above 55 mm above 125 gm
1. Size based on mean length or weight
2. Permissible limit for non seed size tuber <5.0% (by number)
3. Cut, cracked tubers < 1.0% (by weight.)
4. Greenish pigmentation allowed
18. Shift from hills to plains
Before
1970 Seed production shifted from the
hills to the northern plains to cater
to the large demand of seed.
Hill seed may not of right
physiological age for use in the
plains
Hill soils may carries soil borne
pathogens due to continuous
potato production, which often not
found in the plains
Long distance transport
Area in hills is insufficient for seed
production
20. COMPONENTS OF SEED PLOT
TECHNIQUE
Systemic granular insecticide at planting/earthing
Removal of off types & diseased plants
1-2 sprays of systemic insecticide + Metalaxyl-Mancozeb in Dec- Jan
Crop rotation 2-3 yrs
Tuber treatment- boric acid
Source: Seed potato production manual
CPRI,Shimla
21. IMPACT OF SEED PLOT TECHNIQUE
CPRI produce =2550 t Breeder seed/year
CPRI give =2000 t to NSC or SSCs
Saving US $ in million annually on seed import
India is the only Asian country with a well established, scientific seed production programme.
2000 t Breeder Seed
12000 t Foundation seed
(Stage- I)
72000 t Foundation seed
(Stage- II)
432000 t or 0.43 mt
Certified seed (Stage- I)
Seed requirement of country
= 1.99 m ha X 3.0 t/ha
= 5.97 m t
Solution: Farmer can own seed with suitable
agronomic strategies, free from virus and
diseases
Multiplication rate 6 times
22. Different Agronomic practices involved in production
of quality seed potato
1. Seed treatment (Growth regulator, Microbial)
2. Seed rate
3. Seed size
4. Spacing
5. Method of planting
6. Inter-culture (Earthing up etc.)
7. Irrigation
8. Fertilizer management
9. Weed management
10.Haulm cutting
38. Table 16: Effect of combination of organic and inorganic nutrients on
potato (pooled over two years)
Treatment Number of
tuber per
m2
Total yield
(t/ha)
Cost of
Cultivatio
n
B:C ratio
Control 43.39 10.87 30221 1.41
100% Organic 52.76 22.30 38912 2.22
100% Inorganic 59.42 27.51 42140 2.52
75% organic + 25% Inorganic 55.22 24.43 39211 2.40
60% Organic + 40% Inorganic 57.37 27.53 40250 2.67
50% Organic + 50% Inorganic 59.84 28.12 40974 2.72
40% Organic + 60% Inorganic 61.31 28.82 41082 2.80
25% Organic + 75% Inorganic 59.12 27.23 42012 2.52
CD(p=0.05) NS 1.27 - -
Sarkar et al (2011), Nadia, W.B.
Potato J 38(1): 78-80
* % of Organic manures was calculated on the basis of N-equivalent of the recommended dose
39. Table 17: Effect of different planting pattern and drip irrigation on total tuber
yield, WUE and on economics
Treatment Total
yield
(q/ha)
Water
applied
mm
WUE
kg/ha-mm
Seed rate
(q/ha)
Cost of
Cultivation
Gross
returns
M1 268 700 38.3 30 61,000 71,500
M2 334 425 79.0 30 71,400 95,600
M3 338 425 79.5 30 71,400 98,000
M4 361 425 84.9 40 78,000 1,02,500
M5 417 425 98.1 40 78,000 1,30,500
M6 391 425 92.0 43 83,000 1,12,400
CD(p=0.05) 73.0 - - - - -
Patel et al (2010), Deesa, Gujarat
PotatoJ 37: 64-67
M1 = Furrow irrigation method
M2 = Ridges and Furrow (50 cm apart)- Drip lateral in each furrow
M3 = Flat method (50 cm apart)- Drip lateral between two rows
M4 = Paired row (75 cm bed)- Drip lateral between two rows 20cm apart
M5 = Broad bed of 150 cm with drip at alternate line (two lateral, 4 rows, 30 cm apart)
M6 = Broad bed of 210 cm with drip at alternate line (three lateral, 6 rows, 30 cm apart)
41. Table 19: Effect of different methods of weed control on WCE, tuber yield and net returns
Treatment No. of
weed/0.25
m2
Dry wt. of
weed at
harvest
(g m2)
WCE
(%)
Tuber
yield
(q/ha)
Net
return
Rs./ha
B:C
Fluchloralin@ 1.0 kg a.i. ha-1 5.28 1.37 79.7 149.4 36522 1.57
Fluchloralin@ 1.5 kg a.i. ha-1 4.98 1.33 80.7 161.7 40799 1.71
Pendimethalin@ 1.0 kg a.i. ha-1 5.91 1.45 74.9 111.5 21071 0.90
Pendimethalin@ 1.5 kg a.i. ha-1 5.78 1.45 74.6 116.4 22244 0.92
Metribuzin@ 0.75 kg a.i. ha-1 4.29 0.98 90.1 190.2 51959 2.15
Metribuzin@ 1.0 kg a.i. ha-1 4.30 1.16 87.1 185.4 49316 1.99
Diuron@ 1.0 kg a.i. ha-1 4.70 1.22 85.6 174.7 47517 2.12
Diuron@ 1.5 kg a.i. ha-1 4.92 1.23 84.4 166.4 43990 1.95
Farmer practice 4.96 1.25 84.4 172.4 43585 1.72
Weed free check 3.28 0.58 96.8 201.3 51520 1.78
Unweeded Check 9.05 2.04 0.00 78.0 9484 0.44
CD= 0.05 0.83 0.30 7.80 12.98
Channappa (2007), Dharwad, Karnataka
Karnataka J Agric Sci 20: 715-18
42. Table 20: Effect of different weed management methods on weed density, weed dry
weight, tuber number and yield of potato crop (pool over two years)
Treatment Weed count/ m2 Weed dry
weight/m2
Tuber no.
(‘000/ha)
Tuber weight
(q/ha)
Weed
index
(%)30
DAP
80
DAP
30
DAP
80
DAP
Mark-
etable
Total Mark-
etable
Total
Control 366.6 429.0 6.0 45.3 434.6 559.3 334.2 348.7 15.3
Weed free - - - - 527.0 688.3 396.1 411.5 0
One Weeding +
Earthing up
350.9 67.4 5.5 4.8 446.0 559.7 345.8 358.9 12.8
Prometryn 50 WP
(1.0 kg/ha)
49.5 103.8 1.2 7.1 515.2 663.2 388.1 408.1 0.8
Prometryn 50 WP
(1.5 kg/ha)
44.1 52.8 1.1 2.5 497.1 633.2 384.2 401.5 2.4
Pendimethalin 30 EC 37.6 71.1 1.0 5.8 476.9 598.2 379.5 393.9 4.3
CD (p=0.05) 86.6 30.7 2.3 5.8 34.7 78.7 47.4 38.0 -
Kumar et al (2009), Modipuram (U.P.)
Potato J 36(1-2): 72-74
43. Farm implements and machines
Potato production made less labour intensive, increased economic viability and timely
operations through development of various farm machinery/implements
Manually/engine operated endless screen type potato
grader
Poato Harvester
44. Conclusion
Seed treatment with GA3 and Thiourea helps in breaking the
dormancy
Seed size of 30-40g gives higher yield of seed size tubers.
60 x 15 spacing is optimum for higher yield of seed size tubers
and in economic terms as well.
Haulm cutting at 80-90 DAP produces more no. of seed size
tubers
Application of FYM increase the seed tuber yield and total
yield
Drip irrigation improves the Water Use Efficiency.
Fertilization through integrated nutrient management gives
more returns per rupees invested.
Chemical weed control helps in large scale seed production.