2. 1
Welcome Remarks
Distinguished delegates,
Welcome to the Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) in Jakarta Model
United Nations 2015. It is our utmost privilege to have you in our council. This council will be
led by Audrey Lynn Julianto, Chandra Anwar Effendi, and Mochammad Dimas Andra Saputra
during the conference. This council is going to brainstorm, debate, and negotiate the current
issue within FIFA as we speak.
This study guide contains only certain pointers as a guideline to help you begin with your
research for this council. Bear in mind that the study guide is in no way exhaustive and should
not be your only source of research. We would highly recommend that you do a good amount of
research beyond what is covered in the study guide.
We look forward to three wonderful days of productive debate, negotiations and viable solutions.
Precise and practical points will be highly appreciated. Detailed paperwork is a must for
discussion to snowball into action. We hope that the Study Guides, through which we have tried
to offer a concise and focused account of the major aspects of each issue, serve as an effective
research resource for you. Last but not least, we hope that you do, and you should, extend
yourself beyond them so that you are not only well-informed about the issues themselves but
also about the perspective you will be putting forward based on your country‘s stance.
Looking forward to meet all of you in July 22nd
-25th
2015. We send you our ―diplomatic‖ regards
and we wish you all the best!
Best regards,
Co-Chairs of FIFA Committee
Audrey Lynn
Universitas Pelita Harapan
International Relations 2013
Chandra Anwar Effendi
Universitas Indonesia
Faculty of Law 2012
Mochammad Dimas Andra Saputra
Universitas Bakrie
Industrial Engineering 2013
3. 2
Table of Contents
Welcome Remarks.......................................................................................................................... 1
Table of Contents............................................................................................................................ 2
Introduction to the Committee........................................................................................................ 3
Background..................................................................................................................................... 5
Qualification of Qatar as the Host .................................................................................................. 7
Climate ........................................................................................................................................ 7
Overview ................................................................................................................................. 7
Cooling Technology ................................................................................................................ 9
Winter World Cup ................................................................................................................. 11
Corruption ................................................................................................................................. 13
Timeline................................................................................................................................. 13
Cases...................................................................................................................................... 15
Pressing Domestic Issues.............................................................................................................. 17
Cultural Political Issues ................................................................................................................ 17
Qatar and Football ................................................................................................................. 17
Alcohol .................................................................................................................................. 18
Migrant workers, slavery allegations and deaths................................................................... 19
Homosexual Fans .................................................................................................................. 20
Possible Situation.......................................................................................................................... 21
Past International Actions............................................................................................................. 22
Bloc Positions ............................................................................................................................... 23
Asian Football Association ....................................................................................................... 24
Oceania Football Association.................................................................................................... 24
Union of European Football Associations ................................................................................ 24
Confederation of North, Central American and Caribbean Association Football .................... 25
South American Football Confederation................................................................................... 25
Confederation of African Football............................................................................................ 25
Questions a Resolution Must Answer........................................................................................... 26
Closing Statements and Suggestions for Further Research .......................................................... 26
Bibliography ................................................................................................................................. 27
4. 3
Introduction to the Committee
The Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) Congress is known as the
United Nations of the sporting world. This special committee is soccer‘s supreme legislative
body that holds the record of the world‘s largest and oldest non-governmental organizations that
was established in Paris, France 1904. Ever since their first Congress that took place in Vienna,
Austria, in 1908, FIFA Congress has always been consistently held annually in different
countries.
At the moment, the Congress has 209 participating members, more than the total Member
States of the UN. In order to accomplish maximum progress, FIFA has divided its member
nations into six different categories, namely; the Confederation of North, Central American and
Caribbean Sea (CONCACAF); Oceania Football Confederation (OFC); the Asian Football
Confederation (AFC); the Confederación Sudamericana de Fútbol (CONMEBOL) that
encompasses Member States from South America; the Confederation of African Football (CAF);
and lastly, the infamous Union of European Football Association (UEFA).
5. 4
The FIFA objectives as stated in the Statutes are as follows:
Improving the game of football constantly and promote it globally;
Organizing its own international competitions;
Drawing up regulations and provisions and ensure their enforcement;
Controlling every type of Association Football; and
Safeguarding the integrity of matches and competitions and prevent abuse.
The FIFA Congress was created to ensure the implementation of the aforementioned
objectives through the establishment of an annual extraordinary meeting where member will
gather to discuss about the governing statutes and method regulations, including but not limited
to the development of the game. The Congress is also responsible to the acceptance of new
national associations and to hold the election for the FIFA presidency. Most importantly, the
FIFA Congress has a duty to promote against racism or other form of discrimination in the
football world, including but not limited to the human right abuse that might happen in the
soccer world. It is embedded in the FIFA Statutes that they are the body responsibly of
promoting friendly relationship between every person and member of the association and
ensuring their adherence to the regulations and principles of fair play (FIFA, 2015).
Adjoining the FIFA Congress, the Ethics Committee is established as an independent
body within the FIFA organization that act as the judicial body overseeing the integrity of the
game under the FIFA Code of Ethics (FIFA, 2015). They are the body responsible of the
supervision of the football community to prevent and handle problems such as illegal betting,
bribery, and offending officials among the rest. Adjacent to the Ethics Committee, FIFA also
have a Audit and Compliance Committee whose mandate is to ensure the completeness and
reliability of FIFA‘s financial status (FIFA, 2015).
Even though FIFA is a not-for-profit organization, FIFA is a football enterprise that
generates over $14.5 billion in revenue since 1999, which comes from broadcasting deals and
sponsorship agreement with prominent brands such as Adidas, Coca-Cola and Visa (Sylt, 2015).
In order to prevent any crime of corruption or embezzlement, FIFA also have a financial body
that manage FIFA‘s revenue and expenditure that was governed under to Article 69, Paragraph 2
of the FIFA Statutes (FIFA, 2015).
6. 5
Background
FIFA World Cup is unquestionably the most anticipated event in the football world for
the hooligans and spectators from all around the world, but also to for the member of the
Association who aim to be the host of this infamous event. In fact, many countries have been
dedicating countless of resources for the bidding and hosting the events (Zimbalist, 2014). For
example, the 2014 World Cup in Brazil spent about $15 billion for in total for organizing the
game (Wade, 2015). Ironically, it is because of its grandeur that has become the root of many
problems within FIFA itself.
The topic that will be discussed at our session in Jakarta Model United Nations 2015
pertains to the current position of Qatar as the host of World Cup 2022. As the world become its
spectators, Qatar slowly subdue other bidders including Australia, Japan, and South Korea in the
first three rounds of bidding; and finally win the votes against the United States with 14 to 8
votes in which Qatar obtained an absolute majority(Jackson, 2010).
Qatar believes that by being the host of this prestigious event will increase the spirit of
the youth as ―a hope…that can change a lot of their hopes and dreams (Leicester, 2014).‖
However it appears that Qatar is the only country celebrating its victory. Not long after the
announcement of the bidding, many countries have voiced their concern about the result of the
bidding and the practicability of Qatar in hosting the extravagant event. Business Insider called it
―a mistake” that the former FIFA President, Splatter, awarded it to Qatar (Manfred T. , 2014).
7. 6
One of the reasons comes from the fact that Qatar has a higher operational risk rather
than U.S. as Qatar‘s previous competitors as it is shown in figure 1.1.The second concerns rises
because of Qatar‘s current social issues vis-à-vis human rights. It has been widely known that the
migrant worker from India and Nepal are considered to be a modern-day-slavery, which is
known as kafala. Thus, it would be based on these kafalas’ toil that the soon to be build stadiums
and hotels; some which has been recorded by International Trade Union Confederation to caused
the death of 1,200 workers (Jones, 2015).
Another concern revolves around Qatar‘s ability to serve alcohol and welcome gay fans.
Qatar has been known of its strict regulation in respect of the distribution and consumption of
alcohol, along with its strong ties with cultural ethics that does not support homosexuality.
However, Salah bin Ghanem bin Nasser al-Ali promises that: ―We (Qatar) are studying all these
issues. We can adapt, we can be creative to have people coming and enjoying the games without
losing the essence of our culture and respecting the preference of the people coming here. I think
there is a lot we can do (Nuzinski, 2014)."
8. 7
In addition to the aforementioned problems, recent developments of events have raised
several problems in regards to the preparation of Qatar as the host of World Cup 2022. The
recent allegation of corruption within the FIFA organizations (Singh, 2015)and the resignation of
Blatter caused hesitation about Qatar‘s victory during the bidding for the World Cup (Peters,
2013). Not to mention the occurring consideration of Qatar‘s heat that would affect the players—
and ultimately, the game—during the competition (Roberts, 2014). Combined, this is a matter of
importance that should be dealt immediately.
As delegates to the FIFA Congress, you have the opportunity to discuss this issue of
supreme eminence and to work collectively on designing probable solutions through the process
of negotiation and compromise.
Qualification of Qatar as the Host
Climate
Overview
World Cup usually held during summer, and weather in Qatar was a concern with
temperatures reaching more than 50 °C (122 °F) during that time. Qatar experiences living
conditions under a temperature range of 25-46°C during the summer season that if combined
with a relative humidity of up to 100%, can create a sensation of temperature more than
50°(Hughes, 2015)
This temperature creates a problem for the players as well as the fans, as the heat
exposure could kill people if it is not treatedproperly. Such temperature are extremely dangerous
and may cause heat illnesses to people that have prolonged exposure to direct sunlight. In
particular, there are concerns about fans from Europe and places with similar climates who are
not at all used to Qatar‘s ―extreme meteorological condition‖(Kaplan, 2014).
Scientist from Meteorological Institute at the University of Freiburg in Germany says
(Matzarakis, 2014)that based on Physiologically Equivalent Temperature (PET) which
assesses ―the changes in human thermal comfort,‖ or, in this case, discomfort, the heat during
summer in Qatar may become a problem. The PET is the temperature (measured in °C) you
would have to set in a room to mimic the conditions you would feel in an outdoor setting,
9. 8
including your core temperature and skin temperature. PET scale ranged from 4 and below
(causing ―extreme cold stress‖) up to 41-45 (causing ―extreme heat stress‖). In Qatar‘s case, the
scientist add two additional categories for PETs: one in the 45-50 range (113 to 122 °F) and one
for above 50 (greater than 122 °F). The most comfortable PET range is 18-23 (the equivalent of
64 to 73 °F), when humans feel neither cold nor heat stress.
In Doha, this range only achieved during night time on the summer, or on the winter
season. Even at nighttime, conditions in Doha may cause heat stress for Europeans, since Qatar‘s
climate is more extreme than in most places, plenty of spectators would face the same problem
as the Europeans. Concerns about heat (and humidity, which isn‘t a problem in Qatar) arose
during this year‘s World Cup in Brazil, as four matches were played in Manaus, a city in the
Amazon rain forest. A match on June 22 between the U.S. and Portugal made history for having
the tournament‘s first official water break.
The situation is considered to be more complicated when assessing the heat stress risk
regarding the football players. Vigorous exercise of more than 30 min, to which players will be
exposed, is of concern to the team as they are prone to hyperthermia and dehydration, two effects
that will be compounded by the thermal environment.
While World Cup participants are some of the most elite human bodies the world has to
offer, they‘re still human. And research into how those levels of extreme heat can affect even a
fit person tells a worrisome tale for the 2022 tournament. The most serious risk is that of outright
death by means of heat stroke, a condition reached when the body‘s core temperature exceeds
105°F. Even doing exercise, strenuous activity, or just languishing in 90°F heat could eventually
land you with heatstroke, if you sweat out too much fluid and don‘t keep hydrated (the body can
10. 9
lose a half-gallon of water in just ten minutes in such conditions). In heat with nearly 30 °F
higher, the risks become all the more imposing, grueling and immediate. At the point the core
temperature of a human body ticks over 105°F, heat stroke can leave you vulnerable to
disorientation, mental impairment, vomiting, and ultimately, death(Toghnotti, 2014).
Cooling Technology
Qatar's 2022 World Cup organisers have reiterated their commitment to holding the
controversial tournament in summer temperatures of up to 41°C (105.8°F) despite a growing
campaign to move it to the winter. They also claimed that not only would they successfully
develop air-conditioned stadiums but would be able to cool entire neighbourhoods for fans.
Qatar is believed to be investing £137 billion over the next 10 years in infrastructure
projects before the World Cup and Hassan al-Thawadi claimed that cooling technology would be
used over wider areas than originally thought.
According to the Supreme Committee of World Cup Qatar 2022, the design will create a
comfortable environment for football. Pitch and spectator terraces are cooled to the target
temperatures; the players‘ and spectators‘ comfort levels will meet and exceed FIFA
requirements and guidelines for safe play and spectating. Each of the five stadiums will harness
the power of the sun's rays to provide a cool environment for players and fans by converting
solar energy into electricity that will then be used to cool both fans and players at the stadiums.
When games are not taking place, the solar installations at the stadiums will export energy onto
11. 10
the power grid. During matches, the stadiums will draw energy from the grid. This is the basis
for the stadiums‘ carbon-neutrality. Along with the stadiums, the host plan to make the cooling
technologies they‘ve developed available to other countries in hot climates, so that they too can
host major sporting events.
The stadium is to be cooled using chilled water from the local air conditioning network
combined with an innovative roof design. The opening in the stadium roof is designed as a cavity,
to act as a wind break and slow down the movement of hot air outside the roof. This process is
passive and consumes no energy, helping to reduce the building‘s overall energy consumption by
reducing the amount of cool conditioned air escaping. The active cooling system used by the
stadium will take in chilled water from Education City‘s existing district cooling network. The
high energy consumption of air conditioning will be further offset by photovoltaic and reflective
technologies to produce energy for electricity and hot water. Photovoltaic and solar thermal
panels are proposed to power the stadium, swimming pool and indoor pavilion. According to the
Supreme Committee, photovoltaic and solar thermal panels could be placed on the stadium roof.
This method of cooling techniques is theoretically(Footballer, 2010)able to reduce temperatures
from 50 to 27 °C (122 to 81 °F). The bidding committee also proposes using such cooling
technologies in fan-zones, training pitches and walkways between metro stations and
stadiums. This will also come with the problem of a larger cost to Qatar.
Nasser Al Khater, Executive Director of Communications and Marketing for the Supreme
Committee for Delivery & Legacy also statedthat Qatar will host the FIFA World Cup in
2022(Reuters, 2014). The host believes they have proven that a FIFA World Cup in Qatar in the
summer is possible with state-of-the-art cooling technology. They have demonstrated that our
12. 11
cooling works in outdoor areas beyond stadiums. This summer they welcomed fans in Doha to
an open-air Brazil 2014 Fan Zone with temperatures cooled to a comfortable 22 °C. The
evolution of environmentally-friendly cooling technologies is an important legacy for our nation,
region and for countries with similar climates – promising to expand the reach of hosting major
sporting events to countries where it was never thought possible before.
Winter World Cup
The Executive Committee confirmed that the 2022 FIFA World Cup will be staged in
November/December with the Final to be on 18 December 2022, Qatar‘s National Day(FIFA,
2015). In principle, it was agreed that the tournament should be played over a reduced timeframe,
for instance 28 days. The Host, Supreme Committee for Delivery & Legacy welcome the
decision of FIFA's Executive Committee in relation to the timing of the 2022 World Cup in
Qatar. They will continue to develop the cooling technology promised during the bid, ensuring
the commitment to deliver a true legacy as a result of the first World Cup in the Middle East.
UEFA president Michel Platini said the decision was acceptable – but warned that FIFA must
now re-arrange the calendar to protect international schedule that might be affected (Dailymail,
2014).
13. 12
Though Qatar initially won the hosting rights with promises of stadium-cooling
technology to make conditions in the Middle East playable in the summer, the shift in season has
been expected for a year. The biggest opposition early on came from the major European leagues,
home to the top players in the world, which would have to interrupt their season for up to seven
weeks to accommodate the tournament. This will be hugely disruptive to domestic leagues
whose seasons are underway during November and December – the wildly popular English
Premier league, the big leagues in Italy, Spain and Germany, and other non-European leagues as
well.
For some, such as Germany and Spain, that would extend the existing two or three weeks
of winter break. At this point, it seemed that a November-December World Cup is the most
palatable solution. But for the English Premier League, the consequences are far greater. Instead
of pausing for the holidays, English soccer traditionally packs in more games throughout
December. Under the new dates, some of those would still be possible, though the overall effect
on the schedule is unclear. The European Clubs Association, which represents more than 200
teams, previously said it would demand compensation if it were forced to make changes to its
domestic season (Euronews, 2015).
14. 13
Corruption
Timeline
October 2010
The Sunday Times claims two members of FIFA‘s Executive Committee, Reynald
Temarii of Tahiti and Amos Adamu of Nigeria, offered to sell their votes in the 2018 and
2022 World Cup hosting contest to undercover reporters.
The duo are provisionally suspended by FIFA‘s Ethics Committee, awaiting for further
investigations. In addiiton to that, there are four other officials, all former executive
committee members, who are also provisionally suspended.
November 2010
Temarii is banned for one year and fined 5,000 Swiss francs (£3,552) for breaching the
ethics code, while Adamu is banned for three years and fined 10,000 Swiss francs
(£7,005) for breaching five articles of the ethics code, in which includes one charges on
bribery. The four others officials are all banned and fined according to their respective
crime.
The Ethics Committee decided that the allegations of vote-trading between Spain and
Portugal, who are bidding for 2018, and Qatar, who are bidding for 2022, are unfounded.
Thus, Fifa dismisses allegations made by a BBC programme against three more executive
committee members. The governing body stated that the matters had already been
investigated by Swiss authorities and the case is closed.
December 2010
Russia is awarded the 2018 World Cup and Qatar gets the 2022 hosting rights, days after
the BBC broadcasts a Panorama expose of FIFA.
February 2011
FIFA's Ethics Committee upheld three-year and one-year bans imposed respectively upon
Executive Committee members Amos Adamu and Reynald Temarii for breaches of
FIFA's Code of Ethics following a Sunday Times investigation on the wrongdoing during
the World Cup 2018 and 2022 bidding campaigns.
15. 14
May 2011
FIFA suspended presidential candidate Mohamed Bin Hammam and vice-president Jack
Warner pending an investigation into the allegations that they were offered financial
incentives to members of the Caribbean Football Union. As a results, Blatter was heavily
complained by the media. On the other hand, the Qatar 2022 team denied any
wrongdoing with their victory, stating that their name has been "dragged through the mud
for no reason".
June 2011
An investigation has led to the conviction of Bin Hammam who is found guilty of
bribery. As a result, Hammam was banned from all international and national football
activity for life. For Warner, he has escaped an investigation after resigning from his
position. During this time, the German Football Federation President Theo Zwanziger
was called by FIFA to re-examined the award of the 2022 World Cup to Qatar.
July 2012
FIFA commissioned a report regarding the allegations of corruption in World Football
that was led by former US attorney and the newly appointed Head of FIFA'S Ethics
Committee—Michael Garcia.
June 2014
The Sunday Times reports it has received "hundreds of millions" documents that was said
to reveal Bin Hammam payments to football officials in return for votes for Qatar.
September 2014
Garcia completes his 430-page report ofcorruption allegations and directed his report to
FIFA.
November 2014
Hans-Joachim Eckert, Chairman of the Adjudicatory Chamber of FIFA's independent
ethics committee, published a 42-page summary of Garcia's investigation, effectively
confirming Russia and Qatar as World Cup hosts after finding breaches by them were "of
very limited scope".
December 2014
Garcia lost his appeal against Eckert's review of his report and resigned as FIFA's
independent ethics investigator, criticising FIFA's "lack of leadership" and stated that he
16. 15
cannot change the culture of the world governing body.FIFA executives agreed to publish
a "legally appropriate version" of the report, which was yet to happen.
May 2015
Seven FIFA officials were arrested in dawn raids at a hotel in Zurich. They were charged
by US authorities along with two other FIFA officials and five corporate executives over
allegations of racketeering, wire fraud and money laundering conspiracies within the span
of 24 years. They were also accused of breeding decades of "rampant, systemic, and
deep-rooted" corruption within FIFA by the US Justice Department. On the other hand,
Blatter was re-elected as FIFA president for a fifth term after his challenger, Prince Ali
Bin Al Hussein, resigned during a second round of voting.
June 2, 2015
A letter was seen by Press
Association Sport that revealed the
inquiry of South African Football
Associationto FIFA secretary
general Jerome Valcke to authorised
a 10 Million dollar payment to
Warner in exchange of the support
football in the Caribbean. During
which, Blatter announced his
resignation as FIFA president.
Cases
After 111 years of its establishment, FIFA continues to be the world‘s governing body of
football that upheld the morality of fairplay and justice, yet the future of this organization is
surrounded by dark clouds as for the first time, 14 executives were under arrest in Switzerland, in
charges of corruption(Guardian, 2015). Other than World Cup Qatar 2022, several cases have
come in light in 2015.
17. 16
Ireland vs FIFA
France was qualified for the 2010 World Cup at the expense of Ireland's Thierry Henry
who had blatantly handled the ball as he set up William Gallas for the decisive goal in a play-off
match in Paris in November 2009. Thierry Henry‘s handball helped France to be qualified in the
2010 World Cup against Ireland, the referee‘s decision remained the same eventhough the replay
clearly shows that Henry indeed make a foul. Football Association of Ireland (FAI) Chief
Executive John Delaney statedthat Ireland will file a legal case against FIFA because of how the
World Cup play-off had not worked out for Ireland with the Henry handball, and appealed to the
FIFA Committee for a rematched so that Ireland could be admitted to the World Cup in South
Africa as a '33rd
team'(Tribune, 2015).
FIFA decided to make an agreement with FAI in order to put an end to any claims against
FIFA(Tribune, 2015). FIFA granted FAI a loan of $US5 million for the construction of a stadium
in Ireland. At the same time, UEFA also granted the FAI funds for the same stadium. The terms
agreed between FIFA and the FAI were that the loan would be reimbursed if Ireland qualified for
the 2014 FIFA World Cup. However, Ireland did not so qualify. As a consequence, FIFA
decided to write off the loan as per 31 December 2014.
Qatar Bid
World Cup Qatar bid in 2010 has been a long standing issue that closely related with
corruption. As we can see on the timeline above, a day before the announcement of the bid result,
two executives from FIFA face charges on bribery, where they are suspected to be bought by
bidders for their vote. Major evidence comes from leaked email by FIFA General Secretary
Jerome Valcke claimingthat Qatar had "bought" their right of hosting the 2022 World
Cup(Telegraph, 2015).
The Swiss authorities raided the FIFA headquarters to gather data and documents for
their investigation upon the allegations of criminal mismanagement and money laundering
regarding the allocation of the 2018 and 2022 World Cup bids(Skysports, 2015). Swiss police
intendsto question 10 FIFA Executive Committee members who took part in the voting process
in December 2010.
18. 17
Sponsors associated with FIFA, including Coca-Cola, Adidas, Emirates and Visa, have
expressedtheir concern of the impact of thecorruption allegations. German Football Federation,
President Theo Zwanziger called for FIFA to re-examined the award of the 2022 World Cup to
Qatar (BBC, 2015).
Pressing Domestic Issues
Cultural Political Issues
Qatar and Football
At the time of awarding ceremony, Qatar was ranked 113 in the world, a rank, which had
never been qualified for the World Cup before. Qatar will be the smallest country to host the
World Cup (smaller than 1954 hosts Switzerland). As of 2010, Qatar had a permanent population
of less than one million people, less than the 1.7 million population of Uruguay in 1930, when
they hosted the tournament. (Wilson, 2010) These facts led to the questions of Qatar‘s strength
of football culture that would made them unsuitable to host the World Cup.
The Qatari national team has also been known to naturalized players from foreign nations
(Al-Thani, 2015). Examples include Sebastián Soria and Luiz Martin Carlos Júnior. It has come
19. 18
to light that Qatar has also hired migrant workers to fill their empty stadiums in the Qatar Stars
League, paying them one dollar an hour to "sit in the stadiums and pretend to have fun"
Alcohol
Qatar has tightened their regulations on alcohol consumption over the last two months in
an attempt to stop Qatari citizens, especially young people, from drinking. The bars in Qatar
only allows foreigner and literally banned Qataris from entrance. Since Qatar is an Islamic
country, it based its action on the argument that actions should be taken to behave in a manner
that does not offend the country's culture or religious beliefs. Alcohol is not illegal in Qatar, but
the following laws (Qatar Angloinfo, 2015) apply to alcohol and its consumption:
It is illegal to import alcohol into the country. All luggage is scanned at the arrivals hall
of Doha airport
It is an offence to drink alcohol or to be drunk in a public place. People who break this
law can be deported, fined or received prison sentences. Muslims who were caught
drinking may be subjected to corporal punishment
Alcohol should not be transported within the country, except to take it home from the
warehouse on the day of collection
It is an offence to offer alcohol to Muslims and minors
It is illegal to sell, donate or give away alcohol
Concerns rise as there would often be fans at the World Cup that will drink alcohol in public.
This will lead to the breach of Qataris law that prohibit the showcase of alcohol and the
consumption of alcohol in public spaces (Fogarty, 2010) Furthermore, there is only one liquor
store in the entire country that will hinder the supply of alcohol especially with the requirements
to attain the goods itself:
―To purchase [alcohol], you must have a license that can only be obtained by
having a written letter of permission from your employer. You can only get a
license when you have obtained your residency permit and you will need to get a
letter from your employer confirming your salary in addition to paying a deposit
for QR1000 (Ed. note: QR1000 = 274.73 U.S. dollars).”(Forgaty, 2010)
20. 19
Migrant workers, slavery allegations and deaths
Over the next decade the country will undertake massive new construction to support the
quadrennial world championship soccer games. Winning bid entitled Qatar to build nine state-of-
the-art stadiums equipped with cooling technology to beat temperatures that reach an average
high of 40 degrees Celsius (104 degrees Fahrenheit) during the summer months, a new airport
complete with a sail-shaped terminal, public transport infrastructure, $20 billion worth of new
roads, a bridge to neighboring Bahrain (the longest in the world), 54 team camps, and sleek new
hotels for spectators. As of mid-2012, a limited number of World Cup-related projects were
under construction and new tenders began to issue contracts of the venue construction for the
2022 games. (Jazeera, 2012)
21. 20
Qatar‘s World Cup selection has resulted in worker recruitment that will reach new
heights: media have reported that over a million additional workers may be needed to carry out
World Cup-related construction. Yet the deeply problematic working conditions of migrant
workers throughout the country center upon the abuse and exploitation of the workers. Thus, the
human rights concerns require adequate measures to be taken in addressing the human rights
problems that is widespread in the construction industry in Qatar.
Reports have shown pervasive employer exploitation and abuse of workers in Qatar‘s
construction industry were made possible by an inadequate legal and regulatory framework that
grants employers extensive control over workers. In addition, it has also prohibits migrant
workers from exercising their rights to free association and collective bargaining. Furthermore, it
addresses the government‘s failure to enforce those laws that at least on paper are designed to
protect worker rights.
Homosexual Fans
While Qatar has more liberal policies than many Middle Eastern countries, Qatar still has
a strict anti-gay law. The status of homosexuality as illegal in Qatar attracted attention in the
media. FIFA President Sepp Blatter recommended that gay men who want to go to the World
Cup should ―refrain from any sexual activities‖ (Manfred, 2013). Therefore Qatar would
introduce medical screening tests to "detect" and ban homosexuals from entering the country.
22. 21
Leading international gay rights group demanded an official apology from FIFA
following Sepp Blatter's comment about homosexual fans traveling to Qatar for the 2022 World
Cup. Juris Lavrikovs, communications director for the European branch of the International
Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association, said (Douglas, 2010) "very unfortunate
and have left people deeply offended.‖
The Gay Football Supporters‘ Network said (Geen, 2010) it would boycott all activities
related to the 2022 World Cup, although LGBT or suggested that the attention on the country
could persuade it to become more tolerant. According to Press Association, Blatter said (Sport,
2010) that ―We open everything to everybody and I think there shall not be any discrimination
against any human beings be it on this side or that side, be it left, right or whatever.‖
Possible Situation
No country has ever been stripped of a World Cup, so this is without precedent. Such a
move would be mired in legal complexities, with both Qatar and Russia likely to aggressively
challenge any decision to strip them of the tournament on which both countries have already
spent vast sums. However, it is equally likely that members of the rival bids – including
Australia and the U.S. for the 2022 World Cup, and Portugal and Spain for 2018 – will be
looking closely at the details of the possibility to applying for the bidding process if it was
decided to be reopened. As one of the most prominent figure upon to vote for Qatar four years
ago during the bidding, Michel Platini stated, ―Should corruption be proven, it will take a new
vote and sanctions. (PRETOT, 2014)‖
Both victors of the World Cup bidding have been mired in controversy ever since their
commemoration on 2 December 2010. Yet Sepp Blatter has been adamant that nothing would
derail either tournament, declaring that ―nothing will get in the way of Russia hosting the best
ever World Cup,‖ despite the pressude from U.S.A. and other coutnries to relocation of the
prestigous event due to ongoing conflict between Russia and Ukraine (ESPN, 2015).
However, efforts have been shown to tackle the corruption allegation within the World
Cup bidding. FIFA is currently working with the Swiss Office of the Attorney General to look
into the 2018/2022 World Cup bidding. A developing recent event showed that Domenico Scala,
23. 22
Chief of FIFA Compliance Committee supporting the view that Russia‘s and Qatar‘s awarding
could be void if evidences were present to prove corruption (Morgenstein, 2015). On the
contrary, FIFA issued a statement calling that claim into question stating that: ―Russia and Qatar
were awarded the 2018 and 2022 FIFA World Cups by democratic vote of the Executive
Committee, thus FIFA has no legal grounds to take away the hosting of the FIFA World Cup
from Russia and Qatar.‖ (CNN, 2015) Despite all fo the allegations, Russia and Qatar continues
to prepares for the prominent event.
While other bidders such as Australia would likely to run again at hosting the 2022
World Cup if Qatar should be stripped of hosting the 2022 World Cup amid the scandal and the
dramatic resignation of FIFA President Sepp Blatter (DAVEY, 2015).
Past International Actions
The controversy that is currently happening surrounding the hosting of FIFA is a
phenomenon that has never happened before. Thus this following segment within this study is to
inform what has been done by other countries in response to the various concerns of Qatar as the
host of the 2022 World Cup. Not long after the arrest of the 14 FIFA high officials, Qatar has
been heavily criticized by the rest of the world; some has even done a ‗hateful campaign‘ against
Qatar hosting the World Cup 2022 (Sidney Morning Herald, 2015).
To intensify the situation, rumors have been circling around stating that Qatar might be
striped from its rights of hosting the prominence event. In response to this speculation, several
countries proudly claiming their readiness to step up in case Qatar was forced to back off, among
which was the U.K. government minister that stated: ―England is prepared to host the 2022
World Cup if the decision to award the tournament to Qatar is revoke.‖ (BEARDSWORTH,
2015) Despite the protest and expectancy of other countries for Qatar to be stripped from hosting
the event, the Gulf countries was surely support its fellow Arab nation as they explicitly showed
their solidarity and full support to ―counter all those who seeks to questions the right of the State
of Qatar to host the World Cup.‖ (Sidney Morning Herald, 2015)
24. 23
In order to tackle climate issues, Qatar promised carbon-neutral games through the use of
sustainable technologies and groundbreaking cooling systems for stadiums, fan zones, and
training grounds; fans, players and officials would be able to enjoy cool and comfortable open-
air conditions, not exceeding 27 degrees Celsius. Qatar was investing 137 billion pounds on the
―state of the art‖ cooling technology that will make Doha have an open-air Fan Zone with
temperatures cooled to a comfortable 22 degrees Celsius (Reuters, 2014).
For the winter cup, FIFA‘s Task Force for the International Match Calendar 2018-24 held
its third and final meeting today in Doha, identifying end-November/end-December as the most
viable period for the 2022 FIFA World Cup. On March 19 2015, this proposal is accepted by
FIFA Executive committee (FIFA, 2015). Last but not least, for Corruption issues, The US
Department of Justice charged 14 Fifa officials, nine of whom are current or former FIFA
executives and they are faced extradition to the US. The Office of the Attorney General of
Switzerland (OAG) is conducting a Swiss criminal investigation regarding the allocation of the
2018 and 2022 World Cups.
Bloc Positions
25. 24
Asian Football Association
The Asian Football Association (AFC) has announced their support for Qatar in hosting
the World Cup 2022 (The Associated Press, 2015). With its past history of hosting this very
event, AFC believes that the same privilege should be given to the Gulf, including Qatar. In their
statement to clarify the conjecture about its support for Qatar, it stated: ―The AFC and the whole
Asian football community stands with Qatar and we all look forward to hosting the World Cup,
and welcoming the world." (USA Today, 2015) AFC has shown continuous support for Qatar
given the fact that it will mark the premiere of West Asian region of their passion to the world
(ALJAZEERA, 2015).
Oceania Football Association
Although bordered with the AFC, Oceania Football Confederation (OFC) has its own
stance in regards to Qatar hosting the World Cup 2022. Former Oceania Football Boss and FIFA
Executive Member, Reynald Temarii, stated that OFC would ―support first and in any case,
Australia and then England [2018] and USA [2022] (Plumb, 2014).‖ However the recent
investigation has proven that the former OFC President have received around $416,200 from
Mohamed Bin Hammam to ―crush Australia’s chances of winning the bidding race‖ (Osborne,
2014). Given these conditions, Temarii was suspended from FIFA and was replaced by the
current OFC President, David Chung (Telegraph, 2010).As the new president of the
Confederation, Chung vouched to raise the standard of football in Oceania and to promote a
better education through community development, capacity building, health awareness, cultural
exchange and economic development within the Confederation (Oceania Football, 2015).
Union of European Football Associations
UEFA support the recommendation made by the FIFA Task Force for the International
Match Calendar 2018-24 to stage the 2022 FIFA World Cup in Qatar from late November to late
December 2022. UEFA sees no major issues in rescheduling its competitions for the 2022/23
season, should the 2022 FIFA World Cup proposal be approved by the FIFA Executive
Committee, and UEFA acknowledges that the competition may be shortened and thus that the
release period of players be reduced. However, it would demand compensation for make changes
to its domestic season.
26. 25
Confederation of North, Central American and
Caribbean Association Football
CONCACAF fully supports the recommendation made by the special task force to host
the 2022 FIFA World Cup Qatar in the November-December timeframe.
South American Football Confederation
The South American Football Confederation (CONMEBOL) also known as the
continental governing body of association football in South America and it is one of FIFA's six
continental confederations. In September 2007, the rotation of new system came under review
and new system proposed which renders ineligible for bidding only the last two World Cup host
confederations. Under this policy, 2018 bid could have come from North America, Asia, Europe,
or Oceania, as Africa and South America are ineligible. So that, no CONMEBOL member could
have made a 2022 bid, and candidates from the same confederation as the successful 2018
applicant would be disregarded in the 2022 selection procedure.
Confederation of African Football
CAF is the administrative and controlling body for African association football. CAF
represents the national football associations of Africa, runs continental, national, and club
competitions, and controls the prize money, regulations and media rights to those competitions.
Qatar paid the CAF $ 1.8-million to be able to present its bid for the 2022 World Cup at congress,
the continent`s top football official. (Qatar paid CAF to make World Cup Bid: Official, 2015).
President Issa Hayatou said he saw nothing goes wrong with the payment made just before the
confederation held a congress in the Angolan capital in January 2010. ―The Qataris gave it to us
to be able to show their plan (Qatar 2022 World Cup) during the congress.‖(Ekpei, 2015)
27. 26
Questions a Resolution Must Answer
1. Should Qatar still hold the rightful title of hosting the World Cup 2022? If so, what is
the role of the FIFA Congress in resolving the problems surrounding the hosting of
the World Cup 2022?
2. How should the FIFA Congress legitimately and properly approach the discourse of
re-bidding the World Cup 2022?
3. How could the FIFA Congress improve the transparency and legitimacy issue in the
future World Cup bids in response to many corruption allegations?
Closing Statements and Suggestions for
Further Research
` Congratulations on making it to the end! We are aware that you have endured a long
introduction to what will be the topic of discussion during our conference. However, we would
like to remind you that this only serves as a preamble. We hope that you will continue to do your
own research, including the construction of your country-specific position paper and
conceptualizing the idea that you will pursue during the discussion and most-importantly the
resolution writing.
We are extremely excited to meet all of you in Jakarta. We are looking forward to an incredible
experience with a memorable time for each and every one of you.
28. 27
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